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Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and replacing and repealing Council Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA

Type Regulation

Publication 2016-05-24

Last updated 2026-01-11

State In force

Department Council of the European Union, European Parliament

Source EUR-Lex

articles 88

Reform history JSON API

The part of the annual report referred to in the second subparagraph shall include statistical information regarding complaints, inquiries, and investigations, as well as regarding transfers of personal data to third countries and international organisations, cases of prior consultation of the EDPS, and the use of the powers laid down in paragraph 3 of this Article.

The EDPS, the officials and the other staff members of the EDPS's Secretariat shall be bound by the obligation of confidentiality laid down in Article 67(1).

Article 44

Cooperation between the EDPS and national supervisory authorities

The EDPS shall act in close cooperation with the national supervisory authorities on issues requiring national involvement, in particular if the EDPS or a national supervisory authority finds major discrepancies between the practices of Member States or potentially unlawful transfers in the use of Europol's channels for exchanges of information, or in the context of questions raised by one or more national supervisory authorities on the implementation and interpretation of this Regulation.

In the cases referred to in paragraph 1, coordinated supervision shall be ensured in accordance with Article 62 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725. The EDPS shall use the expertise and experience of the national supervisory authorities in carrying out his or her duties as set out in Article 43(2) of this Regulation.

In carrying out joint inspections together with the EDPS, members and staff of national supervisory authorities shall, taking due account of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, have powers equivalent to those laid down in Article 43(4) of this Regulation and be bound by an obligation equivalent to that laid down in Article 43(6) of this Regulation.

The EDPS shall keep national supervisory authorities fully informed of all issues directly affecting or otherwise relevant to them. Upon the request of one or more national supervisory authorities, the EDPS shall inform them of specific issues.

In cases relating to data originating from one or more Member States, including the cases referred to in Article 47(2), the EDPS shall consult the national supervisory authorities concerned. The EDPS shall not decide on further action to be taken before those national supervisory authorities have informed the EDPS of their opinion, within a deadline specified by him or her which shall not be shorter than one month and not longer than three months from when the EDPS consults the national supervisory authorities concerned. The EDPS shall take the utmost account of the respective positions of the national supervisory authorities concerned. Where the EDPS intends not to follow the position of a national supervisory authority, he or she shall inform that authority, provide a justification and submit the matter to the European Data Protection Board.

CHAPTER VII REMEDIES AND LIABILITY

Article 47

Right to lodge a complaint with the EDPS

Any data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with the EDPS if he or she considers that the processing by Europol of personal data relating to him or her does not comply with this Regulation or Regulation (EU) 2018/1725.

Where a complaint relates to a decision referred to in Article 36 or 37 of this Regulation or Article 81 or 82 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725, the EDPS shall consult the national supervisory authorities of the Member State that provided the data or of the Member State directly concerned. In adopting his or her decision, which may extend to a refusal to communicate any information, the EDPS shall take into account the opinion of the national supervisory authority.

Where a complaint relates to the processing of data provided by a Member State to Europol, the EDPS and the national supervisory authority of the Member State that provided the data shall, each acting within the scope of their respective competences, ensure that the necessary checks on the lawfulness of the processing of the data have been carried out correctly.

Where a complaint relates to the processing of data provided to Europol by Union bodies, third countries or international organisations, or of data retrieved by Europol from publicly available sources or resulting from Europol's own analyses, the EDPS shall ensure that Europol has correctly carried out the necessary checks on the lawfulness of the processing of the data.

The EDPS shall inform the data subject of the progress and outcome of the complaint, as well as the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 48.

Article 48

Right to a judicial remedy against the EDPS

Any action against a decision of the EDPS shall be brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Article 49

General provisions on liability and the right to compensation

Europol's contractual liability shall be governed by the law applicable to the contract in question.

The Court of Justice of the European Union shall have jurisdiction to give judgment pursuant to any arbitration clause in a contract concluded by Europol.

Without prejudice to Article 49, in the case of non-contractual liability, Europol shall, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States, make good any damage caused by its departments or by its staff in the performance of their duties.

The Court of Justice of the European Union shall have jurisdiction in disputes relating to compensation for damage as referred to in paragraph 3.

The personal liability of Europol staff vis-à-vis Europol shall be governed by the provisions laid down in the Staff Regulations or in the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants applicable to them.

Article 50

Right to compensation

Any person who has suffered material or non-material damage as a result of an infringement of this Regulation shall have the right to receive compensation in accordance with Article 65 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 and Article 56 of Directive (EU) 2016/680.

Any dispute between Europol and Member States over the ultimate responsibility for compensation awarded to a person who has suffered material or non-material damage in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall be referred to the Management Board. The Management Board shall decide on that responsibility by a majority of two-thirds of its members, without prejudice to the right to challenge that decision in accordance with Article 263 TFEU.

CHAPTER VIII JOINT PARLIAMENTARY SCRUTINY

Article 51

Joint Parliamentary scrutiny

Pursuant to Article 88 TFEU, the scrutiny of Europol's activities shall be carried out by the European Parliament together with national parliaments. This shall constitute a specialised Joint Parliamentary Scrutiny Group (JPSG) established together by the national parliaments and the competent committee of the European Parliament. The organisation and the rules of procedure of the JPSG shall be determined together by the European Parliament and the national parliaments in accordance with Article 9 of Protocol No 1.

The JPSG shall politically monitor Europol's activities in fulfilling its mission, including as regards the impact of those activities on the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons.

