Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/656 of 19 December 2016 laying down the administrative requirements relating to emission limits and type-approval of internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance. )

• 2.2.3.1. An engine family may cover more than one power range for the same speed operation within the same engine (sub-)category. Consistent with Article 18(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1628, in this case the parent engine (for the purposes of EU type-approval) and all engine types within the same engine family (for the purposes of conformity of production) shall, with respect to the applicable power ranges:

- — meet the most stringent emissions limit values;

- — be tested using the test cycles that correspond to the most stringent emissions limit values;

• — be subject to the earliest applicable dates for EU type-approval and placing on the market set out in Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2016/1628.

In order to maintain, when the engine is installed in the non-road mobile machinery, the principle of Article 18(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1628, the instructions for OEMs set out in Annex XIV to Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/654 shall include the statement that the installation shall not permanently constrain an engine to only deliver power within the power range of a sub-category with a more stringent emissions limit than the sub-category in which the engine is type-approved.

• 2.2.3.2. For the purpose of allocating a EU type-approval sub-category to an engine family covering more than one power range the manufacturer and approval authority shall decide the sub-category that most closely reflects the criteria in paragraph 2.2.3.1.

2.3.   Special cases

2.3.1.   Interactions between parameters

In some cases there may be interaction between parameters, which may cause emissions to change. This shall be taken into consideration to ensure that only engines with similar exhaust emissions characteristics are included within the same engine family. These cases shall be identified by the manufacturer and notified to the approval authority. It shall then be taken into account as a criterion for creating a new engine family.

2.3.2.   Devices or features having a strong influence on emissions

In case of devices or features, which are not listed in paragraph 2.4 and which have a strong influence on the level of emissions, this equipment shall be identified by the manufacturer using good engineering judgment, and shall be notified to the approval authority. It shall then be taken into account as a criterion for creating a new engine family.

2.3.3.   Additional criteria

In addition to the parameters listed in paragraph 2.4, the manufacturer may introduce additional criteria allowing the definition of families of more restricted size. These parameters are not necessarily parameters that have an influence on the level of emissions.

2.4.   Parameters defining the engine family

2.4.1.   Combustion cycle

• (a) 2-stroke cycle;

• (b) 4-stroke cycle;

• (c) Rotary engine;

• (d) Others.

2.4.2.   Configuration of the cylinders

2.4.2.1.   Position of the cylinders in the block

• (a) Single

• (b) V;

• (c) In-line;

- (d) Opposed;

• (e) Radial;

• (f) Others (F, W, etc.).

2.4.2.2.   Relative position of the cylinders

Engines with the same block may belong to the same engine family as long as their bore centre-to-centre dimensions are the same.

2.4.3.   Main cooling medium

• (a) Air;

• (b) Water;

• (c) Oil.

2.4.4.   Swept volume per cylinder

2.4.4.1.   Engine with a swept volume per cylinder ≥ 750 cm³

In order for engines with a swept volume per cylinder of ≥ 750 cm³ to be considered to belong to the same engine family, the spread of their swept volume per cylinder shall not exceed 15 per cent of the largest swept volume per cylinder within the engine family.

2.4.4.2.   Engine with a swept volume per cylinder < 750 cm³

In order for engines with an individual cylinder swept volume of < 750 cm³ to be considered to belong to the same engine family, the spread of their swept volume per cylinder shall not exceed 30 per cent of the largest swept volume per cylinder within the engine family.

2.4.4.3.   Engine with greater spread in swept volume per cylinder

Notwithstanding points 2.4.4.1 and 2.4.4.2, engines with a swept volume per cylinder that exceeds the spread defined in paragraphs 2.4.4.1 and 2.4.4.2 may be considered to belong to the same engine family subject to the approval of the approval authority. The approval shall be based on technical elements (calculations, simulations, experimental results etc.) showing that exceeding the spread does not have a significant influence on the exhaust emissions.

2.4.5.   Method of air aspiration

• (a) Naturally aspirated;

• (b) Pressure charged;

• (c) Pressure charged with charge cooler.

2.4.6.   Fuel type

• (a) Diesel (non-road gas-oil);

- (b) Ethanol for dedicated compression ignition engines (ED95);

• (c) Petrol (E10);

• (d) Ethanol (E85).

