Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 of 10 August 2018 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for waste treatment, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2018) 5070) (Text with EEA relevance.)

Article 1

The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for waste treatment, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.

Article 2

This Decision is addressed to the Member States.

ANNEX

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR WASTE TREATMENT

SCOPE

These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely:

• — 5.1. Disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day involving one or more of the following activities: (a) biological treatment; (b) physico-chemical treatment; (c) blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points 5.1 and 5.2 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU; (d) repackaging prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points 5.1 and 5.2 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU; (e) solvent reclamation/regeneration; (f) recycling/reclamation of inorganic materials other than metals or metal compounds; (g) regeneration of acids or bases; (h) recovery of components used for pollution abatement; (i) recovery of components from catalysts; (j) oil re-refining or other reuses of oil;

• — 5.3. (a) Disposal of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day involving one or more of the following activities, and excluding activities covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC ([^E0001]): (i) biological treatment; (ii) physico-chemical treatment; (iii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration; (iv) treatment of ashes; (v) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components. (b) Recovery, or a mix of recovery and disposal, of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 75 tonnes per day involving one or more of the following activities, and excluding activities covered by Directive 91/271/EEC: (i) biological treatment; (ii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration; (iii) treatment of ashes; (iv) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components. When the only waste treatment activity carried out is anaerobic digestion, the capacity threshold for this activity shall be 100 tonnes per day.

• — 5.5. Temporary storage of hazardous waste not covered under point 5.4 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU pending any of the activities listed in points 5.1, 5.2, 5.4 and 5.6 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU with a total capacity exceeding 50 tonnes, excluding temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where the waste is generated.

• — 6.11. Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC and discharged by an installation undertaking activities covered under points 5.1, 5.3 or 5.5 as listed above.

Referring to independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC above, these BAT conclusions also cover the combined treatment of waste water from different origins if the main pollutant load originates from the activities covered under points 5.1, 5.3 or 5.5 as listed above.

These BAT conclusions do not address the following:

• — Surface impoundment.

• — Disposal or recycling of animal carcases or of animal waste covered by the activity description in point 6.5 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU when this is covered by the BAT conclusions on the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries (SA).

• — On-farm processing of manure when this is covered by the BAT conclusions for the intensive rearing of poultry or pigs (IRPP).

• — Direct recovery (i.e. without pretreatment) of waste as a substitute for raw materials in installations carrying out activities covered by other BAT conclusions, e.g.: — Direct recovery of lead (e.g. from batteries), zinc or aluminium salts or recovery of the metals from catalysts. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for the non-ferrous metals industries (NFM). — Processing of paper for recycling. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for the production of pulp, paper and board (PP). — Use of waste as fuel/raw material in cement kilns. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide (CLM).

• — Waste (co-)incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for waste incineration (WI) or the BAT conclusions for large combustion plants (LCP).

• — Landfill of waste. This is covered by Council Directive 1999/31/EC ([^E0002]). In particular, underground permanent and long-term storage (≥ 1 year before disposal, ≥ 3 years before recovery) are covered by Directive 1999/31/EC.

• — In situ remediation of contaminated soil (i.e. unexcavated soil).

• — Treatment of slags and bottom ashes. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for waste incineration (WI) and/or the BAT conclusions for large combustion plants (LCP).

• — Smelting of scrap metals and metal-bearing materials. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for non-ferrous metals industries (NFM), the BAT conclusions for iron and steel production (IS), and/or the BAT conclusions for the smitheries and foundries industry (SF).

• — Regeneration of spent acids and alkalis when this is covered by the BAT conclusions for ferrous metals processing.

• — Combustion of fuels when it does not generate hot gases which come into direct contact with the waste. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for large combustion plants (LCP) or by Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council ([^E0003]).

Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions are the following:

• — Economics and cross-media effects (ECM);

• — Emissions from storage (EFS);

• — Energy efficiency (ENE);

• — Monitoring of emissions to air and water from IED installations (ROM);

• — Production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide (CLM);

• — Common waste water and waste gas treatment/management systems in the chemical sector (CWW);

• — Intensive rearing of poultry or pigs (IRPP).