For the purposes of the first subparagraph:

(a) the Chairperson of the Management Board, the Executive Director or their Deputies shall appear before the JPSG at its request to discuss matters relating to the activities referred to in the first subparagraph, including the budgetary aspects of such activities, the structural organisation of Europol and the potential establishment of new units and specialised centres, taking into account the obligations of discretion and confidentiality. The JPSG may decide to invite to its meetings other relevant persons, where appropriate;

(b) the EDPS shall appear before the JPSG at its request, and at least once a year, to discuss general matters relating to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons, and in particular the protection of personal data, with regard to Europol's activities, taking into account the obligations of discretion and confidentiality;

Europol shall transmit the following documents, for information purposes, to the JPSG, taking into account the obligations of discretion and confidentiality:

(a) threat assessments, strategic analyses and general situation reports relating to Europol's objective as well as the results of studies and evaluations commissioned by Europol;

(b) the administrative arrangements concluded pursuant to Article 25(1);

(c) the document containing the multiannual programming and the annual work programme of Europol, referred to in Article 12(1);

(d) the consolidated annual activity report on Europol’s activities, referred to in Article 11(1), point (c), including relevant information on Europol’s activities and results obtained in processing large data sets, without disclosing any operational details and without prejudice to any ongoing investigations;

(e) the evaluation report drawn up by the Commission, referred to in Article 68(1);

(f) annual information pursuant to Article 26(11) on the personal data exchanged with private parties pursuant to Articles 26, 26a and 26b, including an assessment of the effectiveness of cooperation, specific examples of cases demonstrating why those requests were necessary and proportionate for the purpose of enabling Europol to achieve its objectives and carry out its tasks, and, as regards personal data exchanges pursuant to Article 26b, the number of children identified as a result of those exchanges to the extent that this information is available to Europol;

(g) annual information about the number of cases where it was necessary for Europol to process personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II in order to support Member States in an ongoing specific criminal investigation in accordance with Article 18a, alongside information on the duration and outcomes of the processing, including examples of such cases demonstrating why that data processing was necessary and proportionate;

(h) annual information about transfers of personal data to third countries and international organisations pursuant to Article 25(1) or Article 25(4a) broken down per legal basis, and on the number of cases in which the Executive Director authorised, pursuant to Article 25(5), the transfer or categories of transfers of personal data related to an ongoing specific criminal investigation to third countries or international organisations, including information on the countries concerned and the duration of the authorisation;

(i) annual information about the number of cases in which Europol proposed the possible entry of information alerts in accordance with Article 4(1), point (t), including specific examples of cases demonstrating why the entry of those alerts was proposed;

(j) annual information about the number of research and innovation projects undertaken, including information on the purposes of those projects, the categories of personal data processed, the additional safeguards used, including data minimisation, the law enforcement needs those projects seek to address and the outcome of those projects;

(k) annual information about the number of cases in which Europol made use of temporary processing in accordance with Article 18(6a) and, where applicable, the number of cases in which the processing period has been extended;

(l) annual information on the number and types of cases where special categories of personal data were processed, pursuant to Article 30(2).

The examples referred to in points (f) and (i) shall be anonymised insofar as personal data are concerned.

The examples referred to in point (g) shall be anonymised insofar as personal data are concerned, without disclosing any operational details and without prejudice to any ongoing investigations.

The JPSG may request other relevant documents necessary for the fulfilment of its tasks relating to the political monitoring of Europol's activities, subject to Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council ([^E0018]) and without prejudice to Articles 52 and 67 of this Regulation.

The JPSG may draw up summary conclusions on the political monitoring of Europol’s activities, including non-binding specific recommendations to Europol, and submit those conclusions to the European Parliament and national parliaments. The European Parliament shall forward those conclusions, for information purposes, to the Council, the Commission and Europol.

Article 52

Access by the European Parliament to information processed by or through Europol

For the purpose of enabling it to exercise parliamentary scrutiny of Europol's activities in accordance with Article 51, access by the European Parliament to sensitive non-classified information processed by or through Europol, upon the European Parliament's request, shall comply with the rules referred to in Article 67(1).

Access by the European Parliament to EU classified information processed by or through Europol shall be consistent with the Interinstitutional Agreement of 12 March 2014 between the European Parliament and the Council concerning the forwarding to and the handling by the European Parliament of classified information held by the Council on matters other than those in the area of the common foreign and security policy ([^E0019]), and shall comply with the rules referred to in Article 67(2) of this Regulation.

The necessary details regarding access by the European Parliament to the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be governed by working arrangements concluded between Europol and the European Parliament.

Article 52a

Consultative Forum

The JPSG shall establish a consultative forum to assist it, upon request, by providing it with independent advice in fundamental rights matters.

The JPSG and the Executive Director may consult the consultative forum on any matter related to fundamental rights.

The JPSG shall determine the composition of the consultative forum, its working methods and the way in which the information is to be transmitted to the consultative forum.

CHAPTER IX STAFF

Article 53

General provisions

The Staff Regulations, the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants and the rules adopted by agreement between the institutions of the Union for giving effect to the Staff Regulations and to the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants shall apply to the staff of Europol with the exception of staff who, on 1 May 2017, are employed pursuant to a contract concluded by Europol as established by the Europol Convention without prejudice to Article 73(4) of this Regulation. Such contracts shall continue to be governed by the Council Act of 3 December 1998.

Europol staff shall consist of temporary staff and/or contract staff. The Management Board shall be informed on a yearly basis of contracts of an indefinite duration granted by the Executive Director. The Management Board shall decide which temporary posts provided for in the establishment plan can be filled only by staff from the competent authorities of the Member States. Staff recruited to occupy such posts shall be temporary agents and may be awarded only fixed-term contracts, renewable once for a fixed period.

Article 54

Executive Director

The Executive Director shall be engaged as a temporary agent of Europol under point (a) of Article 2 of the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants.