• (e) Natural gas/Biomethane:
• (1) Universal fuel — high calorific fuel (H-gas) and low calorific fuel (L-gas);
• (2) Restricted fuel — high calorific fuel (H-gas);
• (3) Restricted fuel — low calorific fuel (L-gas);
• (4) Fuel specific (LNG);

• (f) Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG);

2.4.7.   Fuelling arrangement

• (a) Liquid-fuel only;

• (b) Gaseous-fuel only;

- (c) Dual-fuel type 1A;

• (d) Dual-fuel type 1B;

• (e) Dual-fuel type 2A;

• (f) Dual-fuel type 2B;

- (g) Dual-fuel type 3B.

2.4.8.   Combustion chamber type/design

• (a) Open chamber;

- (b) Divided chamber;

• (c) Other types.

2.4.9.   Ignition Type

- (a) Spark ignition;

• (b) Compression ignition.

2.4.10.   Valves and porting

• (a) Configuration;

• (b) Number of valves per cylinder.

2.4.11.   Fuel supply type

• (a) Pump, (high pressure) line and injector;

• (b) In-line pump or distributor pump;

• (c) Unit injector;

• (d) Common rail;

- (e) Carburettor;

• (f) Port injector;

• (g) Direct injector;

• (h) Mixing unit;

• (i) Other.

2.4.12.   Miscellaneous devices

• (a) Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR);

• (b) Water injection;

• (c) Air injection;

- (d) Others.

2.4.13.   Electronic control strategy

The presence or absence of an ECU on the engine is regarded as a basic parameter of the engine family.

In the case of electronically controlled engines, the manufacturer shall present the technical elements explaining the grouping of these engines in the same engine family, i.e. the reasons why these engines can be expected to satisfy the same emissions requirements.

The electronic governing of speed does not need to be in a different engine family from those with mechanical governing. The need to separate electronic engines from mechanical engines should only apply to the fuel injection characteristics, such as timing, pressure, rate shape, etc.

2.4.14.   Exhaust after-treatment systems

The function and combination of the following devices are regarded as membership criteria for an engine family:

• (a) Oxidation catalyst;

• (b) DeNOx system with selective reduction of NOx (addition of reducing agent);

• (c) Other DeNOx systems;

• (d) Particulate after-treatment system with passive regeneration:
• (1) wall-flow,
• (2) non-wall-flow;

• (e) Particulate after-treatment system with active regeneration:
• (1) wall-flow,
• (2) non-wall-flow;

- (f) Other particulate after-treatment systems;

• (g) Other devices.

When an engine has been certified without exhaust after-treatment system, whether as parent engine or as member of the engine family, then this engine, when equipped with an oxidation catalyst (not with particulate after-treatment system), may be included in the same engine family, if it does not require different fuel characteristics.

If it requires specific fuel characteristics (e.g. particulate after-treatment systems requiring special additives in the fuel to ensure the regeneration process), the decision to include it in the same engine family shall be based on technical elements provided by the manufacturer. These elements shall indicate that the expected emissions level of the equipped engine complies with the same limit value as the non-equipped engine.

When an engine has been certified with exhaust after-treatment system, whether as parent engine or as member of an engine family, whose parent engine is equipped with the same exhaust after-treatment system, then this engine, when equipped without exhaust after-treatment system, shall not be added to the same engine family.

2.4.15.   Dual-fuel engines

All engine types within a dual-fuel engine family shall belong to the same type of dual-fuel engines defined in section 2 (for example type 1A, type 2B, etc.), and operate with the same types of fuel or when appropriate with fuels declared according to this Regulation as being of the same range(s).

In addition to belonging to the same dual fuel type, they shall have a maximum gas energy ratio on the applicable test cycle (GERcycle) within the range 70 to 100 per cent of that of the engine type with the highest GERcycle.

• 2.4.16. Intake air temperature for engines of category NRS < 19 kW:

• (a) consisting of engine types to be used in snow throwers: engines shall be tested with intake air temperature between 0 °C and – 5 °C;

• (b) Not exclusively consisting of engine types to be used in snow throwers: engines shall be tested with intake temperature 25 ± 5 °C.

- 2.4.17. Emissions Durability Period (EDP) Category

In case of engine categories in Table V-3 or V-4 of Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 that have alternative values for EDP, the EDP category declared by the manufacturer:

• (a) Cat 1 (Consumer products);

• (b) Cat 2 (Semi-professional products);

• (c) Cat 3 (Professional products).

3.1.   General

• 3.1.1. Once the engine family has been agreed by the approval authority, the parent engine of the engine family shall be selected using the primary criterion of the highest fuel delivery per stroke per cylinder at the declared maximum torque speed. In the event that two or more engines share this primary criterion, the parent engine shall be selected using the secondary criterion of highest fuel delivery per stroke at rated speed.

