Council Regulation (EC) No 1183/2005 of 18 July 2005 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against persons acting in violation of the arms embargo with regard to the Democratic Republic of the Congo

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1183/2005 of 18 July 2005 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Article 1

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

(a) ‘claim’ means any claim, whether asserted by legal proceedings or not, made before or after the date of entry into force of this Regulation, under or in connection with a contract or transaction, and includes in particular a claim: (i) for performance of any obligation arising under or in connection with a contract or transaction; (ii) for extension or payment of a bond, financial guarantee or indemnity of whatever form; (iii) for compensation in respect of a contract or transaction; (iv) which is a counterclaim; (v) for the recognition or enforcement, including by the procedure of exequatur, of a judgment, an arbitration award or an equivalent decision, wherever made or given;

(b) ‘contract or transaction’ means any transaction of whatever form and whatever the applicable law, whether comprising one or more contracts or similar obligations made between the same or different parties; for this purpose ‘contract’ includes a bond, guarantee or indemnity, particularly a financial guarantee or financial indemnity, and credit, whether legally independent or not, as well as any related provision arising under, or in connection with, the transaction;

(c) ‘competent authorities’ refers to the competent authorities of the Member States as identified on the websites listed in Annex II;

(d) ‘economic resources’ means assets of every kind, whether tangible or intangible, movable or immovable, which are not funds, but may be used to obtain funds, goods or services;

(e) ‘freezing of economic resources’ means preventing the use of economic resources to obtain funds, goods or services in any way, including, but not limited to, by selling, hiring or mortgaging them;

(f) ‘freezing of funds’ means preventing any move, transfer, alteration, use of, access to, or dealing with funds in any way that would result in any change in their volume, amount, location, ownership, possession, character, destination or other change that would enable the funds to be used, including portfolio management;

(g) ‘funds’ means financial assets and benefits of every kind, including, but not limited to: (i) cash, cheques, claims on money, drafts, money orders and other payment instruments; (ii) deposits with financial institutions or other entities, balances on accounts, debts and debt obligations; (iii) publicly-and privately-traded securities and debt instruments, including stocks and shares, certificates representing securities, bonds, notes, warrants, debentures and derivatives contracts; (iv) interest, dividends or other income on or value accruing from or generated by assets; (v) credit, right of set-off, guarantees, performance bonds or other financial commitments; (vi) letters of credit, bills of lading, bills of sale; and (vii) documents showing evidence of an interest in funds or financial resources;

(h) ‘technical assistance’ means any technical support related to repairs, development, manufacture, assembly, testing, maintenance, or any other technical service, in the form of an instruction, advice, training, transmission of working knowledge or skills or consulting services and including verbal forms of assistance;

(i) ‘brokering services’ means: (i) the negotiation or arrangement of transactions for the purchase, sale or supply of goods and technology or of financial and technical services, from a third country to any other third country, or (ii) the selling or buying of goods and technology or of financial and technical services, that are located in third countries for their transfer to another third country;

(j) ‘territory of the Union’ means the territories of the Member States to which the Treaty is applicable, under the conditions laid down in the Treaty, including their airspace.

Article 1a

It shall be prohibited to provide, directly or indirectly:

(a) technical assistance or brokering services related to the goods and technology listed in the Common Military List of the European Union (¹) (‘Common Military List’) or related to the provision, manufacture, maintenance and use of goods included in that list, to any non-governmental entity or person operating in the territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo (‘DRC’);

(b) financing or financial assistance related to the sale, supply, transfer or export of goods and technology listed in the Common Military List, including in particular grants, loans and export credit insurance, as well as insurance and reinsurance, for any sale, supply, transfer or export of such items, or for any provision of related technical assistance or brokering services to any non-governmental entity or person operating in the territory of the DRC;

Article 1b

By way of derogation from Article 1a, the competent authorities may authorise the provision of:

(a) technical assistance, financing or financial assistance or brokering services related to arms and related material intended solely for the support of or use by Monusco;

(b) technical assistance, financing or financial assistance or brokering services related to non-lethal military equipment intended solely for humanitarian or protective use;

(c) technical assistance, financing or financial assistance or brokering services related to arms and related material intended solely for the support of or use by the African Union Regional Task Force;

(d) technical assistance, financing or financial assistance or brokering services related to other sales and supply of arms and related materiel, as approved in advance by the Sanctions Committee.

Article 2

Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the making available of funds or economic resources necessary to ensure the timely delivery of humanitarian assistance or to support other activities that support basic human needs where such assistance and other activities are carried out by:

(a) the United Nations, including its programmes, funds and other entities and bodies, as well as its specialised agencies and related organisations;

(b) international organisations;

(c) humanitarian organisations having observer status with the United Nations General Assembly and members of those humanitarian organisations;

(d) bilaterally or multilaterally funded non-governmental organisations participating in the United Nations Humanitarian Response Plans, Refugee Response Plans, other United Nations appeals or humanitarian clusters coordinated by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA);

(e) the employees, grantees, subsidiaries, or implementing partners of the entities mentioned in points (a) to (d) while and to the extent that they are acting in those capacities; or by,

(f) appropriate other actors as determined by the Sanctions Committee as regards Annex I, and by the Council as regards Annex Ia.

Article 2a

Annex I shall include the natural or legal persons, entities or bodies designated by the Sanctions Committee for engaging in or providing support for acts that undermine the peace, stability or security of the DRC. Such acts shall include:

(a) acting in violation of the arms embargo and related measures as referred to in Article 1 of Decision 2010/788/CFSP and Article 1a of this Regulation;

(b) being political and military leaders of foreign armed groups operating in the DRC who impede the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation or resettlement of combatants belonging to those groups;

(c) being political and military leaders of Congolese militias, including those receiving support from outside the DRC, who impede the participation of their combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes;

(d) recruiting or using children in armed conflict in violation of applicable international law;

(e) planning, directing, or committing acts in the DRC that constitute human rights violations or abuses or violations of international humanitarian law, as applicable, including those acts involving the targeting of civilians, including killing and maiming, rape and other sexual violence, abduction, forced displacement, and attacks on schools and hospitals;

(f) obstructing the access to or the distribution of humanitarian assistance in the DRC;

(g) supporting individuals or entities, including armed groups or criminal networks, involved in destabilizing activities in the DRC through the illicit exploitation or trade of natural resources, including gold or wildlife as well as wildlife products;

(h) acting on behalf of or at the direction of a designated person or entity, or acting on behalf of or at the direction of an entity owned or controlled by a designated person or entity;

(i) planning, directing, sponsoring or participating in attacks against MONUSCO peacekeepers or United Nations personnel, including members of the Group of Experts, or against medical personnel or humanitarian personnel;

(j) providing financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to a designated person or entity;

(k) being involved in the production, manufacture or use in the DRC of improvised explosive devices, or in the commission, planning, ordering, aiding of, abetting or otherwise assisting attacks in the DRC with improvised explosive devices.

Article 2b

Annex Ia shall include the natural or legal persons, entities or bodies designated by the Council on any of the following grounds:

(a) obstructing a consensual and peaceful solution towards elections in the DRC, including by acts of violence, repression or inciting violence, or by undermining the rule of law;

(b) planning, directing, or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC;

(c) being responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability or insecurity in the DRC;

(d) providing support to natural or legal persons, entities or bodies responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability or insecurity in the DRC;

(e) inciting violence in connection with the actions mentioned in points (b), (c) and (d);

(f) exploiting the armed conflict, instability or insecurity in the DRC, including through the illicit exploitation or trade of natural resources and wildlife;

(g) being associated with natural or legal persons, entities or bodies referred to in points (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f).

Article 3

By way of derogation from Article 2, the competent authorities may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, or the making available of certain funds or economic resources, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, after having determined that the funds or economic resources concerned are:

(a) necessary to satisfy the basic needs of natural or legal persons, entities or bodies listed in Annex I or Annex Ia and dependent family members of such natural persons, including payments for foodstuffs, rent or mortgage, medicines and medical treatment, taxes, insurance premiums and public utility charges;

(b) intended exclusively for payment of reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of incurred expenses associated with the provision of legal services; or

(c) intended exclusively for payment of fees or services charges for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds or economic resources, and

where the authorisation concerns a person, entity and body listed in Annex I, the Member State concerned has notified the Sanctions Committee of that determination and its intention to grant an authorisation, and the Sanctions Committee has not objected to that course of action within four working days of notification.