The Executive Director shall be appointed by the Council from a shortlist of candidates proposed by the Management Board, following an open and transparent selection procedure.

The shortlist shall be drawn up by a selection committee set up by the Management Board and composed of members designated by Member States and a Commission representative

For the purpose of concluding a contract with the Executive Director, Europol shall be represented by the Chairperson of the Management Board.

Before appointment, the candidate selected by the Council may be invited to appear before the competent committee of the European Parliament, which shall subsequently give a non-binding opinion.

The term of office of the Executive Director shall be four years. By the end of that period, the Commission, in association with the Management Board, shall undertake an assessment taking into account:

(a) an evaluation of the Executive Director's performance, and

(b) Europol's future tasks and challenges.

The Council, acting on a proposal from the Management Board that takes into account the assessment referred to in paragraph 3, may extend the term of office of the Executive Director once and for no more than four years.

The Management Board shall inform the European Parliament if it intends to propose to the Council that the Executive Director's term of office be extended. Within the month before any such extension, the Executive Director may be invited to appear before the competent committee of the European Parliament.

An Executive Director whose term of office has been extended shall not participate in another selection procedure for the same post at the end of the overall period.

The Executive Director may be removed from office only pursuant to a decision of the Council acting on a proposal from the Management Board. The European Parliament shall be informed about that decision.

The Management Board shall reach decisions regarding proposals to be made to the Council on the appointment, extension of the term of office, or removal from office, of the Executive Director by a majority of two-thirds of its members with voting rights.

Article 55

Deputy Executive Directors

Three Deputy Executive Directors shall assist the Executive Director. The Executive Director shall define their tasks.

Article 54 shall apply to the Deputy Executive Directors. The Executive Director shall be consulted prior to their appointment, any extension of their term of office or their removal from office.

Article 56

Seconded national experts

Europol may make use of seconded national experts.

The Management Board shall adopt a decision laying down rules on the secondment of national experts to Europol.

CHAPTER X FINANCIAL PROVISIONS

Article 57

Budget

Estimates of all revenue and expenditure for Europol shall be prepared each financial year, which shall correspond to the calendar year, and shall be shown in Europol's budget.

Europol's budget shall be balanced in terms of revenue and of expenditure.

Without prejudice to other resources, Europol's revenue shall comprise a contribution from the Union entered in the general budget of the Union.

Europol may benefit from Union funding in the form of delegation agreements or ad hoc grants in accordance with its financial rules referred to in Article 61 and with the provisions of the relevant instruments supporting the policies of the Union.

Europol's expenditure shall include staff remuneration, administrative and infrastructure expenses, and operating costs.

Budgetary commitments for actions relating to large-scale projects extending over more than one financial year may be broken down into several annual instalments.

Article 58

Establishment of the budget

Each year the Executive Director shall draw up a draft statement of estimates of Europol's revenue and expenditure for the following financial year, including an establishment plan, and shall send it to the Management Board.

The Management Board shall, on the basis of the draft statement of estimates, adopt a provisional draft estimate of Europol's revenue and expenditure for the following financial year and shall send it to the Commission by 31 January each year.

The Management Board shall send the final draft estimate of Europol's revenue and expenditure, which shall include a draft establishment plan, to the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission by 31 March each year.

The Commission shall send the statement of estimates to the European Parliament and the Council, together with the draft general budget of the Union.

On the basis of the statement of estimates, the Commission shall enter in the draft general budget of the Union the estimates that it considers necessary for the establishment plan and the amount of the contribution to be charged to the general budget, which it shall place before the European Parliament and the Council in accordance with Articles 313 and 314 TFEU.

The European Parliament and the Council shall authorise the appropriations for the contribution from the Union to Europol.

The European Parliament and the Council shall adopt Europol's establishment plan.

Europol's budget shall be adopted by the Management Board. It shall become final following the final adoption of the general budget of the Union. Where necessary, it shall be adjusted accordingly.

Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/715 shall apply to any building projects that are likely to have significant implications for Europol’s budget.

Article 59

Implementation of the budget

The Executive Director shall implement Europol's budget.

Each year the Executive Director shall send to the European Parliament and the Council all information relevant to the findings of any evaluation procedures.

Article 60

Presentation of accounts and discharge

Europol's accounting officer shall send the provisional accounts for the financial year (year N) to the Commission's accounting officer and to the Court of Auditors by 1 March of the following financial year (year N + 1).

Europol shall send a report on the budgetary and financial management for year N to the European Parliament, the Council and the Court of Auditors by 31 March of year N + 1.

The Commission's accounting officer shall send Europol's provisional accounts for year N, consolidated with the Commission's accounts, to the Court of Auditors by 31 March of year N + 1.

On receipt of the Court of Auditors’ observations on Europol’s provisional accounts for year N pursuant to Article 246 of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council ([^E0020]), Europol’s accounting officer shall draw up Europol’s final accounts for that year. The Executive Director shall submit those final accounts to the Management Board for an opinion.

The Management Board shall deliver an opinion on Europol's final accounts for year N.

Europol's accounting officer shall, by 1 July of year N + 1, send the final accounts for year N to the European Parliament, the Council, the Commission, the Court of Auditors and national parliaments, together with the Management Board's opinion referred to in paragraph 5.

The final accounts for year N shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Union by 15 November of year N + 1.

The Executive Director shall send to the Court of Auditors, by 30 September of year N + 1, a reply to the observations made in its annual report. He or she shall also send the reply to the Management Board.

Upon the request of the European Parliament, the Executive Director shall submit to it any information required for the smooth application of the discharge procedure for year N, in accordance with Article 106(3) of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/715.

10.

