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Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance

Type Regulation
Publication 2012-03-22
Last updated 2026-08-18
State In force
Department European Commission
Source EUR-Lex
articles 4
Reform history JSON API
Synonyms Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin; Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin; CI Natural Green 5 Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin; Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin; CI Natural Green 5
Definition The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane. The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Colour Index No 75815 75815
Einecs
Chemical name The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b) The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)
Chemical formula Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6 Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6
Molecular weight Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20 Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved. Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20 Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.
Assay Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h. Image omitted; see official source 565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5Image omitted; see official source 145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h. Image omitted; see official source 565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5Image omitted; see official source 145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5
Description Dark green to blue/black powder Dark green to blue/black powder
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Acetone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methyl ethyl ketone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Hexane Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 5 mg/kg Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Copper ions Not more than 200 mg/kg Not more than 200 mg/kg
Total copper Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 142 GREEN S
Synonyms CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS
Definition Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds. Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No 44090
Einecs 221-409-2
Chemical name Sodium N-[4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).
Chemical formula C27H25N2NaO7S2
Molecular weight 576,63
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt Image omitted; see official source1 720 at ca. 632 nm in aqueous solution
Description Dark blue or dark green powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution Blue or green
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca. 632 nm
Purity Purity
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol Not more than 0,1 %
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone Not more than 0,1 %
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Not more than 0,2 %
Leuco base Not more than 5,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL
Synonyms Caustic caramel
Definition Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelisation, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.
Colour Index No
Einecs 232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour intensity [^E0002] 0,01-0,12
Total nitrogen Not more than 0,1 %
Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.
Colour Index No
Einecs 232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity [^E0003] 0,05-0,13
Total nitrogen Not more than 0,3 % [^E0004]
Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 % [^E0004]
Total sulphur 0,3-3,5 % [^E0004]
Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose More than 40 %
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose 19-34
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) Greater than 50
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.
Colour Index No
Einecs 232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity [^E0005] 0,08-0,36
Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,3 % [^E0006]
4-methylimidazole Not more than 200 mg/kg [^E0006]
2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole Not more than 10 mg/kg [^E0006]
Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 % [^E0006]
Total nitrogen 0,7-3,3 % [^E0006]
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose 13-35
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).
Colour Index No
Einecs 232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity [^E0007] 0,10-0,60
Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,6 % [^E0008]
Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 % [^E0008]
4-methylimidazole Not more than 250 mg/kg [^E0008]
Total nitrogen 0,3-1,7 % [^E0008]
Total sulphur 0,8-2,5 % [^E0008]
Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate 0,7-2,7
Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate [^E0009] 8-14
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) Not more than 50
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at 560 nm (1 cm cell).

E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK PN
Synonyms CI Food Black 1
Definition Brilliant Black PN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5- hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Brilliant Black PN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No 28440
Einecs 219-746-5
Chemical name Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate
Chemical formula C28H17N5Na4O14S4
Molecular weight 867,69
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt Image omitted; see official source 530 at ca. 570 nm in solution
Description Black powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution Black-bluish
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca. 570 nm
Purity Purity
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 4 % (expressed on the dye content)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid Image omitted; see official source Total not more than 0,8 %
4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid Image omitted; see official source Total not more than 0,8 %
8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Image omitted; see official source Total not more than 0,8 %
4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid) Image omitted; see official source Total not more than 0,8 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON
Synonyms Vegetable black
Definition Vegetable activated carbon is produced by the carbonisation of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The activated carbon thus produced is milled by a roller mill and the resulting highly activated powdered carbon is treated by a cyclone. The fine fractio40800n from the cyclone is purified by hydrochloric acid washing, neutralised and then dried. The resulting product is what is known traditionally as vegetable black. Products with a higher colouring power are produced from the fine fraction by a further cyclone treatment or by extra milling, followed by acid washing, neutralising and drying. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.
Colour Index No 77266
Einecs 231-153-3
Chemical name Carbon
Chemical formula C
Atomic weight 12,01
Assay Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis
Loss on drying Not more than 12 % (120 °C 4 h)
Description Black, odourless powder
Identification Identification
Solubility Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Burning When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame
Purity Purity
Ash (Total) Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(a)pyrene less than 50 μg/kg in the extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction.
Alkali soluble matter The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

E 155 BROWN HT
Synonyms CI Food Brown 3
Definition Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No 20285
Einecs 224-924-0
Chemical name Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)
Chemical formula C27H18N4Na2O9S2
Molecular weight 652,57
Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt. Image omitted; see official source 403 at ca. 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description Reddish-brown powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution Brown
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca. 460 nm
Purity Purity
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 10 % (TLC method)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene- 1-sulfonic acid Not more than 0,7 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 160 a (i) BETA-CAROTENE
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.
Colour Index No 40800
Einecs 230-636-6
Chemical name Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,88
Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Purity Purity
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

E 160 a (ii) PLANT CAROTENES
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5 CI Food Orange 5
Definition Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane [^E0010], dichloromethane and carbon dioxide. Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane [^E0010], dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.
Colour Index No 75130 75130
Einecs 230-636-6 230-636-6
Chemical name
Chemical formula Beta-carotene: C40H56 Beta-carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight Beta-carotene: 536,88 Beta-carotene: 536,88
Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Acetone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methyl ethyl ketone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Hexane Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Dichloromethane Not more than 10 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg

Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v.