• 3.1.2. The approval authority may conclude that the worst-case emissions rate of the engine family can best be characterised by testing an alternative or an additional engine. In this case, the parties involved shall have the appropriate information to determine the engines within the engine family likely to have the highest emissions level.

• 3.1.3. If engines within the engine family incorporate other variable features which may be considered to affect exhaust emissions, these features shall also be identified and taken into account in the selection of the parent engine.

- 3.1.4. If engines within the engine family meet the same emissions values over different emissions durability periods, this shall be taken into account in the selection of the parent engine.

3.2.   Special cases

• 3.2.1. In order to select the parent engine in the case of any variable speed engine family of category IWP containing one or more engine types to be placed on the market for other inland waterway applications in accordance with paragraph 1.1.1.2, the requirements of paragraph 3.1.1 shall be applied based upon the E3 NRSC. The evaluation of the requirements of paragraphs 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 shall consider all NRSC for which an engine type is being type-approved.

• 3.2.2. In order to select the parent engine in the case of any constant speed engine family containing one or more engine types with alternative constant speeds as set out in paragraph 1.1.2.3, the evaluation of the requirements of paragraph 3.1 shall be applied to each constant speed of each engine type.

• 3.2.3. In order to select the parent engine in the case of any constant speed engine family of category IWP containing one or more engine types to be placed on the market for constant speed IWA applications in accordance with paragraph 1.1.2.4, the requirements of paragraph 3.1.1 shall be applied based upon the E2 NRSC. The evaluation of the requirements of paragraphs 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 shall consider all NRSC for which an engine type is being type-approved.

ANNEX X

Technical details for prevention of tampering

• 1. For engine types and engine families that use an ECU as part of the emission control system the manufacturer shall provide to the approval authority a description of the provisions taken to prevent tampering with and modification of the ECU including the facility for updating using a manufacturer-approved programme or calibration;

• 1. For engine types and engine families that use mechanical devices as part of the emission control system the manufacturer shall provide to the approval authority a description of the provisions taken to prevent tampering with and modification of the adjustable parameters of the emission control system. This shall include the tamper resistant components such as carburettor limiter caps or sealing of carburettor screws or special screws not adjustable by user.

• 2.1. The manufacturer shall demonstrate to the technical service that the adjustable parameters of the emission control system cannot be easily tampered by applying reasonable forces, either:

• — using the tools supplied together with the engine; or,

• — using ordinary tools such as screwdriver, pliers (including cutting pliers) or wrenches. Ordinary tools do not include: most cutting or grinding tools, drills and rotary cutters, or tools that generate excessive heat or flame.

• 1. For the purpose of this Annex, engines from different engine families may be further combined into families based upon the type and design of tamper prevention measures utilised. In order to place engines from different engine families into the same tamper prevention engine family the manufacturer shall provide confirmation to the approval authority that the measures used to prevent tampering are similar. In this case the requirements of points 1 and 2 may be performed for one representative engine and the corresponding documentation used during the type approval of all engines in the same tamper prevention engine family.

• 1. Manufacturers shall provide a warning in the operator's manual stating that tampering with the engine voids the EU type-approval of that particular engine.

[^E0001]: Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 59, 27.2.1998, p. 1).

[^E0002]: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/654 of 19 December 2016 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to technical and general requirements relating to emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery (see page 1 of this Official Journal).

[^E0003]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/988 of 27 April 2018 amending and correcting Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/656 laying down the administrative requirements relating to emission limits and type-approval of internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 182, 18.7.2018, p. 46).

[^E0004]: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/655 of 19 December 2016 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to monitoring of gaseous pollutant emissions from in-service internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile machinery (see page 334 of this Official Journal).

[^E0005]: Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on requirements relating to gaseous and particulate pollutant emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery, amending Regulations (EU) No 1024/2012 and (EU) No 167/2013, and amending and repealing Directive 97/68/EC (OJ L 252, 16.9.2016, p. 53).

[^E0006]: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/654 of 19 December 2016 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to technical and general requirements relating to emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 102, 13.4.2017, p. 1).

[^E0007]: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/655 of 19 December 2016 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to monitoring of gaseous pollutant emissions from in-service internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 102, 13.4.2017, p. 334).

[^E0008]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/656 of 19 December 2016 laying down the administrative requirements relating to emission limits and type-approval of internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 102, 13.4.2017, p. 364).

[^E0009]: Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 73).

[^E0010]: Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 73).