On a recommendation from the Council acting by a qualified majority, the European Parliament shall, before 15 May of year N + 2, grant a discharge to the Executive Director in respect of the implementation of the budget for year N.

Article 61

Financial Rules

The financial rules applicable to Europol shall be adopted by the Management Board after consultation with the Commission. They shall not depart from Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/715 unless such a departure is specifically required for the operation of Europol and the Commission has given its prior consent.

Europol may award grants related to the achievement of its objectives and tasks.

Europol may award grants without a call for proposals to Member States for performance of activities that fall within Europol’s objectives and tasks.

Where duly justified for operational purposes, following authorisation by the Management Board, financial support may cover the full investment costs of equipment and infrastructure.

The financial rules referred to in paragraph 1 may specify the criteria under which financial support may cover the full investment costs referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph.

In respect of the financial support to be given to joint investigation teams’ activities, Europol and Eurojust shall jointly establish the rules and conditions upon which applications for such support are to be processed.

CHAPTER XI MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 62

Legal status

Europol shall be an agency of the Union. It shall have legal personality.

In each Member State Europol shall enjoy the most extensive legal capacity accorded to legal persons under national law. Europol may, in particular, acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property and be a party to legal proceedings.

In accordance with Protocol No 6 on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, agencies and departments of the European Union, annexed to the TEU and to the TFEU (‘Protocol No 6’), Europol shall have its seat in The Hague.

Article 63

Privileges and immunities

Protocol No 7 on the privileges and immunities of the European Union, annexed to the TEU and to the TFEU, shall apply to Europol and its staff.

Privileges and immunities of liaison officers and members of their families shall be subject to an agreement between the Kingdom of Netherlands and the other Member States. That agreement shall provide for such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the proper performance of the tasks of liaison officers.

Article 64

Language arrangements

The provisions laid down in Regulation No 1 ([^E0021]) shall apply to Europol.

The Management Board shall decide by a majority of two-thirds of its members on the internal language arrangements of Europol.

The translation services required for the functioning of Europol shall be provided by the Translation Centre for the bodies of the European Union.

Article 65

Transparency

Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 shall apply to documents held by Europol.

By 14 December 2016, the Management Board shall adopt the detailed rules for applying Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 with regard to Europol documents.

Decisions taken by Europol under Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 may be the subject of a complaint to the European Ombudsman or of an action before the Court of Justice of the European Union, in accordance with Articles 228 and 263 TFEU respectively.

Europol shall publish on its website a list of the Management Board members and summaries of the outcome of the meetings of the Management Board. The publication of those summaries shall be temporarily or permanently omitted or restricted if such publication would risk jeopardising the performance of Europol's tasks, taking into account its obligations of discretion and confidentiality and the operational character of Europol.

Article 66

Combating fraud

In order to facilitate the fight against fraud, corruption and any other illegal activities under Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013, Europol shall, by 30 October 2017, accede to the Interinstitutional Agreement of 25 May 1999 between the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the Commission of the European Communities concerning internal investigations by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) ([^E0022]) and shall adopt appropriate provisions applicable to all employees of Europol, using the template set out in the Annex to that Agreement.

The Court of Auditors shall have a power of audit, on the basis of documents and on-the-spot checks, over all grant beneficiaries, contractors and subcontractors who have received Union funds from Europol.

OLAF may carry out investigations, including on-the-spot checks and inspections, with a view to establishing whether there has been fraud, corruption or any other illegal activity affecting the financial interests of the Union in connection with a grant or a contract awarded by Europol. Such investigations shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions and procedures laid down in Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 and in Council Regulation (Euratom, EC) No 2185/96 ([^E0023]).

Without prejudice to paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, working arrangements with Union bodies, authorities of third countries, international organisations and private parties, contracts, grant agreements and grant decisions of Europol shall contain provisions expressly empowering the Court of Auditors and OLAF to conduct the audits and investigations referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3, in accordance with their respective competences.

Article 67

Rules on the protection of sensitive non-classified and classified information

Europol shall establish rules on the obligations of discretion and confidentiality and on the protection of sensitive non-classified information.

Europol shall establish rules on the protection of EU classified information which shall be consistent with Decision 2013/488/EU in order to ensure an equivalent level of protection for such information.

Article 68

Evaluation and review

By 29 June 2027 and every five years thereafter, the Commission shall carry out an evaluation, in particular, of the impact, effectiveness and efficiency of Europol and of its working practices. That evaluation may, in particular, address the possible need to modify the structure, operation, field of action and tasks of Europol, and the financial implications of any such modification.

The Commission shall submit the evaluation report to the Management Board. The Management Board shall provide its observations on the evaluation report within three months from the date of receipt. The Commission shall then submit the final evaluation report, together with the Commission's conclusions, and the Management Board's observations in an annex thereto, to the European Parliament, the Council, the national parliaments and the Management Board. Where appropriate, the main findings of the evaluation report shall be made public.

By 29 June 2025, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council, evaluating and assessing the operational impact of the implementation of the tasks provided for in this Regulation, in particular in Article 4(1), point (t), Article 18(2), point (e), Article 18(6a), and Articles 18a, 26, 26a and 26b, with regard to Europol’s objectives. The report shall assess the impact of those tasks on fundamental rights and freedoms as provided for by the Charter. It shall also provide a cost-benefit analysis of the extension of Europol’s tasks.

Article 69

Administrative inquiries

The activities of Europol shall be subject to inquiries by the European Ombudsman in accordance with Article 228 TFEU.

Article 70

Headquarters

The necessary arrangements concerning the accommodation to be provided for Europol in the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the facilities to be made available by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together with the specific rules applicable there to the Executive Director, members of the Management Board, Europol's staff and members of their families, shall be laid down in a headquarters agreement between Europol and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in accordance with Protocol No 6.