E 160 a (iii) BETA-CAROTENE FROM Blakeslea trispora
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5 CI Food Orange 5
Definition Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product. Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.
Colour Index No 40800 40800
Einecs 230-636-6 230-636-6
Chemical name Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56 C40H56
Molecular weight 536,88 536,88
Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation) Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Ethyl acetate Image omitted; see official source Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 % Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 % Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 %
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,2 % Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria Microbiological criteria Microbiological criteria
Moulds Not more than 100 colonies per gram Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Yeasts Not more than 100 colonies per gram Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Salmonella spp. Absent in 25 g Absent in 25 g
Escherichia coli Absent in 5 g Absent in 5 g

E 160 a (iv) ALGAL CAROTENES
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition Mixed carotenes may also be produced from strains of the algae Dunaliella salina. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta- carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.
Colour Index No 75130
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula Beta-Carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight Beta-Carotene: 536,88
Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 % Image omitted; see official source2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm
Purity Purity
Natural tocopherols in edible oil Not more than 0,3 %
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

E 160 b (i) ANNATTO BIXIN

(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED BIXIN
Synonyms Annatto B, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 Annatto B, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4
Definition Solvent-extracted bixin is obtained by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide. The resulting preparation may be acidified, followed by the removal of the solvent, drying and milling. Solvent-extracted bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing. Solvent-extracted bixin is obtained by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide. The resulting preparation may be acidified, followed by the removal of the solvent, drying and milling. Solvent-extracted bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing.
Colour Index No 75120 75120
Einecs 230-248-7 230-248-7
Chemical name cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate
Chemical formula cis-Bixin: C25H30O4 cis-Bixin: C25H30O4
Molecular weight 394,5 394,5
Assay Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin) E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin) E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone
Description Dark red-brown to red-purple powder Dark red-brown to red-purple powder
Identification
Solubility Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Spectrometry The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm
Purity
Norbixin Not more than 5 % of total colouring matters Not more than 5 % of total colouring matters
Residual Solvents Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg
Residual Solvents Ethanol: Isopropyl alcohol: Ethyl acetate: not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Arsenic Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,5 mg/kg Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(II) AQUEOUS-PROCESSED BIXIN
Synonyms Annatto E, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4
Definition Aqueous-processed bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by abrading the seeds in the presence of cold, mildly-alkaline water. The resultant preparation is acidified to precipitate bixin which is then filtered, dried and milled. Aqueous-processed bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing.
Colour Index No 75120
Einecs 230-248-7
Chemical name cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate
Chemical formula cis-Bixin: C25H30O4
Molecular weight 394,5
Assay Not less than 25 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin) E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone
Description Dark red-brown to red-purple powder
Identification
Solubility Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Spectrometry The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm
Purity
Norbixin Not more than 7 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

E 160 b (ii) ANNATTO NORBIXIN

(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED NORBIXIN
Synonyms Annatto C, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 Annatto C, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4
Definition Solvent-extracted norbixin is obtained from the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by washing with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide followed by solvent removal, crystallization and drying. Aqueous alkali is added to the resultant powder, which is then heated to hydrolyse the colouring matter and cooled. The aqueous solution is filtered, and acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and milled, to give a granular powder. Solvent-extracted norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing. Solvent-extracted norbixin is obtained from the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by washing with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide followed by solvent removal, crystallization and drying. Aqueous alkali is added to the resultant powder, which is then heated to hydrolyse the colouring matter and cooled. The aqueous solution is filtered, and acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and milled, to give a granular powder. Solvent-extracted norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.
Colour Index No 75120 75120
Einecs 208-810-8 208-810-8
Chemical name cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate
Chemical formula cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4 cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4
Molecular weight 380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt) 380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)
Assay Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution
Description Dark red-brown to red-purple powder Dark red-brown to red-purple powder
Identification
Solubility Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Spectrometry The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm
Purity
Residual Solvents Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg
Residual Solvents Ethanol: Isopropyl alcohol: Ethyl acetate: not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Arsenic Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,5 mg/kg Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(II) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, ACID-PRECIPITATED
Synonyms Annatto F, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4
Definition Alkali-processed norbixin (acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution and is acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder. Alkali-processed norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.
Colour Index No 75120
Einecs 208-810-8
Chemical name cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate
Chemical formula cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4
Molecular weight 380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)
Assay Not less than 35 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution
Description Dark red-brown to red-purple powder
Identification
Solubility Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Spectrometry The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm
Purity
Arsenic Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(III) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, NOT ACID-PRECIPITATED
Synonyms Annatto G, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4
Definition Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder. Extracts contain mainly the potassium or sodium salt of norbixin as the major colouring matter. Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.
Colour Index No 75120
Einecs 208-810-8
Chemical name cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate
Chemical formula cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4
Molecular weight 380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)
Assay Not less than 15 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution
Description Dark red-brown to red-purple powder
Identification
Solubility Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Spectrometry The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm
Purity
Arsenic Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