These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to the relevant provisions of EU legislation, e.g. the waste hierarchy.

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:

Term used	Definition
General terms	General terms
Channelled emissions	Emissions of pollutants into the environment through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc. This also includes emissions from open-top biofilters.
Continuous measurement	Measurement using an ‘automated measuring system’ permanently installed on site.
Declaration of cleanliness	Written document provided by the waste producer/holder certifying that the empty waste packaging concerned (e.g. drums, containers) is clean with respect to the acceptance criteria.
Diffuse emissions	Non-channelled emissions (e.g. of dust, organic compounds, odour) which can result from ‘area’ sources (e.g. tanks) or ‘point’ sources (e.g. pipe flanges). This also includes emissions from open-air windrow composting.
Direct discharge	Discharge to a receiving water body without further downstream waste water treatment.
Emissions factors	Numbers that can be multiplied by known data such as plant/process data or throughput data to estimate emissions.
Existing plant	A plant that is not a new plant.
Flaring	High-temperature oxidation to burn combustible compounds of waste gases from industrial operations with an open flame. Flaring is primarily used for burning off flammable gas for safety reasons or during non-routine operating conditions.
Fly ashes	Particles from the combustion chamber or formed within the flue-gas stream, that are transported in the flue-gas.
Fugitive emissions	Diffuse emissions from ‘point’ sources.
Hazardous waste	Hazardous waste as defined in point 2 of Article 3 of Directive 2008/98/EC.
Indirect discharge	Discharge which is not a direct discharge.
Liquid biodegradable waste	Waste of biological origin with a relatively high water content (e.g. fat separator contents, organic sludges, catering waste).
Major plant upgrade	A major change in the design or technology of a plant with major adjustments or replacements of the process and/or abatement technique(s) and associated equipment.
Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)	Treatment of mixed solid waste combining mechanical treatment with biological treatment such as aerobic or anaerobic treatment.
New plant	A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions.
Output	The treated waste exiting the waste treatment plant.
Pasty waste	Sludge which is not free-flowing.
Periodic measurement	Measurement at specified time intervals using manual or automated methods.
Recovery	Recovery as defined in Article 3(15) of Directive 2008/98/EC.
Re-refining	Treatments carried out on waste oil to transform it to base oil.
Regeneration	Treatments and processes mainly designed to make the treated materials (e.g. spent activated carbon or spent solvent) suitable again for a similar use.
Sensitive receptor	Area which needs special protection, such as: — residential areas; — areas where human activities are carried out (e.g. neighbouring workplaces, schools, daycare centres, recreational areas, hospitals or nursing homes).
Surface impoundment	Placement of liquid or sludgy discards into pits, ponds, lagoons, etc.
Treatment of waste with calorific value	Treatment of waste wood, waste oil, waste plastics, waste solvents, etc. to obtain a fuel or to allow a better recovery of its calorific value.
VFCs	Volatile (hydro)fluorocarbons: VOCs consisting of fluorinated (hydro)carbons, in particular chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
VHCs	Volatile hydrocarbons: VOCs consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon (e.g. ethane, propane, iso-butane, cyclopentane).
VOC	Volatile organic compound as defined in Article 3(45) of Directive 2010/75/EU.
Waste holder	Waste holder as defined in Article 3(6) of Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council [^E0004].
Waste input	The incoming waste to be treated in the waste treatment plant.
Water-based liquid waste	Waste consisting of aqueous liquids, acids/alkalis or pumpable sludges (e.g. emulsions, waste acids, aqueous marine waste) which is not liquid biodegradable waste.
Pollutants/parameters	Pollutants/parameters
AOX	Adsorbable organically bound halogens, expressed as Cl, include adsorbable organically bound chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Arsenic	Arsenic, expressed as As, includes all inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
BOD	Biochemical oxygen demand. Amount of oxygen needed for the biochemical oxidation of organic and/or inorganic matter in five (BOD5) or in seven (BOD7) days.
Cadmium	Cadmium, expressed as Cd, includes all inorganic and organic cadmium compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
CFCs	Chlorofluorocarbons: VOCs consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine.
Chromium	Chromium, expressed as Cr, includes all inorganic and organic chromium compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Hexavalent chromium	Hexavalent chromium, expressed as Cr(VI), includes all chromium compounds where the chromium is in the oxidation state +6.
COD	Chemical oxygen demand. Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of organic compounds.
Copper	Copper, expressed as Cu, includes all inorganic and organic copper compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Cyanide	Free cyanide, expressed as CN-.
Dust	Total particulate matter (in air).
HOI	Hydrocarbon oil index. The sum of compounds extractable with a hydrocarbon solvent (including long-chain or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons).
HCl	All inorganic gaseous chlorine compounds, expressed as HCl.
HF	All inorganic gaseous fluorine compounds, expressed as HF.
H2S	Hydrogen sulphide. Carbonyl sulphide and mercaptans are not included.
Lead	Lead, expressed as Pb, includes all inorganic and organic lead compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Mercury	Mercury, expressed as Hg, includes elementary mercury and all inorganic and organic mercury compounds, gaseous, dissolved or bound to particles.
NH3	Ammonia.
Nickel	Nickel, expressed as Ni, includes all inorganic and organic nickel compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Odour concentration	Number of European Odour Units (ouE) in one cubic metre at standard conditions measured by dynamic olfactometry according to EN 13725.
PCB	Polychlorinated biphenyl.
Dioxin-like PCBs	Polychlorinated biphenyls as listed in Commission Regulation (EC) No 199/2006 [^E0005].
PCDD/F	Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furan(s).
PFOA	Perfluorooctanoic acid.
PFOS	Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid.
Phenol index	The sum of phenolic compounds, expressed as phenol concentration and measured according to EN ISO 14402.
TOC	Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water), includes all organic compounds.
Total N	Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes free ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and organically bound nitrogen.
Total P	Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, dissolved or bound to particles
TSS	Total suspended solids. Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry.
TVOC	Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air).
Zinc	Zinc, expressed as Zn, includes all inorganic and organic zinc compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.

Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3).

Commission Regulation (EC) No 199/2006 of 3 February 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (OJ L 32, 4.2.2006, p. 34).

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply:

Acronym	Definition
EMS	Environmental management system
EoLVs	End-of-life vehicles (as defined in Article 2(2) of Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council [^E0006])
HEPA	High-efficiency particle air (filter)
IBC	Intermediate bulk container
LDAR	Leak detection and repair
LEV	Local exhaust ventilation system
POP	Persistent organic pollutant (as listed in Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council [^E0007])
WEEE	Waste electrical and electronic equipment (as defined in Article 3(1) of Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council [^E0008])

Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of life vehicles (OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34).

Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC (OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 7).

Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (OJ L 197, 24.7.2012, p. 38).

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Best Available Techniques

The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of waste gas) under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, without correction for oxygen content, and expressed in μg/Nm³ or mg/Nm³.

For averaging periods of BAT-AELs for emissions to air, the following definitions apply.

Type of measurement	Averaging period	Definition
Continuous	Daily average	Average over a period of one day based on valid hourly or half-hourly averages.
Periodic	Average over the sampling period	Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each [^E0009].

For any parameter where, due to sampling or analytical limitations, a 30-minute measurement is inappropriate, a more suitable measurement period may be employed (e.g. for the odour concentration). For PCDD/F or dioxin-like PCBs, one sampling period of 6 to 8 hours is used.

Where continuous measurement is used, the BAT-AELs may be expressed as daily averages.

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of water), expressed in μg/l or mg/l.

Unless stated otherwise, averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs refer to either of the following two cases:

• — in the case of continuous discharge, daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples;

• — in the case of batch discharge, average values over the release duration taken as flow-proportional composite samples, or, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous, a spot sample taken before discharge.

Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated.

All BAT-AELs for emissions to water apply at the point where the emission leaves the installation.

Abatement efficiency

The calculation of the average abatement efficiency referred to in these BAT conclusions (see Table 6.1) does not include, for COD and TOC, initial treatment steps aiming at separating the bulk organic content from the water-based liquid waste, such as evapo-condensation, emulsion breaking or phase separation.

1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS

1.1.   Overall environmental performance

BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features:

• I. commitment of the management, including senior management;

• II. definition, by the management, of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the environmental performance of the installation;

• III. planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning and investment;

• IV. implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:
• (a) structure and responsibility,
• (b) recruitment, training, awareness and competence,
• (c) communication,
• (d) employee involvement,
• (e) documentation,
• (f) effective process control,
• (g) maintenance programmes,
• (h) emergency preparedness and response,
• (i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation;

• V. checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:
• (a) monitoring and measurement (see also the JRC Reference Report on Monitoring of emissions to air and water from IED installations – ROM),
• (b) corrective and preventive action,
• (c) maintenance of records,
• (d) independent (where practicable) internal or external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;

• VI. review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;

• VII. following the development of cleaner technologies;

• VIII. consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the plant at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;

• IX. application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis;

• X. waste stream management (see BAT 2);

• XI. an inventory of waste water and waste gas streams (see BAT 3);

• XII. residues management plan (see description in Section 6.5);

• XIII. accident management plan (see description in Section 6.5);

• XIV. odour management plan (see BAT 12);

• XV. noise and vibration management plan (see BAT 17).

Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have (determined also by the type and amount of wastes processed).

BAT 2. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of the plant, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description
a.	Set up and implement waste characterisation and pre-acceptance procedures	These procedures aim to ensure the technical (and legal) suitability of waste treatment operations for a particular waste prior to the arrival of the waste at the plant. They include procedures to collect information about the waste input and may include waste sampling and characterisation to achieve sufficient knowledge of the waste composition. Waste pre-acceptance procedures are risk-based considering, for example, the hazardous properties of the waste, the risks posed by the waste in terms of process safety, occupational safety and environmental impact, as well as the information provided by the previous waste holder(s).
b.	Set up and implement waste acceptance procedures	Acceptance procedures aim to confirm the characteristics of the waste, as identified in the pre-acceptance stage. These procedures define the elements to be verified upon the arrival of the waste at the plant as well as the waste acceptance and rejection criteria. They may include waste sampling, inspection and analysis. Waste acceptance procedures are risk-based considering, for example, the hazardous properties of the waste, the risks posed by the waste in terms of process safety, occupational safety and environmental impact, as well as the information provided by the previous waste holder(s).
c.	Set up and implement a waste tracking system and inventory	A waste tracking system and inventory aim to track the location and quantity of waste in the plant. It holds all the information generated during waste pre-acceptance procedures (e.g. date of arrival at the plant and unique reference number of the waste, information on the previous waste holder(s), pre-acceptance and acceptance analysis results, intended treatment route, nature and quantity of the waste held on site including all identified hazards), acceptance, storage, treatment and/or transfer off site. The waste tracking system is risk-based considering, for example, the hazardous properties of the waste, the risks posed by the waste in terms of process safety, occupational safety and environmental impact, as well as the information provided by the previous waste holder(s).
d.	Set up and implement an output quality management system	This technique involves setting up and implementing an output quality management system, so as to ensure that the output of the waste treatment is in line with the expectations, using for example existing EN standards. This management system also allows the performance of the waste treatment to be monitored and optimised, and for this purpose may include a material flow analysis of relevant components throughout the waste treatment. The use of a material flow analysis is risk-based considering, for example, the hazardous properties of the waste, the risks posed by the waste in terms of process safety, occupational safety and environmental impact, as well as the information provided by the previous waste holder(s).
e.	Ensure waste segregation	Waste is kept separated depending on its properties in order to enable easier and environmentally safer storage and treatment. Waste segregation relies on the physical separation of waste and on procedures that identify when and where wastes are stored.
f.	Ensure waste compatibility prior to mixing or blending of waste	Compatibility is ensured by a set of verification measures and tests in order to detect any unwanted and/or potentially dangerous chemical reactions between wastes (e.g. polymerisation, gas evolution, exothermal reaction, decomposition, crystallisation, precipitation) when mixing, blending or carrying out other treatment operations. The compatibility tests are risk-based considering, for example, the hazardous properties of the waste, the risks posed by the waste in terms of process safety, occupational safety and environmental impact, as well as the information provided by the previous waste holder(s).
g.	Sort incoming solid waste	Sorting of incoming solid waste [^E0010] aims to prevent unwanted material from entering subsequent waste treatment process(es). It may include: — manual separation by means of visual examinations; — ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals or all-metals separation; — optical separation, e.g. by near-infrared spectroscopy or X-ray systems; — density separation, e.g. by air classification, sink-float tanks, vibration tables; — size separation by screening/sieving.