CHAPTER XII TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

Article 71

Legal succession

Europol as established by this Regulation shall be the legal successor in respect of all contracts concluded by, liabilities incumbent upon and properties acquired by Europol as established by Decision 2009/371/JHA.

This Regulation shall not affect the legal force of agreements concluded by Europol as established by Decision 2009/371/JHA before 13 June 2016, or of agreements concluded by Europol as established by the Europol Convention before 1 January 2010.

Article 72

Transitional arrangements concerning the Management Board

The term of office of the members of the Management Board as established on the basis of Article 37 of Decision 2009/371/JHA shall terminate on 1 May 2017.

During the period from 13 June 2016 to 1 May 2017, the Management Board as established on the basis of Article 37 of Decision 2009/371/JHA shall:

(a) exercise the functions of the Management Board in accordance with Article 11 of this Regulation;

(b) prepare the adoption of the rules relating to the application of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 with regard to Europol documents as referred to in Article 65(2) of this Regulation, and of the rules referred to in Article 67 of this Regulation;

(c) prepare any instrument necessary for the application of this Regulation, in particular any measures relating to Chapter IV; and

(d) review the internal rules and measures which it has adopted on the basis of Decision 2009/371/JHA so as to allow the Management Board as established pursuant to Article 10 of this Regulation to take a decision pursuant to Article 76 of this Regulation.

The Commission shall without delay after 13 June 2016 take the measures necessary to ensure that the Management Board established pursuant to Article 10 starts its work on 1 May 2017.

By 14 December 2016, the Member States shall notify the Commission of the names of the persons whom they have appointed as member and alternate member of the Management Board, in accordance with Article 10.

The Management Board established pursuant to Article 10 shall hold its first meeting on 1 May 2017. On that occasion it shall, if necessary, take decisions as referred to in Article 76.

Article 73

Transitional arrangements concerning the Executive Director, the Deputy Directors and staff

The Director of Europol appointed on the basis of Article 38 of Decision 2009/371/JHA shall, for the remaining period of his or her term of office, be assigned the responsibilities of Executive Director, as provided for in Article 16 of this Regulation. The other conditions of his or her contract shall remain unchanged. If the term of office ends between 13 June 2016 and 1 May 2017, it shall be extended automatically until 1 May 2018.

Should the Director appointed on the basis of Article 38 of Decision 2009/371/JHA be unwilling or unable to act in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Management Board shall designate an interim Executive Director to exercise the duties assigned to the Executive Director for a period not exceeding 18 months, pending the appointment provided for in Article 54(2) of this Regulation.

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall apply to the Deputy Directors appointed on the basis of Article 38 of Decision 2009/371/JHA.

In accordance with the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants, the authority referred to in the first paragraph of Article 6 thereof shall offer employment of indefinite duration as a member of the temporary or contract staff to any person who, on 1 May 2017, is employed under a contract of indefinite duration as a local staff member concluded by Europol as established by the Europol Convention. The offer of employment shall be based on the tasks to be performed by the servant as a member of the temporary or contract staff. The contract concerned shall take effect at the latest on 1 May 2018. A staff member who does not accept the offer referred to in this paragraph may retain his or her contractual relationship with Europol in accordance with Article 53(1).

Article 74

Transitional budgetary provisions

The discharge procedure in respect of the budgets approved on the basis of Article 42 of Decision 2009/371/JHA shall be carried out in accordance with the rules established by Article 43 thereof.

Article 74a

Transitional arrangements concerning the processing of personal data in support of an ongoing criminal investigation

Where a Member State, the EPPO or Eurojust provided personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II to Europol before 28 June 2022, Europol may process those personal data in accordance with Article 18a where:

(a) the Member State concerned, the EPPO or Eurojust informs Europol by 29 September 2022, that it is authorised to process those personal data, in accordance with procedural requirements and safeguards applicable under Union or national law, in the ongoing criminal investigation for which it requested Europol’s support when it initially provided the data;

(b) the Member State concerned, the EPPO or Eurojust requests that Europol, by 29 September 2022, support the ongoing criminal investigation referred to in point (a); and

(c) Europol assesses, in accordance with Article 18a(1), point (b), that it is not possible to support the ongoing criminal investigation referred to in point (a) of this paragraph without processing personal data that do not comply with Article 18(5).

The assessment referred to in point (c) of this paragraph is recorded and sent to the EDPS for information when Europol ceases to support the related specific criminal investigation.

Where a Member State, the EPPO or Eurojust does not comply with one or more of the requirements set out in paragraph 1, points (a) and (b) of this Article, with regard to personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II that it provided to Europol before 28 June 2022, or where a Member State, the EPPO or Eurojust does not comply with paragraph 1, point (c) of this Article, Europol shall not process those personal data in accordance with Article 18a, but shall, without prejudice to Article 18(5) and Article 74b, delete those personal data by 29 October 2022.

Where a third country referred to in Article 18a(6) provided personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II to Europol before 28 June 2022, Europol may process those personal data in accordance with Article 18a(6) where:

(a) the third country provided the personal data in support of a specific criminal investigation in one or more Member States that Europol supports;

(b) the third country obtained the data in the context of a criminal investigation in accordance with procedural requirements and safeguards applicable under its national criminal law;

(c) the third country informs Europol, by 29 September 2022, that it is authorised to process those personal data in the criminal investigation in the context of which it obtained the data;

(d) Europol assesses, in accordance with Article 18a(1), point (b), that it is not possible to support the specific criminal investigation referred to in point (a) of this paragraph without processing personal data that do not comply with Article 18(5) and that assessment is recorded and sent to the EDPS for information when Europol ceases to support the related specific criminal investigation; and

(e) Europol verifies, in accordance with Article 18a(6), that the amount of personal data is not manifestly disproportionate in relation to the specific criminal investigation referred to in point (a) of this paragraph in one or more Member States that Europol supports.