By way of derogation from Article 2, the competent authorities may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources or the making available of certain frozen funds or economic resources, after having determined that the funds or economic resources are necessary for extraordinary expenses, provided that:

(a) where the authorisation concerns a natural or legal person, entity or body listed in Annex I, the Sanctions Committee has been notified of this determination by the Member State concerned and that the determination has been approved by that Committee; and

(b) where the authorisation concerns a natural or legal person, entity or body listed in Annex Ia, the Member State concerned has notified other Member States and the Commission of the grounds on which it considers that a specific authorisation should be granted, at least two weeks prior to the authorisation.

Article 4

By way of derogation from Article 2, the competent authorities may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, provided the following conditions are met:

(a) the funds or economic resources are the subject of: (i) a judicial, administrative or arbitral lien established prior to 18 April 2005 or of a judicial, administrative or arbitral judgement rendered prior to that date, for a natural or legal person, entity or body listed in Annex I; or (ii) an arbitral decision rendered prior to the date on which the natural or legal person, entity or body was listed in Annex Ia, or of a judicial or administrative decision rendered in the Union, or a judicial decision enforceable in the Member State concerned, prior to or after that date;

(b) the funds or economic resources will be used exclusively to satisfy claims secured by such a lien or recognised as valid in such a judgement, within the limits set by applicable laws and regulations governing the rights of persons having such claims;

(c) the lien or judgement is not for the benefit of a person, entity or body listed in Annex I or Annex Ia;

(d) recognising the lien or judgement is not contrary to public policy in the Member State concerned.

Article 4b

Article 5

Article 2 (2) shall not apply to the addition to frozen accounts of:

(a) interest or other earnings on those accounts;

(b) payments due under contracts, agreements or obligations that were concluded or arose prior to the date on which those accounts became subject to this Regulation;

(c) payments due to a natural or legal person, entity or body listed in Annex Ia under judicial, administrative or arbitral decisions rendered in the EU or enforceable in the Member State concerned,

provided that any such interest, other earnings and payments are frozen in accordance with Article 2(1).

Article 6

Without prejudice to the applicable rules concerning reporting, confidentiality and professional secrecy, natural and legal persons, entities and bodies shall:

(a) supply immediately any information which would facilitate compliance with this Regulation, such as accounts and amounts frozen in accordance with Article 2, to the competent authorities of the Member States where they are resident or located, and shall transmit such information, directly or through these competent authorities, to the Commission;

(b) cooperate with the competent authorities in any verification of this information.

Article 7

Article 7a

No claims in connection with any contract or transaction the performance of which has been affected, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by the measures imposed under this Regulation, including claims for indemnity or any other claim of this type, such as a claim for compensation or a claim under a guarantee, notably a claim for extension or payment of a bond, guarantee or indemnity, particularly a financial guarantee or financial indemnity, of whatever form, shall be satisfied, if they are made by:

(a) designated natural or legal persons, entities or bodies listed in Annexes I and Ia;

(b) any natural or legal person, entity or body acting through or on behalf of one of the persons, entities or bodies referred to in point (a).

Article 7b

It shall be prohibited to participate, knowingly and intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent the measures referred to in Articles 1a, 2(1) and 2(2).

Article 8

The Commission and Member States shall immediately inform each other of the measures taken under this Regulation and shall supply each other with any other relevant information at their disposal in connection with this Regulation, in particular information in respect of violation and enforcement problems and judgements handed down by national courts.

Article 9

Article 10

Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the provisions of this Regulation and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

Member States shall notify those rules to the Commission without delay after the entry into force of this Regulation and shall notify it of any subsequent amendment.

Article 11

This Regulation shall apply

(a) within the territory of the Community, including its airspace;

(b) on board any aircraft or any vessel under the jurisdiction of a Member State;

(c) to any person inside or outside the territory of the Community who is a national of a Member State;

(d) to any legal person, entity or body which is incorporated or constituted under the law of a Member State;

(e) to any legal person, entity or body doing business within the Community.

Article 12

This Regulation shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

ANNEX I

Date of Birth: 1971. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 31 December 2012. Address: Rwanda (as of early 2016). Other information: He fled to Rwanda in March 2013 and is still living there as of early 2016. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272441 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Eric Badege was a Lieutenant Colonel and focal point for M23 in Masisi and commanded certain operations that destabilized parts of Masisi territory in North Kivu province. As a military commander of M23, Badege was responsible for serious violations involving the targeting of children or women in situations of armed conflict. After May 2012, Raia Mutomboki, under the command of M23, killed hundreds of civilians in a series of coordinated attacks. In August 2012, Badege carried out joint attacks which involved the indiscriminate killing of civilians. These attacks were jointly orchestrated by Badege and Colonel Makoma Semivumbi Jacques. Former M23 combatants claimed that M23 leaders summarily executed dozens of children who attempted to escape after being recruited as M23 child soldiers. According to a September 11, 2012 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW), a Rwandan man, 18, who escaped after being forcibly recruited in Rwanda told HRW that he witnessed the execution of a 16-year old boy from his M23 unit who had tried to flee in June. The boy was captured and beaten to death by M23 fighters in front of the other recruits. An M23 commander who ordered his killing then allegedly told the other recruits ‘[h]e wanted to abandon us,’ as an explanation for why the boy had been killed. The report also states that witnesses claimed that at least 33 new recruits and other M23 fighters were summarily executed when they attempted to flee. Some were tied up and shot in front of other recruits as an example of the punishment they could receive. One young recruit told HRW, ‘[w]hen we were with M23, they said [we had a choice] and could stay with them or we could die. Lots of people tried to escape. Some were found and then that was immediately their death.’ Badege fled to Rwanda in March 2013 and was living there as of early 2016.

(alias: a) FRANK KAKORERE b) FRANK KAKORERE BWAMBALE c) AIGLE BLANC) Designation: FARDC General. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Address: Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016). Other information: Left the CNDP in January 2008. As of June 2011, resides in Kinshasa. Since 2010, Kakolele has been involved in activities apparently on behalf of the DRC government's Programme de Stabilisation et Reconstruction des Zones Sortant des Conflits Armés (STAREC), including participation in a STAREC mission to Goma and Beni in March 2011. DRC authorities arrested him in December 2013 in Beni, North Kivu Province, for allegedly blocking the DDR process. He left the DRC and lived in Kenya for some time, before being called back by the DRC Government to assist them with the situation in the Territory of Beni. He was arrested in October 2015 in the area of Mambasa for allegedly supporting a Mai Mai group, but no charges were brought and as of June 2016, he lived in Kinshasa. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776078 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Frank Kakolele Bwambale was the RCD-ML leader, exercising influence over policies and maintaining command and control over the activities of RCD-ML forces, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), responsible for trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. He left the CNDP in January 2008. Starting in 2010, Kakolele was involved in activities apparently on behalf of the DRC government's Programme de Stabilisation et Reconstruction des Zones Sortant des Conflits Armés (STAREC), including participation in a STAREC mission to Goma and Beni in March 2011. He left the DRC and lived in Kenya for some time before being called back by the DRC Government to assist with the situation in the Territory of Beni. He was arrested in October 2015 near Mambasa for allegedly supporting a Mai Mai group, but no charges were brought. As of June 2016, Kakolele lived in Kinshasa.