E 160 c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN
Synonyms Paprika Oleoresin Paprika Oleoresin
Definition Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide. Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide.
Colour Index No
Einecs Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2 Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2
Chemical name Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione
Chemical formula Capsanthin: C40H56O3
Chemical formula Capsorubin: C40H56O4
Molecular weight Capsanthin: 584,85
Molecular weight Capsorubin: 600,85
Assay Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids Image omitted; see official source2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids Image omitted; see official source2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone
Description Dark-red viscous liquid Dark-red viscous liquid
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm
Colour reaction A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Ethyl acetate Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Acetone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Hexane Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Capsaicin Not more than 250 mg/kg Not more than 250 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 160 d LYCOPENE

(i) SYNTHETIC LYCOPENE
Synonyms Lycopene from chemical synthesis
Definition Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.
Colour Index No 75125
Einecs 207-949-1
Chemical name ψ,ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85
Assay Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-trans-lycopene) Image omitted; see official source at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450
Description Red crystalline powder
Identification Identification
Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test for carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Purity Purity
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Apo-12’-lycopenal Not more than 0,15 %
Triphenyl phosphine oxide Not more than 0,01 %
Solvent residues Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg, Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each. Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg

(ii)   LYCOPENE FROM RED TOMATOES
Synonyms Natural Yellow 27 Natural Yellow 27
Definition Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes. Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.
Colour Index No 75125 75125
Einecs 207-949-1 207-949-1
Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56 C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85 536,85
Assay Image omitted; see official source at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 . Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters Image omitted; see official source at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 . Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters
Description Dark red viscous liquid Dark red viscous liquid
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrophotometry Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Hexane Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Acetone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethylacetate Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Sulphated ash Not more than 1 % Not more than 1 %
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg

(iii) LYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA
Synonyms Natural Yellow 27
Definition Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Propan-2-ol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.
Colour Index No 75125
Einecs 207-949-1
Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, ((all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85
Assay Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-trans-lycopene of all colouring matters Image omitted; see official source at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450
Description Red crystalline powder
Identification Identification
Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test of carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Purity Purity
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Other carotenoids Not more than 5 %
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol: not more than 0,1 % Isobutyl acetate: not more than 1,0 % Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,3 %
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 160 e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)
Synonyms CI Food Orange 6
Definition These specifications apply predominantly to the all-trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Colour Index No 40820
Einecs 214-171-6
Chemical name β-Apo-8′-carotenal; trans-β-Apo-8′carotene-aldehyde
Chemical formula C30H40O
Molecular weight 416,65
Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters Image omitted; see official source2 640 at 460-462 nm in cyclohexane
Description Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm
Purity Purity
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 161 b LUTEIN
Synonyms Mixed Carotenoids; Xanthophylls Mixed Carotenoids; Xanthophylls
Definition Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide
Colour Index No
Einecs 204-840-0 204-840-0
Chemical name 3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene 3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56O2 C40H56O2
Molecular weight 568,88 568,88
Assay Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein Image omitted; see official source2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10) Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein Image omitted; see official source2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)
Description Dark, yellowish brown liquid Dark, yellowish brown liquid
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Solvent residues Acetone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methyl ethyl ketone Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Methanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Ethanol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Solvent residues Hexane Image omitted; see official source Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN
Synonyms CI Food Orange 8 CI Food Orange 8
Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios. These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Colour Index No 40850 40850
Einecs 208-187-2 208-187-2
Chemical name β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene
Chemical formula C40H52O2 C40H52O2
Molecular weight 564,86 564,86
Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin) Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)
Assay Image omitted; see official source2 200 Image omitted; see official source at ca. 485 nm in chloroform
Assay Image omitted; see official source2 200 Image omitted; see official source at 468-472 nm in cyclohexane
Assay Image omitted; see official source2 200 Image omitted; see official source at 464-467 nm in petroleum ether
Description Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder
Identification Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm
Purity Purity Purity
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,1 % Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN
Synonyms Beet Red
Definition Beet red is obtained from the roots of strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present. Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.
Colour Index No
Einecs 231-628-5
Chemical name (S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate
Chemical formula Betanin: C24H26N2O13
Molecular weight 550,48
Assay Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 % Image omitted; see official source1 120 at ca. 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5
Description Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid
Identification Identification
Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca. 535 nm
Purity Purity
Nitrate Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 163 ANTHOCYANINS

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