Where a third country does not comply with the requirement set out in paragraph 3, point (c) of this Article, with regard to personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II that it provided to Europol before 28 June 2022, or where any of the other requirements set out in paragraph 3 of this Article are not complied with, Europol shall not process those personal data in accordance with Article 18a(6), but shall, without prejudice to Article 18(5) and Article 74b, delete those personal data by 29 October 2022.

Where a Member State, the EPPO or Eurojust provided personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II to Europol before 28 June 2022, it may request Europol, by 29 September 2022, to store those data and the outcome of Europol’s processing of those data where this is necessary for ensuring the veracity, reliability and traceability of the criminal intelligence process. Europol shall keep personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II functionally separate from other data and shall only process such data for the purpose of ensuring the veracity, reliability and traceability of the criminal intelligence process, and only for as long as the judicial proceedings concerning the criminal investigation for which those data were provided are ongoing.

Where Europol received personal data that do not relate to the categories of data subjects listed in Annex II before 28 June 2022, Europol shall not store those data for the purpose of ensuring the veracity, reliability and traceability of the criminal intelligence process unless so requested in accordance with paragraph 5. In the absence of such a request, Europol shall delete those personal data by 29 October 2022.

Article 74b

Transitional arrangements concerning the processing of personal data held by Europol

Without prejudice to Article 74a, for personal data that Europol received before 28 June 2022, Europol may verify whether those personal data relate to one of the categories of data subjects set out in Annex II. To that end, Europol may carry out a pre-analysis of those personal data for a period of up to 18 months from the date the data were first received or, in justified cases and with the prior authorisation of the EDPS, for a longer period.

The maximum period of processing the data referred to in the first subparagraph shall be three years from the day of receipt of the data by Europol.

CHAPTER XIII FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 75

Replacement and repeal

Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA are hereby replaced for the Member States bound by this Regulation with effect from 1 May 2017.

Therefore, Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA are repealed with effect from 1 May 2017.

With regard to the Member States bound by this Regulation, references to the Decisions referred to in paragraph 1 shall be construed as references to this Regulation.

Article 76

Maintenance in force of the internal rules adopted by the Management Board

Internal rules and measures adopted by the Management Board on the basis of Decision 2009/371/JHA shall remain in force after 1 May 2017, unless otherwise decided by the Management Board in the application of this Regulation.

Article 77

Entry into force and application

This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

It shall apply from 1 May 2017.

However, Articles 71, 72 and 73 shall apply from 13 June 2016.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States in accordance with the Treaties.

ANNEX I

LIST OF FORMS OF CRIME REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3(1)

— terrorism,

— organised crime,

— drug trafficking,

— money-laundering activities,

— crime connected with nuclear and radioactive substances,

— migrant smuggling,

— trafficking in human beings,

— motor vehicle crime,

— murder and grievous bodily injury,

— illicit trade in human organs and tissue,

— kidnapping, illegal restraint and hostage-taking,

— racism and xenophobia,

— robbery and aggravated theft,

— illicit trafficking in cultural goods, including antiquities and works of art,

— swindling and fraud,

— crime against the financial interests of the Union,

— insider dealing and financial market manipulation,

— racketeering and extortion,

— counterfeiting and product piracy,

— forgery of administrative documents and trafficking therein,

— forgery of money and means of payment,

— computer crime,

— corruption,

— illicit trafficking in arms, ammunition and explosives,

— illicit trafficking in endangered animal species,

— illicit trafficking in endangered plant species and varieties,

— environmental crime, including ship-source pollution,

— illicit trafficking in hormonal substances and other growth promoters,

— sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, including child abuse material and solicitation of children for sexual purposes,

— genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes,

— violation of Union restrictive measures.

ANNEX II

A. Categories of personal data and categories of data subjects whose data may be collected and processed for the purpose of cross-checking as referred to in point (a) of Article 18(2)

1.Personal data collected and processed for the purpose of cross-checking shall relate to:

(a) persons who, in accordance with the national law of the Member State concerned, are suspected of having committed or having taken part in a criminal offence in respect of which Europol is competent, or who have been convicted of such an offence;

(b) persons regarding whom there are factual indications or reasonable grounds under the national law of the Member State concerned to believe that they will commit criminal offences in respect of which Europol is competent.

2.Data relating to the persons referred to in paragraph 1 may include only the following categories of personal data:

(a) surname, maiden name, given names and any alias or assumed name;

(b) date and place of birth;

(d) sex;

(e) place of residence, profession and whereabouts of the person concerned;

(f) social security numbers, driving licences, identification documents and passport data; and

(g) where necessary, other characteristics likely to assist in identification, including any specific objective physical characteristics not subject to change such as dactyloscopic data and DNA profile (established from the non-coding part of DNA).

3.In addition to the data referred to in paragraph 2, the following categories of personal data concerning the persons referred to in paragraph 1 may be collected and processed:

(a) criminal offences, alleged criminal offences and when, where and how they were (allegedly) committed;

(b) means which were or which may have been used to commit those criminal offences, including information concerning legal persons;

(d) suspected membership of a criminal organisation;

(e) convictions, where they relate to criminal offences in respect of which Europol is competent;

(f) inputting party.

These data may be provided to Europol even when they do not yet contain any references to persons.

4.Additional information held by Europol or national units concerning the persons referred to in paragraph 1 may be communicated to any national unit or to Europol, should either so request. National units shall do so in compliance with their national law.