(alias: a) Byiringiro Victor Rumuli, b) Victor Rumuri, c) Michel Byiringiro, d) Rumuli) Designation: a) FDLR Interim President, b) FDLR-FOCA 1st Vice-President; c) FDLR-FOCA Major General. Address: North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016). Date of Birth: 1948. Place of Birth: a) Musanze District, Northern Province, Rwanda, b) Ruhengeri, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 1 December 2010. Other information: INTERPOL- UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272456 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Gaston Iyamuremye is the 1st vice-president of the FDLR, as well as the interim president. He also has the rank of Major General in the FDLR's armed wing, called FOCA. As of June 2016, Iyamuremye is in North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

(alias a): Colonel Innocent KAINA, b): India Queen) Designation: Former M23 Deputy Commander. Address: Uganda (as of early 2016). Date of birth: Nov. 1973. Place of Birth: Bunagana, Rutshuru territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 30 November 2012. Other information: Became M23 deputy commander after the flight of Bosco Taganda's faction to Rwanda in March 2013. Fled to Uganda in November 2013. In Uganda as of early 2016. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776081 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Innocent Kaina was Sector and then Deputy Commander in the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23). He was responsible for and committed serious violations of international law and human rights. In July 2007, the Garrison Military Tribunal of Kinshasa found Kaina responsible for crimes against humanity committed in the District of Ituri between May 2003 and December 2005. He was released in 2009 as part of the peace agreement between the Congolese government and the CNDP. Within the FARDC in 2009, he was guilty of executions, abductions and maiming in Masisi territory. As a commander under the orders of General Taganda, he initiated the ex-CNDP mutiny in Rutshuru territory in April 2012. He ensured the security of the mutineers out of Masisi. Between May and August 2012, he oversaw the recruitment and training of over 150 children for the M23 rebellion, shooting the boys who had tried to escape. In July 2012, he travelled to Berunda and Degho for mobilization and recruitment activities for the M23. Kaina fled to Uganda in November 2013 and was still there as of early 2016.

(alias: a) Jérôme Kakwavu, b) Commandant Jérôme) Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Given the rank of General in the FARDC in December 2004. As of June 2011, detained in Makala Prison in Kinshasa. As of 25 March 2011, the High Military Court in Kinshasa opened a trial against Kakwavu for war crimes. In November 2014, convicted by a DRC military court to ten years in prison for rape, murder, and torture. INTERPOL-UN SecurityCouncil Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776083 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Former President of UCD/FAPC. FAPC's control of illegal border posts between Uganda and the DRC — a key transit route for arms flows. As President of the FAPC, he exercised influence over policies and command and control over the activities of FAPC forces, which were involved in arms trafficking and, consequently, in violations of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children in Ituri in 2002. One of five senior FARDC officers who had been accused of serious crimes involving sexual violence and whose cases the Security Council had brought to the Government's attention during its visit in 2009. Given the rank of General in the FARDC in December 2004. As of June 2011, detained in Makala Prison in Kinshasa. On 25 March 2011, the High Military Court in Kinshasa opened a trial against Kakwavu for war crimes.

Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of birth: 28 Apr. 1978. Place of birth: Mambasa, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Democratic Republic of the Congo (in prison). Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Appointed General in the FARDC in December 2004. Handed over by the Government of the DRC to the International Criminal Court on 18 October 2007. Initially convicted on 23 May 2014 by the ICC to 12 years in prison for war crimes and crimes against humanity, the ICC Appeals Chamber reduced his sentence and determined that Katanga's sentence should be completed on 18 January 2016. Although he was detained in the Netherlands for the duration of his trial, Katanga was transferred to a DRC prison in December 2015 and charged for other crimes previously committed in Ituri. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776116 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Germain Katanga was the Commander of the FRPI. He was involved in weapons transfers, in violation of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children in Ituri from 2002 to 2003. He was appointed General in the FARDC in December 2004. He was handed over by the Government of the DRC to the International Criminal Court on 18 October 2007. Initially convicted on 23 May 2014 by the ICC to 12 years in prison for war crimes and crimes against humanity, ICC Appeals Chamber reduced his sentence and determined that his sentence should be completed on 18 January 2016. Although he was detained in the Netherlands for the duration of his trial, Katanga was transferred to a DRC prison in December 2015 and charged for crimes previously committed in Ituri.

Place of birth: Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Arrested in Kinshasa in March 2005 for UPC/L involvement in human rights abuses violations. Transferred to the ICC on 17 March 2006. Convicted by the ICC in March 2012 and sentenced to 14 years in prison. On 1 December 2014, ICC appeals judges upheld Lubanga’s conviction and sentence. Transferred to a prison facility in the DRC on 19 December 2015 to serve out his sentence of imprisonment. He was released on 15 March 2020 after having served his ICC sentence. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Thomas Lubanga was the President of the UPC/L, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), involved in the trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children in Ituri from 2002 to 2003. He was arrested in Kinshasa in March 2005 for UPC/L involvement in human rights abuses violations and transferred to the ICC by the DRC authorities on 17 March 2006. He was convicted by the ICC in March 2012 and sentenced to 14 years in prison. On 1 December 2014, ICC appeals judges upheld the conviction and sentence. He was transferred to a prison facility in the DRC on 19 December 2015 to serve out his sentence of imprisonment.

(alias: a) Makenga, Colonel Sultani, b) Makenga, Emmanuel Sultani) Date of Birth: 25 December 1973. Place of Birth: Rutshuru, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 12 November 2012. Other information: A military leader of the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23) group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Uganda as of late 2014. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272833 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Sultani Makenga is a military leader of the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23) group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). As a leader of M23 (also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army), Sultani Makenga has committed and is responsible for serious violations of international law involving the targeting of women and children in situations of armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual violence, abduction, and forced displacement. He has also been responsible for violations of international law related to M23's actions in recruiting or using children in armed conflict in the DRC. Under the command of Sultani Makenga, M23 has carried out extensive atrocities against the civilian population of the DRC. According to testimonies and reports, the militants operating under the command of Sultani Makenga have conducted rapes throughout Rutshuru territory against women and children, some of whom have been as young as 8 years old, as part of a policy to consolidate control in Rutshuru territory. Under Makenga's command, M23 has conducted extensive forced recruitment campaigns of children in the DRC and in the region, as well as killing, maiming, and injuring scores of children. Many of the forced child recruits have been under the age of 15. Makenga has also been reported to be the recipient of arms and related materiel in violation of measures taken by the DRC to implement the arms embargo, including domestic ordinances on the importing and possession of arms and related materiel. Makenga's actions as the leader of M23 have included serious violations of international law and atrocities against the civilian population of the DRC, and have aggravated the conditions of insecurity, displacement, and conflict in the region. A military leader of the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23) group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

(alias: a) Kawa Panga, b) Kawa Panga Mandro, c) Kawa Mandro, d) Yves Andoul Karim, e) Mandro Panga Kahwa, f) Yves Khawa Panga Mandro, g) ‘Chief Kahwa’, h) ‘Kawa’) Date of Birth: 20 August 1973. Place of Birth: Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Uganda (as of May 2016). Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Placed in prison in Bunia in April 2005 for sabotage of the Ituri peace process. Arrested by Congolese authorities in October 2005, acquitted by the Court of Appeal in Kisangani, subsequently transferred to the judicial authorities in Kinshasa on new charges of crimes against humanity, war crimes, murder, aggravated assault and battery. In August 2014, a DRC military court in Kisangani convicted him of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced him to nine years in prison, and ordered him to pay approximately USD 85 000 to his victims. He served his sentence and resides in Uganda as of May 2016. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272933 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Khawa Panga Mandro was the President of PUSIC, one of the armed groups and militia referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003) involved in arms trafficking, in violation of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children from 2001 to 2002. He was put in prison in Bunia in April 2005 for sabotage of the Ituri peace process. He was arrested by Congolese authorities in October 2005, acquitted by the Court of Appeal in Kisangani, and subsequently transferred to the judicial authorities in Kinshasa on new charges of crimes against humanity, war crimes, murder, aggravated assault and battery. In August 2014, a DRC military court in Kisangani convicted him of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced him to nine years in prison, and ordered him to pay approximately USD 85 000 to his victims. He served his sentence and resided in Uganda as of May 2016.