5.If proceedings against the person concerned are definitively dropped or if that person is definitively acquitted, the data relating to the case in respect of which either decision has been taken shall be deleted.

B. Categories of personal data and categories of data subjects whose data may be collected and processed for the purpose of analyses of a strategic or thematic nature, for the purpose of operational analyses or for the purpose of facilitating the exchange of information as referred to in points (b), (c) and (d) of Article 18(2)

1.Personal data collected and processed for the purpose of analyses of a strategic or thematic nature, for the purpose of operational analyses or for the purpose of facilitating the exchange of information between Member States, Europol, other Union bodies, third countries and international organisations shall relate to:

(a) persons who, pursuant to the national law of the Member State concerned, are suspected of having committed or having taken part in a criminal offence in respect of which Europol is competent, or who have been convicted of such an offence;

(b) persons regarding whom there are factual indications or reasonable grounds under the national law of the Member State concerned to believe that they will commit criminal offences in respect of which Europol is competent;

(c) persons who might be called on to testify in investigations in connection with the offences under consideration or in subsequent criminal proceedings;

(d) persons who have been the victims of one of the offences under consideration or with regard to whom certain facts give reason to believe that they could be the victims of such an offence;

(e) contacts and associates; and

(f) persons who can provide information on the criminal offences under consideration.

2.The following categories of personal data, including associated administrative data, may be processed on the categories of persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1:

(a) personal details:
(i) present and former surnames;
(ii) present and former forenames;
(iii) maiden name;
(iv) father's name (where necessary for the purpose of identification);
(v) mother's name (where necessary for the purpose of identification):
(vi) sex;
(vii) date of birth;
(viii) place of birth;
(ix) nationality;
(x) marital status;
(xi) alias;
(xii) nickname;
(xiii) assumed or false name;
(xiv) present and former residence and/or domicile;

(b) physical description:
(i) physical description;
(ii) distinguishing features (marks/scars/tattoos etc.);

(c) means of identification:
(i) identity documents/driving licence;
(ii) national identity card/passport numbers;
(iii) national identification number/social security number, if applicable;
(iv) visual images and other information on appearance;
(v) forensic identification information such as fingerprints, DNA profile (established from the non-coding part of DNA), voice profile, blood group, dental information;

(d) occupation and skills:
(i) present employment and occupation;
(ii) former employment and occupation;
(iii) education (school/university/professional);
(iv) qualifications;
(v) skills and other fields of knowledge (language/other);

(e) economic and financial information:
(i) financial data (bank accounts and codes, credit cards, etc.);
(ii) cash assets;
(iii) shareholdings/other assets;
(iv) property data;
(v) links with companies;
(vi) bank and credit contacts;
(vii) tax position;
(viii) other information revealing a person's management of his or her financial affairs;

(f) behavioural data:
(i) lifestyle (such as living above means) and routine;
(ii) movements;
(iii) places frequented;
(iv) weapons and other dangerous instruments;
(v) danger rating;
(vi) specific risks such as escape probability, use of double agents, connections with law enforcement personnel;
(vii) criminal-related traits and profiles;
(viii) drug abuse;

(g) contacts and associates, including type and nature of the contact or association;

(h) means of communication used, such as telephone (static/mobile), fax, pager, electronic mail, postal addresses, internet connection(s);

(i) means of transport used, such as vehicles, boats, aircraft, including information identifying those means of transport (registration numbers);

(j) information relating to criminal conduct:
(i) previous convictions;
(ii) suspected involvement in criminal activities;
(iii) modi operandi;
(iv) means which were or may be used to prepare and/or commit crimes;
(v) membership of criminal groups/organisations and position in the group/organisation;
(vi) role in the criminal organisation;
(vii) geographical range of criminal activities;
(viii) material gathered in the course of an investigation, such as video and photographic images;

(k) references to other information systems in which information on the person is stored:
(i) Europol;
(ii) police/customs agencies;
(iii) other enforcement agencies;
(iv) international organisations;
(v) public entities;
(vi) private entities;

(l) information on legal persons associated with the data referred to in points (e) and (j):
(i) designation of the legal person;
(ii) location;
(iii) date and place of establishment;
(iv) administrative registration number;
(v) legal form;
(vi) capital;
(vii) area of activity;
(viii) national and international subsidiaries;
(ix) directors;
(x) links with banks.

3.‘Contacts and associates’, as referred to in point (e) of paragraph 1, are persons through whom there is sufficient reason to believe that information which relates to the persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 and which is relevant for the analysis can be gained, provided they are not included in one of the categories of persons referred to in points (a), (b), (c), (d) and (f) of paragraph 1. ‘Contacts’ are those persons who have a sporadic contact with the persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1. ‘Associates’ are those persons who have a regular contact with the persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1.

In relation to contacts and associates, the data referred to in paragraph 2 may be stored as necessary, provided there is reason to assume that such data are required for the analysis of the relationship of such persons with persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1. In this context, the following shall be observed:

(a) such relationship shall be clarified as soon as possible;

(b) the data referred to in paragraph 2 shall be deleted without delay if the assumption that such relationship exists turns out to be unfounded;

(c) all data referred to in paragraph 2 may be stored if contacts or associates are suspected of having committed an offence falling within the scope of Europol's objectives, or have been convicted for the commission of such an offence, or if there are factual indications or reasonable grounds under the national law of the Member State concerned to believe that they will commit such an offence;

(d) data referred to in paragraph 2 on contacts, and associates, of contacts as well as on contacts, and associates, of associates shall not be stored, with the exception of data on the type and nature of their contact or association with the persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1;

(e) if a clarification pursuant to the previous points is not possible, this shall be taken into account when a decision is taken on the need for, and the extent of, data storage for further analysis.