Designation: FDLR Executive Secretary. Date of Birth: 24 July 1963. Place of Birth: Ndusu/Ruhengeri, Northern Province, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 3 March 2009. Other information: Arrested in Paris on 3 October 2010 under ICC warrant for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by FDLR troops in the Kivus in 2009. Transferred to The Hague on 25 January 2011 and released by the ICC in late 2011. Elected FDLR Executive Secretary on 29 Nov. 2014 for a five-year term. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5224649 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Callixte Mbarushimana was Executive Secretary of the FDLR and Vice-President of the FDLR military high command until his arrest. As a political/military leader of a foreign armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, he impeded the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation and resettlement of combatants, per Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP 4 (b). He was arrested in Paris on 3 October 2010 under ICC warrant for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by FDLR troops in the Kivus in 2009. He was transferred to The Hague on 25 January 2011, but released in late 2011. He was re-elected FDLR Executive Secretary on 29 November 2014 for a five-year term.

(alias: a) Doulas Iruta Mpamo, b) Mpano) Address: Gisenyi, Rwanda (as of June 2011). Date of Birth: a) 28 December 1965, b) 29 December 1965. Place of Birth: a) Bashali, Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, b) Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, c) Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: No known occupation since two of the planes managed by Great Lakes Business Company (GLBC) crashed. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272813 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Owner/Manager of the Compagnie Aérienne des Grands Lacs and of Great Lakes Business Company, whose aircraft were used to provide assistance to armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003). Also responsible for disguising information on flights and cargo apparently to allow for the violation of the arms embargo. No known occupation since two of the planes managed by Great Lakes Business Company (GLBC) crashed.

(alias: a) Mupenzi Bernard, b) General Major Mupenzi, c) General Mudacumura, d) Pharaoh, e) Radja Designation: a) FDLR-FOCA Commander, b) FDLR-FOCA Lieutenant General Date of birth: 1954 Place of birth: Cellule Ferege, Gatumba sector, Kibilira commune, Gisenyi prefecture, Rwanda Address: North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016) Nationality: Rwandan. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Mudacumura on 12 July 2012 for nine counts of war crimes, including attacking civilians, murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, rape, torture, destruction of property, pillaging and outrages against personal dignity, allegedly committed between 2009 and 2010 in the DRC. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Sylvestre Mudacumura is the Commander of FOCA, the armed wing of the FDLR, exercising influence over policies, and maintaining command and control over the activities of FDLR forces, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), involved in trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. Mudacumura (or staff) was in telephone communication with FDLR leader Murwanashyaka in Germany, including at the time of the Busurungi massacre in May 2009, and military commander Major Guillaume during Umoja Wetu and Kimia II operations in 2009. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for 27 cases of recruitment and use of children by troops under his command in North Kivu from 2002 to 2007. As of mid-2016, Mudacumura was still the overall commander of the FDLR's armed wing, held the rank of Lieutenant General, and was located in North Kivu Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

(alias: a) Manzi Leon, b) Leo Manzi) Address: FDLR HQ at Kikoma forest, Bogoyi, Walikale, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2011). Date of Birth: a) 1954 b) 1953. Place of Birth: a) Kigali, Rwanda b) Rushashi, Northern Province, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 1 December 2010. Other information: FDLR-FOCA Chief of Staff, in charge of administration. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5270747 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: According to open-source and official reporting, Leodomir Mugaragu is the Chief of Staff of the Forces Combattantes Abucunguzi/Combatant Force for the Liberation of Rwanda (FOCA), the FDLR's armed wing. According to official reporting Mugaragu is a senior planner for FDLR's military operations in the eastern DRC. FDLR-FOCA Chief of Staff, in charge of administration.

(alias: a) Musenyeri b) Achille c) Frere Petrus Ibrahim) Designation: a) FDLR-FOCA Chief of Staff, b) FDLR-FOCA Interim Deputy Commander. Address: Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016). Date of Birth: a) 17 March 1962, b) Approximately 1966. Place of Birth: Kigali, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 3 March 2009. Other information: Became acting FDLR-FOCA Deputy Commander in 2014. Captured in Goma, DRC by Congolese security services in early May 2016 and transferred to Kinshasa. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5224709 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Leopold Mujyambere was Commander of the Second Division of FOCA, the armed branch of the FDLR. As military leader of a foreign armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, he impeded the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation and resettlement of combatants, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP 4 (b). In evidence collated by the UNSC DRC Sanctions Committee Group of Experts, detailed in its report of 13 February 2008, girls recovered from FDLR-FOCA had previously been abducted and sexually abused. Since mid-2007, FDLR-FOCA, which previously recruited boys in their mid to late teens, has been forcefully recruiting youth from the age of 10 years. The youngest are then used as escorts, and older children are deployed as soldiers on the frontline, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP4 (d) and (e). In June 2011, he was the FOCA Commander of the South Kivu operational sector, then called ‘Amazon’. He was later promoted to FOCA Chief of Staff, and then acting Deputy Commander in 2014. He was captured in Goma, DRC by Congolese security services in early May 2016 and transferred to Kinshasa.

(alias: a) Steven Alirabaki, b) David Kyagulanyi, c) Musezi Talengelanimiro, d) Mzee Tutu, e) Abdullah Junjuaka, f) Alilabaki Kyagulanyi, g) Hussein Muhammad, h) Nicolas Luumu, i) Julius Elius Mashauri, j) David Amos Mazengo, k) Professor Musharaf, l) Talengelanimiro) Designation: a) Head of the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), b) Commander, Allied Democratic Forces. Address: reportedly in prison in Uganda (as of September 2016) Date of Birth: a) 1965, b) 1 January 1964. Place of Birth: Ntoke Village, Ntenjeru Sub County, Kayunga District, Uganda. Nationality: Uganda. Date of UN designation: 12 October 2011. Other information: Arrested in April 2015 in Tanzania and extradited to Uganda in July 2015. As of September 2016, Mukulu is reportedly being held in a police detention cell awaiting his trial for war crimes and grave breaches of the Geneva Convection under Ugandan Law. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5270670 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: According to public sources and official reports, including reports from UN sanctions committee group of experts on DRC, Jamil Mukulu is the military Head of ADF, foreign armed group operating in DRC, and obstructs the disarmament, repatriation and voluntary resettlement of ADF fighters as foreseen by para.4. b) of Resolution 1857 (2008). The UN sanctions committee group of experts on DRC reported that Jamil Mukulu provided material and human support to ADF as an armed group operating on the DRC territory. According to various sources, including reports from UN sanctions committee group of experts on DRC, Jamil Mukulu has secured funding, exerted influence on ADF policies and assumed direct responsibilities in the command and control of ADF forces, notably in supervising established links with international terrorist networks.

(alias: Dr Ignace) Title: Dr. Designation: FDLR President Address: Germany (in prison) Date of Birth: 14 May 1963 Place of Birth: a) Butera, Rwanda b) Ngoma, Butare, Rwanda Nationality: Rwanda Date of UN designation: 1 Nov. 2005 Other information: Died in prison in Germany on 16 April 2019. Arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009 and found guilty by a German court on 28 September 2015 of leadership of a foreign terrorist group and aiding in war crimes. Received a 13-year sentence and is in prison in Germany as of June 2016. Re-elected FDLR President on 29 November 2014 for a five-year term. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Ignace Murwanashyaka is the President of the FDLR, exercising influence over policies of FDLR forces, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), involved in trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. He was in telephone communication with FDLR military field commanders (including during the Busurungi massacre in May 2009); he gave military orders to the high command; he was involved in coordinating the transfer of arms and ammunition to FDLR units and relaying specific instructions for use; and he managed large sums of money raised through illicit sale of natural resources in areas of FDLR control. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he held command responsibility as President and military commander of FDLR for recruitment and use of children by the FDLR in Eastern Congo. He was arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009 and found guilty by a German court on 28 September 2015 of leadership of a foreign terrorist group and aiding in war crimes. He received a 13-year sentence and was in prison in Germany as of June 2016. He was re-elected as FDLR President on 29 November 2014 for a five-year term.

(alias: IO Musoni) Designation: Former FDLR Vice President. Date of Birth: a) 6 April 1961, b) 4 June 1961. Place of Birth: Mugambazi, Kigali, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 29 March 2007. Other information: Arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009, found guilty in a German court on 28 September 2015 of leadership of a foreign terrorist group, and received an 8-year sentence. Musoni was released from prison immediately after the trial, having served over 5 years of his sentence. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272354 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Straton Musoni was Vice President of the FDLR, a foreign armed group operating in the DRC. He impeded the disarmament and voluntary repatriation or resettlement of combatants belonging to those groups, in breach of resolution 1649 (2005). He was arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009, found guilty in a German court on 28 September 2015 of leadership of a foreign terrorist group, and received an 8-year sentence. He was released from prison immediately after the trial, having served over 5 years of his sentence.

(alias: a) Jules Mutebusi, b) Jules Mutebuzi, c) Colonel Mutebutsi) Date of Birth: 1964. Place of Birth: Minembwe, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Former FARDC Deputy Military Regional Commander of 10th Military Region in April 2004, dismissed for indiscipline. In December 2007, he was arrested by Rwandan authorities when he tried to cross the border into the DRC. Reported to have died in Kigali on 9 May 2014. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5272093 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Jules Mutebutsi joined forces with other renegade elements of former RCD-G to take the town of Bukavu in May 2004 by force. He was implicated in the receipt of weapons outside of FARDC structures and the provision of supplies to armed groups and militia mentioned in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), in violation of the arms embargo. He was the FARDC Deputy Military Regional Commander of the 10th Military Region until April 2004, when he was dismissed for indiscipline. In December 2007, he was arrested by Rwandan authorities when he tried to cross the border into the DRC. He was reported to have died in Kigali on 9 May 2014.

(alias: Colonel Baudoin Ngaruye) Title: Military leader of the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23). Designation: Brigadier General. Address: Rubavu/Mudende, Rwanda. Date of Birth: a) 1 April 1978 b) 1978. Place of Birth: a) Bibwe, Democratic Republic of the Congo, b) Lusamambo, Lubero territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. National identification no: FARDC ID 1-78-09-44621-80. Date of UN designation: 30 November 2012. Other information: Entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16 March 2013. As of late 2014, living in Ngoma camp, Rwanda. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5268954 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: In April 2012, Ngaruye commanded the ex-CNDP mutiny, known as the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23), under the orders of General Ntaganda. He is currently the third highest ranking military commander within the M23. The Group of experts on the DRC previously recommended him for designation in 2008 and 2009. He is responsible for and has committed severe violations of human rights and international law. He recruited and trained hundreds of children between 2008 and 2009 and then towards the end of 2010 for the M23. He has committed killing, maiming and abductions, often targeting women. He is responsible for executions and torture of deserters within the M23. In 2009 within the FARDC, he gave the orders to kill all men in Shalio village of Walikale. He also provided weapons, munitions and salaries in Masisi and Walikale under the direct orders from Ntaganda. In 2010 he orchestrated the forced displacement and expropriation of populations in the area of Lukopfu. He has also been extensively involved in criminal networks within the FARDC deriving profits from the mineral trade which led to tensions and violence with Colonel Innocent Zimurinda in 2011. Entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16.3.2013 at Gasizi/Rubavu.

(alias a) Cui Ngudjolo) Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of birth: 8 Oct.1970. Place of birth: Bunia, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Arrested by MONUC in Bunia in October 2003. Surrendered by the Government of the DRC to the International Criminal Court on 7 February 2008. Acquitted of all charges by the ICC in December 2012, and the verdict was upheld by the Appeals Chamber on 27 February 2015. Ngudjolo filed a claim for asylum in the Netherlands, but was denied. He was deported to the DRC on 11 May 2015. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776118 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Mathieu Chui Ngudjolo was the Chief of Staff of the FRPI, exercising influence over policies and maintaining command and control the activities of FRPI forces, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), responsible for trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children under 15 years old in Ituri in 2006. He was arrested by MONUC in Bunia in October 2003. The Government of the DRC subsequently transferred him to the International Criminal Court on 7 February 2008. He was acquitted of all charges by the ICC in December 2012, and the verdict was upheld by the Appeals Chamber on 27 February 2015. Ngudjolo filed a claim for asylum in the Netherlands, but was denied. He was deported to the DRC on 11 May 2015.

(alias a) Floribert Njabu Ngabu, b) Floribert Ndjabu, c) Floribert Ngabu Ndjabu) Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo, passport no. OB 0243318. Date of birth: 23 May 1971. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Under house arrest in Kinshasa since March 2005 for FNI involvement in human rights abuses. Transferred to The Hague on 27 March 2011 to testify in the ICC Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo trials. Applied for asylum in the Netherlands in May 2011. In October 2012, a Dutch court denied his asylum claim. In July 2014, he was deported from the Netherlands to DRC, where he was placed under arrest. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776373 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: President of FNI, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), involved in the trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. Under house arrest in Kinshasa since March 2005 for FNI involvement in human rights abuses. Transferred to The Hague on 27 March 2011 to testify in the ICC Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo trials. Applied for asylum in the Netherlands in May 2011. In October 2012, a Dutch court denied his asylum claim; the case is currently on appeal.

(alias: a) Nkunda Mihigo Laurent, b) Laurent Nkunda Bwatare, c) Laurent Nkundabatware, d) Laurent Nkunda Mahoro Batware, e) Laurent Nkunda Batware, f) Chairman, g) General Nkunda, h) Papa Six) Date of Birth: a) 6 February 1967 b) 2 February 1967. Place of Birth: Rutshuru, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: Former RCD-G General. Founder, National Congress for the People's Defense, 2006; Senior Officer, Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-G), 1998-2006; Officer Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 1992-1998. Laurent Nkunda was arrested by Rwandan authorities in Rwanda in January 2009 and replaced as the commander of the CNDP. Since then, he has been under house arrest in Kigali, Rwanda. DRC Government's request to extradite Nkunda for crimes committed in eastern DRC has been refused by Rwanda. In 2010, Nkunda's appeal for illegal detention was rejected by Rwandan court in Gisenyi, ruling that the matter should be examined by a military court. Nkunda's lawyers appealed with the Rwandan Military Court. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5270703 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Joined forces with other renegade elements of former RCD-G to take Bukavu in May 04 by force. In receipt of weapons outside of FARDC in violation of the arms embargo. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for 264 cases of recruitment and use of children by troops under his command in North Kivu from 2002 to 2009. Former RCD-G General. Founder, National Congress for the People's Defense, 2006; Senior Officer, Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-G), 1998-2006; Officer Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 1992-1998. Laurent Nkunda was arrested by Rwandan authorities in Rwanda in January 2009 and replaced as the commander of the CNDP. Since then, he has been under house arrest in Kigali, Rwanda. DRC Government's request to extradite Nkunda for crimes committed in eastern DRC has been refused by Rwanda. In 2010, Nkunda's appeal for illegal detention was rejected by Rwandan court in Gisenyi, ruling that the matter should be examined by a military court. Nkunda's lawyers initiated a procedure with the Rwandan Military Court. Retains some influence over certain elements of the CNDP.

(alias: Fred Irakeza) Designation: a) FDLR-FOCA Subsector Commander, b) FDLR-FOCA Colonel. Address: South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016). Date of Birth: 1967. Place of Birth: a) Murama, Kigali, Rwanda, b) Rubungo, Kigali, Rwanda, c) Kinyinya, Kigali, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 1 December 2010. Other information: INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5269078 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Felicien Nsanzubukire supervised and coordinated the trafficking of ammunition and weapons between at least November 2008 and April 2009 from the United Republic of Tanzania, via Lake Tanganyika, to FDLR units based in the Uvira and Fizi areas of South Kivu. As of January 2016, Nsanzubukire was an FDLR FOCA Subsector Commander in South Kivu province and held the rank of Colonel.