4.With regard to a person who, as referred to in point (d) of paragraph 1, has been the victim of one of the offences under consideration or who, on the basis of certain facts there is reason to believe could be the victim of such an offence, the data referred to in point (a) to point (c)(iii) of paragraph 2 as well as the following categories of data may be stored:

(a) victim identification data;

(b) reason for victimisation;

(d) whether anonymity is to be guaranteed;

(e) whether participation in a court hearing is possible;

(f) crime-related information provided by or through persons referred to in point (d) of paragraph 1, including where necessary information on their relationship with other persons, for the purpose of identifying the persons referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1.

Other data referred to in paragraph 2 may be stored as necessary, provided there is reason to assume that they are required for the analysis of a person's role as victim or potential victim.

Data not required for any further analysis shall be deleted.

5.With regard to persons who, as referred to in point (c) of paragraph 1, might be called on to testify in investigations in connection with the offences under consideration or in subsequent criminal proceedings, data referred to in point (a) to point (c)(iii) of paragraph 2 as well as categories of data complying with the following criteria may be stored:

(a) crime-related information provided by such persons, including information on their relationship with other persons included in the analysis work file;

(b) whether anonymity is to be guaranteed;

(d) new identity;

(e) whether participation in a court hearing is possible.

Other data referred to in paragraph 2 may be stored as necessary, provided there is reason to assume that they are required for the analysis of such persons' role as witness.

Data not required for any further analysis shall be deleted.

6.With regard to persons who, as referred to in point (f) of paragraph 1, can provide information on the criminal offences under consideration, data referred to in point (a) to point (c)(iii) of paragraph 2 as well as categories of data complying with the following criteria may be stored:

(a) coded personal details;

(b) type of information supplied;

(d) whether protection is to be guaranteed and by whom;

(e) new identity;

(f) whether participation in a court hearing is possible;

(g) negative experiences;

(h) rewards (financial/favours).

Other data referred to in paragraph 2 may be stored as necessary, provided there is reason to assume that they are required for the analysis of such persons' role as informant.

Data not required for any further analysis shall be deleted.

7.If, at any time during the course of an analysis, it becomes clear on the basis of serious and corroborating indications that a person should be included in a category of persons, as defined in this Annex, other than the category in which that person was initially placed, Europol may process only the data on that person which is permitted under that new category, and all other data shall be deleted.

If, on the basis of such indications, it becomes clear that a person should be included in two or more different categories as defined in this Annex, all data allowed under such categories may be processed by Europol.

[^E0001]: Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 of 12 October 2017 implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (‘the EPPO’) (OJ L 283, 31.10.2017, p. 1).

[^E0002]: Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online (OJ L 172, 17.5.2021, p. 79).

[^E0003]: Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA (OJ L 335, 17.12.2011, p. 1).

[^E0004]: Regulation (EU) 2019/1240 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the creation of a European network of immigration liaison officers (OJ L 198, 25.7.2019, p. 88, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1240/oj).

[^E0005]: Council Decision 2008/617/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the improvement of cooperation between the special intervention units of the Member States of the European Union in crisis situations (OJ L 210, 6.8.2008, p. 73).

[^E0006]: Regulation (EU) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and on information and communications technology cybersecurity certification and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act) (OJ L 151, 7.6.2019, p. 15).

[^E0007]: Regulation (EC) No 767/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 concerning the Visa Information System (VIS) and the exchange of information between Member States on short-stay visas, long-stay visas, and residence permits (VIS Regulation) (OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 60).

[^E0008]: Regulation (EU) 2018/1862 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 November 2018 on the establishment, operation and use of the Schengen Information System (SIS) in the field of police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, amending and repealing Council Decision 2007/533/JHA, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1986/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Decision 2010/261/EU (OJ L 312, 7.12.2018, p. 56).

[^E0009]: Directive (EU) 2019/1153 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 laying down rules facilitating the use of financial and other information for the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of certain criminal offences, and repealing Council Decision 2000/642/JHA (OJ L 186, 11.7.2019, p. 122).

[^E0010]: Directive (EU) 2015/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Directive 2006/70/EC (OJ L 141, 5.6.2015, p. 73).

[^E0011]: Council Decision 2005/511/JHA of 12 July 2005 on protecting the euro against counterfeiting, by designating Europol as the Central Office for combating euro counterfeiting (OJ L 185, 16.7.2005, p. 35).

[^E0012]: Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union (OJ L 79 I, 21.3.2019, p. 1).

[^E0013]: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/715 of 18 December 2018 on the framework financial regulation for the bodies set up under the TFEU and Euratom Treaty and referred to in Article 70 of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 122, 10.5.2019, p. 1).

[^E0014]: Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39).

[^E0015]: Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (OJ L 190, 18.7.2002, p. 1).

[^E0016]: Council Regulation (EC) No 168/2007 of 15 February 2007 establishing a European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (OJ L 53, 22.2.2007, p. 1).

[^E0018]: Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (OJ L 145, 31.5.2001, p. 43).

[^E0019]: OJ C 95, 1.4.2014, p. 1.

[^E0020]: Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1).

[^E0021]: Regulation No 1 determining the languages to be used by the European Economic Community (OJ 17, 6.10.1958, p. 385/58).

[^E0022]: OJ L 136, 31.5.1999, p. 15.

[^E0023]: Council Regulation (Euratom, EC) No 2185/96 of 11 November 1996 concerning on-the-spot checks and inspections carried out by the Commission in order to protect the European Communities' financial interests against fraud and other irregularities (OJ L 292, 15.11.1996, p. 2).

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