(alias: a) Pacifique Ntawungula, b) Colonel Omega, c) Nzeri, d) Israel) Designation: a) FDLR-FOCA ‘SONOKI’ Sector Commander, b) FDLR-FOCA Brigadier General. Address: Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (as of June 2016). Date of Birth: a) 1 January 1964, b) Approximately 1964. Place of Birth: Gaseke, Gisenyi Province, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 3 March 2009. Other information: Received military training in Egypt. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5269021 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Pacifique Ntawunguka was the commander of the First Division of FOCA, the armed wing of the FDLR. As military leader of a foreign armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, he impeded the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation and resettlement of combatants, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP 4 (b). In evidence collated by the UNSC DRC Sanctions Committee Group of Experts, detailed in its report of 13 February 2008, girls recovered from FDLR-FOCA had previously been abducted and sexually abused. Since mid-2007, FDLR-FOCA, which previously recruited boys in their mid to late teens, has been forcefully recruiting youth from the age of 10 years. The youngest are then used as escorts, and older children are deployed as soldiers on the frontline, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP4 (d) and (e). Received military training in Egypt. As of mid-2016, Ntawunguka was the FDLR-FOCA ‘SONOKI’ Sector Commander in North Kivu province.

Nationality: Uganda. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5776374 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Trade partnership with Jérôme Kakwavu, particularly smuggling across the DRC/ Uganda border, including suspected smuggling of weapons and military material in unchecked trucks. Violation of the arms embargo and provision of assistance to armed groups and militia referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), including financial support that allows them to operate militarily.

(alias: a) Deogratias Bigaruka Izabayo, b) Izabayo Deo, c) Jules Mateso Mlamba, d) Bigaruka, e) Bigurura) Designation: Former FDLR-FOCA Deputy Commander. Date of Birth: a) 1 January 1966 b) 28 August 1966 c) Approximately 1967. Place of Birth: Mugusa, Butare, Rwanda. Nationality: Rwanda. Date of UN designation: 3 March 2009. Other information: Disappeared while in Tanzania in early 2013. Whereabouts unknown as of June 2016. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5275373 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Stanislas Nzeyimana was Deputy Commander of FOCA, the armed branch of the FDLR. As military leader of a foreign armed group operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, he impeded the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation and resettlement of combatants, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP 4 (b). In evidence collated by the UNSC DRC Sanctions Committee Group of Experts, detailed in its report of 13 February 2008, girls recovered from FDLR-FOCA had previously been abducted and sexually abused. Since mid-2007, FDLR-FOCA, which previously recruited boys in their mid to late teens, has been forcefully recruiting youth from the age of 10 years. The youngest are then used as escorts, and older children are deployed as soldiers on the frontline, in violation of Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) OP4 (d) and (e). Nzeyimana disappeared in Tanzania in early 2013, and his whereabouts were unknown as of June 2016.

(alias: a) Ozia Mazio, b) Omari, c) Mr Omari) Date of Birth: 6 June 1949. Place of Birth: Ariwara, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005. Other information: While president of the Fédération des entreprises congolaises (FEC) in Aru territory, Dieudonné Ozia Mazio is believed to have died in Ariwara on 23 September 2008. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5275495. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Financial schemes with Jerome Kakwavu and FAPC and smuggling across the DRC/Uganda border, allowing supplies and cash to be made available to Kakwavu and his troops. Violation of the arms embargo, including by providing assistance to armed groups and militia referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003). While president of the Fédération des entreprises congolaises (FEC) in Aru territory, Dieudonné Ozia Mazio is believed to have died in Ariwara on 23 September 2008.

(alias: Jean-Marie Rugerero) Designation: M23, President. Address: Rubavu/Mudende, Rwanda. Date of Birth: a) Approximately 1960, b) 9 September 1966. Place of Birth: Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 31 December 2012. Other information: Entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16 March 2013. As of 2016, residing in Rwanda. Participated in the creation of a new Congolese political party in June 2016, the Alliance pour le Salut du Peuple (ASP). INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5274633 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: A July 9, 2012 document signed by M23 leader Sultani Makenga named Runiga as the coordinator of the political wing of M23. According to the document, Runiga's appointment was prompted by the need to ensure the visibility of the M23 cause. Runiga was also named as the President of the M23 in postings on the group's website. His leadership role was corroborated by the November 2012 Group of Experts report, which refers to Runiga as the leader of the M23. According to the 15 November 2012 Final Report of the Group of Experts, Runiga led a delegation that travelled to Kampala, Uganda on July 29, 2012 and finalized the M23 movement's 21-point agenda ahead of anticipated negotiations at the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. According to a November 23, 2012 BBC article, M23 was formed when former members of the CNDP who had been integrated into the FARDC began to protest against bad conditions and pay, and lack of full implementation of the March 23, 2009 peace deal between the CNDP and the DRC that led to the CNDP's integration into the FARDC. M23 was engaged in active military operations in order to take control of territory in eastern DRC, according to the November 2012 IPIS report. M23 and FARDC fought over control of several towns and villages in eastern DRC on July 24 and July 25, 2012; M23 attacked the FARDC in Rumangabo on July 26, 2012; M23 drove FARDC from Kibumba on November 17, 2012; and M23 took control of Goma on November 20, 2012. According to the November 2012 Group of Experts report, several ex-M23 combatants claim that M23 leaders summarily executed dozens of children who attempted to escape after being recruited as M23 child soldiers. According to a September 11, 2012 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW), a Rwandan man, 18, who escaped after being forcibly recruited in Rwanda told HRW that he witnessed the execution of a 16-year old boy from his M23 unit who had tried to flee in June. The boy was captured and beaten to death by M23 fighters in front of the other recruits. An M23 commander who ordered his killing then allegedly told the other recruits ‘[h]e wanted to abandon us,’ as an explanation for why the boy had been killed. The report also states that witnesses claimed that at least 33 new recruits and other M23 fighters were summarily executed when they attempted to flee. Some were tied up and shot in front of other recruits as an example of the punishment they could receive. One young recruits told HRW, ‘[w]hen we were with M23, they said [we had a choice] and could stay with them or we could die. Lots of people tried to escape. Some were found and then that was immediately their death.’ Runiga entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16 March 2013, at Gasizi/Rubavu. As of mid-2016, Runiga resided in Rwanda. In June 2016, he participated in the creation of the new Congolese political party, the Alliance pour le Salut du Peuple (ASP).

Designation: Commander-in-Chief, Nduma Defence of Congo, Mayi Mayi Sheka group. Date of Birth: 4 April 1976. Place of Birth: Walikale, Walikalele territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (in prison). Date of UN designation: 28 November 2011. Other information: He surrendered to MONUSCO on 26 July 2017 and has been since detained by the Congolese authorities. His trial for war crimes, crimes against humanity and participation in an insurrectional movement, before the Military Court in Goma, started in November 2018. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka, Commander-in-Chief of the political branch of the Mayi Mayi Sheka, is the political leader of a Congolese armed group that impedes the disarmament, demobilization, or reintegration of combatants. The Mayi Mayi Sheka is a Congo-based militia group that operates from bases in Walikale territory in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Mayi Mayi Sheka group has carried out attacks on mines in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, including taking over the Bisiye mines and extorting from locals. Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka has also committed serious violations of international law involving the targeting of children. Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka planned and ordered a series of attacks in Walikale territory from 30 July to 2 August, 2010, to punish local populations accused of collaborating with Congolese Government forces. In the course of the attacks, children were raped and were abducted, subjected to forced labour and subjected to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment. The Mayi Mayi Sheka militia group also forcibly recruits boys and holds children in their ranks from recruitment drives.

(alias a) Bosco Ntaganda, b) Bosco Ntagenda, c) General Taganda, d) Lydia (When he was part of APR), e) Terminator, f) Tango Romeo (Call sign ), g) Romeo (Call sign), h) Major) Address: Belgium (as of 14 December 2022). Date of Birth: Between 1973 and 1974. Place of Birth: Bigogwe, Rwanda. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 November 2005 (amended on 13 Oct. 2016, 19 Aug. 2020, 1 Mar. 2023). Other information: Born in Rwanda, he moved to Nyamitaba, Masisi territory, North Kivu, when he was a child. Nominated FARDC Brigadier-General by Presidential Decree on 11 December 2004, following Ituri peace agreements. Formerly Chief of Staff in CNDP and became CNDP military commander since the arrest of Laurent Nkunda in January 2009. Since January 2009, de facto Deputy Commander of consecutive anti-FDLR operations ‘Umoja Wetu’, ‘Kimia II’, and ‘Amani Leo’ in North and South Kivu. Entered Rwanda in March 2013, and voluntarily surrender to ICC officials in Kigali on March 22. Transferred to the ICC in The Hague, Netherlands. On 9 June 2014, ICC confirmed 13 charges of war crimes and five charges of crimes against humanity against him; the trial started in September 2015. On 8 July 2019, the ICC found him guilty of 18 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, committed in Ituri in 2002-2003. On 7 November 2019, he was sentenced to a total of 30 years imprisonment. He has appealed both his conviction and sentence. On 30 March 2021, the ICC Appeals Chamber confirmed his conviction and sentence. On 14 December 2022, he was transferred to the territory of Belgium for enforcement of sentence. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Bosco Taganda was the UPC/L military commander, exercising influence over policies and maintaining command and control over the activities of UPC/L, one of the armed groups and militias referred to in paragraph 20 of Res. 1493 (2003), involved in the trafficking of arms, in violation of the arms embargo. He was appointed General in the FARDC in December 2004, but refused to accept the promotion, therefore remaining outside of the FARDC. According to the Office of the SRSG on Children and Armed Conflict, he was responsible for recruitment and use of children in Ituri in 2002 and 2003, and 155 cases of direct and/or command responsibility for recruitment and use of children in North Kivu from 2002 to 2009. As CNDP Chief of Staff, he had direct and command responsibility for the massacre at Kiwanja in November 2008. Born in Rwanda, he moved to Nyamitaba in Masisi territory of North Kivu province when he was a child. In June 2011, he resided in Goma and owned large farms in Ngungu area of Masisi territory in North Kivu province. He was nominated FARDC Brigadier-General by Presidential Decree on 11 December 2004, following Ituri peace agreements. He was Chief of Staff in the CNDP and then became the CNDP military commander after the arrest of Laurent Nkunda in January 2009. Starting in January 2009, he was de facto Deputy Commander of consecutive anti-FDLR operations Umoja Wetu, Kimia II, and Amani Leo in North and South Kivu provinces. He entered Rwanda in March 2013, voluntarily surrendered to ICC officials in Kigali on March 22 and was subsequently transferred to the ICC in The Hague, Netherlands. On 9 June 2014, the ICC confirmed 13 charges of war crimes and five charges of crimes against humanity against him. The trial started in September 2015.

(alias: Zimulinda) Designation: a) M23, Bde Comd, Rank: Colonel, b) Colonel in the FARDC. Address: Rubavu, Mudende. Date of Birth: a) 1 September 1972, b) Approximately 1975, c) 16 March 1972. Place of Birth: a) Ngungu, Masisi territory, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, b) Masisi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 1 December 2010. Other information: Integrated in the FARDC in 2009 as a Lieutenant Colonel, brigade commander in FARDC Kimia II Ops, based in Ngungu area. In July 2009, Zimurinda was promoted to full Colonel and became FARDC Sector commander in Ngungu and subsequently in Kitchanga in FARDC Kimia II and Amani Leo Operations. Whereas Zimurinda did not appear in the 31 December 2010 DRC Presidential ordinance nominating high FARDC officers, Zimurinda de facto maintained his command position of FARDC 22nd sector in Kitchanga and wears the newly issued FARDC rank and uniform. In December 2010, recruitment activities carried out by elements under the command of Zimurinda were denounced in open source reports. Entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16 March 2013. As of late 2014, residing in Ngoma camp, Rwanda. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/un/5275315 Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: According to multiple sources, Lt Col Innocent Zimurinda, in his capacity as one of the commanders of the FARDC 231st Brigade, gave orders that resulted in the massacre of over 100 Rwandan refugees, mostly women and children, during an April 2009 military operation in the Shalio area. The UNSC DRC Sanctions Committee's Group of Experts reported that Lt Col Innocent Zimurinda was witnessed first-hand refusing to release three children from his command in Kalehe, on August 29, 2009. According to multiple sources, Lt Col Innocent Zimurinda, prior to the CNDP's integration into FARDC, participated in a November 2008 CNDP operation that resulted in the massacre of 89 civilians, including women and children, in the region of Kiwanja. In March 2010, 51 human rights groups working in eastern DRC alleged that Zimurinda was responsible for multiple human rights abuses involving the murder of numerous civilians, including women and children, between February 2007 and August 2007. Lt Col Innocent Zimurinda was accused in the same complaint of responsibility for the rape of a large number of women and girls. According to a May 21, 2010, statement by the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict, Innocent Zimurinda has been involved in the arbitrary execution of child soldiers, including during operation Kimia II. According to the same statement, he denied access by the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC) to screen troops for minors. According to the UNSC DRC Sanctions Committee's Group of Experts, Lt Col Zimurinda holds direct and command responsibility for child recruitment and for maintaining children within troops under his command. Integrated in the FARDC in 2009 as a Lieutenant Colonel, brigade commander in FARDC Kimia II Ops, based in Ngungu area. In July 2009, Zimurinda was promoted to full Colonel and became FARDC Sector commander in Ngungu and subsequently in Kitchanga in FARDC Kimia II and Amani Leo Operations. Whereas Zimurinda did not appear in the 31 December 2010 DRC Presidential ordinance nominating high FARDC officers, Zimurinda de facto maintained his command position of FARDC 22nd sector in Kitchanga and wears the newly issued FARDC rank and uniform. He remains loyal to Bosco Ntaganda. In December 2010, recruitment activities carried out by elements under the command of Zimurinda were denounced in open source reports. Entered the Republic of Rwanda on 16 March 2013, at Gasizi/Rubavu.

Designation: (a) DRC Armed Forces (FARDC) General, Commander of the 31st Brigade; (b) FARDC Brigadier General Date of birth: 10 November 1972 Place of birth: Democratic Republic of the Congo Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo Date of UN designation: 1 February 2018 Other information: Muhindo Akili Mundos is an FARDC General, Commander of the 31st Brigade. He was appointed commander of the FARDC's Operational Sector in the areas of Beni and Lubero, including Operation Sukola I against the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) in September 2014. He remained in that position until June 2015. He is also a threat to the peace, stability and security of the DRC under UNSCR 2293 paragraph 7(e). Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Muhindo Akili Mundos was listed on 1 February 2018 pursuant to criteria set out in resolution paragraph 7(e) of resolution 2293 (2016) as reaffirmed in resolution 2360 (2017). Additional Information: Muhindo Akili Mundos was the Congolese army commander responsible for military operations against the ADF during the ‘Sukola I’ operation from August 2014 to June 2015. The FARDC unit under Mundos' command failed to intervene to prevent human rights abuses by the ADF, including attacks targeting civilians. Mundos recruited and equipped former fighters from local armed groups to participate in extra-judicial killings and massacres by the ADF. While he was commander of the FARDC's Sukola I operation, Mundos also commanded and provided support to a faction of an ADF sub-group known as the ADF-Mwalika. Under Mundos' command, the ADF-Mwalika committed attacks against civilians. FARDC fighters under Mundos' command provided additional support to the ADF-Mwalika during these operations.

Date of birth: 13 March 1980 Place of birth: Kigoma, Walikale, Democratic Republic of the Congo Date of UN designation: 1 February 2018 Other information: Graduated secondary school humanités sociales in Mpofi; joined the armed group commanded by She Kasikila at the age of 16; integrated the FARDC with Kasikila, becoming his battalion S3; injured in 2007, thereafter joining Mai Mai Simba under then-commander ‘Mando’; participated in the creation of the NDC in 2008, becoming the deputy commander in charge of the Aigle Lemabé Brigade. He is also a threat to the peace, stability and security of the DRC under UNSCR 2293 paragraph 7(g). Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Guidon Shimiray Mwissa was listed on 1 February 2018 pursuant to criteria set out in resolution paragraph 7(g) of resolution 2293 (2016) as reaffirmed in resolution 2360 (2017). Additional Information: ‘General’ Guidon Shimiray Mwissa broke away from the Nduma defense du Congo (NDC) and created his own group, NDC-R in 2014. The NDC-R, led by Guidon Shimiray Mwissa, uses child soldiers and deployed them in armed conflict. The NDC-R is also accused of human rights abuses in the eastern provinces, and of imposing illegal taxes in gold mining areas and using the proceeds to purchase weapons in violation of the arms embargo against the DRC.

Date of birth: 1966 Place of birth: Cellule Nyagitabire, Sector Ruvune, Commune Kinyami, Prefecture Byumba, Rwanda Nationality: Rwanda Date of UN designation: 1 February 2018 Other information: He is a threat to the peace, stability and security of the DRC under UNSCR 2293 paragraph 7(j). Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Lucien Nzambamwita was listed on 1 February 2018 pursuant to criteria set out in resolution paragraph 7(j) of resolution 2293 (2016) as reaffirmed in resolution 2360 (2017). Additional Information: Lucien Nzambamwita (aka André Kalume) is a military leader of the Force Democratique de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR) operating in the DRC, which undermines the peace, security and stability of the DRC and is responsible for human rights abuses including targeting and killing civilians. The FDLR was sanctioned by the 1533 Committee on 31 December 2012.

Designation: Katangan rebel leader Date of birth: 1974 Place of birth: Manono Territory, Katanga Province (now Tanganyika Province) Date of UN designation: 1 February 2018 Other information: Gédéon Kyungu belongs to the Balubakat ethnic group. After completing primary education in Likasi and secondary school in Manono, he obtained a degree in pedagogy. In 1999 he joined the Maï Maï movement, commanding from 2003 one of the most active groups in the province of Katanga. In 2006, he visited UN peacekeeping forces to integrate through the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process. He escaped from prison in 2011 and surrendered in October 2016. He is a threat to the peace, stability and security of the DRC under UNSCR 2293 paragraph 7(e). Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga Wa Bafunkwa Kanonga was listed on 1 February 2018 pursuant to criteria set out in resolution paragraph 7(e) of resolution 2293 (2016) as reaffirmed in resolution 2360 (2017). Additional Information: As he was the leader of the Bakata Katanga militia (a.k.a. Kata Katanga) between 2011-2014, Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga was involved in serious human rights abuses such as killings and attacks against civilians, notably in rural zones of the Katanga province. As Commander of the armed group Bakata Katanga, which is guilty of serious human rights violations and war crimes, including attacks against civilians, in south-east DRC, Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga is therefore a threat to the peace, stability and security of DRC.

Designation: Overall leader of the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) Date of birth: approximately 1977 Nationality: Uganda Address: Last known location is Kajuju camp of Medina II, Beni territory, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Date of UN designation: 6 February 2020 Other information: Longtime member of the ADF, Baluku used to be the second in command to ADF founder Jamil Mukulu until he took over after FARDC military operation Sukola I in 2014. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Seka Baluku was listed on 6 February 2020 pursuant to paragraph 7 of resolution 2293 (2016) for engaging in or providing support for acts that undermine the peace, stability and security of the DRC. Additional Information: Overall leader of the ADF. As highlighted in several reports from the Group of Experts on the DRC (S/2015/19, S/2015/797, S/2016/1102, S/2017/672, S/2018/531, S/2019/469, S/2019/974), Seka Baluku has committed, planned and/or directed the repeated targeting, killing and maiming, rape and other sexual violence, abduction of civilians, including children, as well as attacks on health facilities, in particular in Mamove, Beni territory, on 12 and 24 February 2019, as well as the continuous recruitment and use of children during attacks and for forced labour in Beni territory in the DRC since at least 2015.

(alias: Tiger One) Designation: a) Brigadier General b) Deputy Commander of operations and intelligence for M23. Date of birth: 10 October 1974. Place of birth: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nationality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Address: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 25 October 2023. Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraphs 7(c) and 7(h) of resolution 2293 (2016) as ‘being political and military leaders of Congolese militias, including those receiving support from outside the DRC, who impede the participation of their combatants in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes’ and ‘acting on behalf of or at the direction of a designated individual or entity, or acting on behalf of or at the direction of an entity owned or controlled by a designated individual or entity’, as reaffirmed by paragraph 2 of resolution 2688 (2023). As a leader of M23, he is involved in promulgating and supporting the armed group’s activities. He was promoted in January 2023 to Brigadier for the Congolese Revolutionary Army, the M23 armed branch. He was then appointed chief of staff and deputy to Sultani Makenga, and has validated the planning for every M23 operation in DRC since then. A warrant has been issued by Congolese authorities for his arrest. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU was listed on 25 October 2023 pursuant to paragraph 7 (c) and 7 (h) of resolution 2293 (2016), as reaffirmed by paragraph 2 of resolution 2688 (2023): He has engaged and continues to engage in acts that undermine the peace and security of the DRC. He is a military leader of a Congolese militia which received support from outside the DRC and which impedes the disarmament and reintegration process. Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU leads M23, a designated entity. Additional information: Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU has consistently and repeatedly abused his power in roles of military leadership within several armed groups to commit human rights abuses in the DRC. Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU was a senior RCD-Goma military commander of the 8th Brigade. During this time, he planned and directed atrocities in Kindu, including public extrajudicial executions of three soldiers on the streets of Kindu. He later was responsible for large numbers of opportunistic killings of civilians in Kivu, which constitute human rights abuses. Since at least 2012, Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU has been an affiliate and leader of sanctioned entity M23. Since October 2022, Bernard Maheshe BYAMUNGU has been the Deputy Commander of operations and intelligence for M23, which committed atrocities against civilians in, amongst others, Kishishe on 29 November 2022.

(alias: a) Ruhinda b) Gaby Ruhinda c) Zorro Midende d) Gatokarakura) Designation: Commander of the FDLR special unit, ‘Commando de recherche et d’action en profondeur’, (‘CRAP’), now called Maccabe. Date of birth: a) 1968 b) 1969 c) 1970. Place of birth: a) Karandaryi Cell, Mwiyanike Sector, Karago Commune, Gisenyi Prefecture, Rwanda b) Nyabihu District, Western Province, Rwanda. Address: Nyiragongo, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Date of UN designation: 25 October 2023. Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraphs 7(b), 7(e), and 7(h) of resolution 2293 (2016) as ‘being political and military leaders of foreign armed groups operating in the DRC who impede the disarmament and the voluntary repatriation or resettlement of combatants belonging to those groups’; ‘committing acts in the DRC that constitute human rights violations or abuses or violations of international humanitarian law, as applicable, including those acts involving the targeting of civilians, including killing and maiming, rape and other sexual violence, abduction, forced displacement, and attacks on schools and hospitals’; and ‘acting on behalf of or at the direction of a designated individual or entity, or acting on behalf of or at the direction of an entity owned or controlled by a designated individual or entity’, as reaffirmed by paragraph 2 of resolution 2688 (2023). As a leader of FDLR, he has effective command and control over that group’s combatants. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Reason for listing: Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE was listed on 25 October 2023 pursuant to Paragraphs 7 (b), 7(e), and 7(h) of resolution 2293 (2016), as reaffirmed by paragraph 2 of resolution 2688 (2023). Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE is involved in planning, directing, or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability, and insecurity in the DRC. Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE leads a unit of the FDLR, a sanctioned entity and acts on behalf of designated individuals. Additional information: Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE is a leader in the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda — Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi (FDLR-FOCA), a sanctioned armed group operating in the Eastern DRC. He leads the special unit ‘Commando de recherche et d’action en profondeur’ (CRAP) (now called Maccabe) of FDLR-FOCA. As of at least 2023, FDLR-FOCA is actively recruiting and training new combatants to reinforce Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE’S special unit. In his position in the FDLR-FOCA, Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability, and insecurity in the DRC. Protogène RUVUGAYIMIKORE oversees training and recruitment of combatants for a designated entity and works directly with sanctioned individuals ‘Lieutenant-General’ GASTON IYAMUREMYE and ‘General’ PACIFIQUE NTAWUNGUKA.