Sorting techniques are described in Section 6.4

BAT 3. In order to facilitate the reduction of emissions to water and air, BAT is to establish and to maintain an inventory of waste water and waste gas streams, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that incorporates all of the following features:

• (i) information about the characteristics of the waste to be treated and the waste treatment processes, including:
• (a) simplified process flow sheets that show the origin of the emissions;
• (b) descriptions of process-integrated techniques and waste water/waste gas treatment at source including their performances;

• (ii) information about the characteristics of the waste water streams, such as:
• (a) average values and variability of flow, pH, temperature, and conductivity;
• (b) average concentration and load values of relevant substances and their variability (e.g. COD/TOC, nitrogen species, phosphorus, metals, priority substances/micropollutants);
• (c) data on bioeliminability (e.g. BOD, BOD to COD ratio, Zahn-Wellens test, biological inhibition potential (e.g. inhibition of activated sludge)) (see BAT 52);

• (iii) information about the characteristics of the waste gas streams, such as:
• (a) average values and variability of flow and temperature;
• (b) average concentration and load values of relevant substances and their variability (e.g. organic compounds, POPs such as PCBs);
• (c) flammability, lower and higher explosive limits, reactivity;
• (d) presence of other substances that may affect the waste gas treatment system or plant safety (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour, dust).

Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the inventory will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have (determined also by the type and amount of wastes processed).

BAT 4. In order to reduce the environmental risk associated with the storage of waste, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Optimised storage location	This includes techniques such as: — the storage is located as far as technically and economically possible from sensitive receptors, watercourses, etc.; — the storage is located in such a way so as to eliminate or minimise the unnecessary handling of wastes within the plant (e.g. the same wastes are handled twice or more or the transport distances on site are unnecessarily long).	Generally applicable to new plants.
b.	Adequate storage capacity	Measures are taken to avoid accumulation of waste, such as: — the maximum waste storage capacity is clearly established and not exceeded taking into account the characteristics of the wastes (e.g. regarding the risk of fire) and the treatment capacity; — the quantity of waste stored is regularly monitored against the maximum allowed storage capacity; — the maximum residence time of waste is clearly established.	Generally applicable.
c.	Safe storage operation	This includes measures such as: — equipment used for loading, unloading and storing waste is clearly documented and labelled; — wastes known to be sensitive to heat, light, air, water, etc. are protected from such ambient conditions; — containers and drums are fit for purpose and stored securely.	Generally applicable.
d.	Separate area for storage and handling of packaged hazardous waste	When relevant, a dedicated area is used for storage and handling of packaged hazardous waste.	Generally applicable.

BAT 5. In order to reduce the environmental risk associated with the handling and transfer of waste, BAT is to set up and implement handling and transfer procedures.

Description

Handling and transfer procedures aim to ensure that wastes are safely handled and transferred to the respective storage or treatment. They include the following elements:

• — handling and transfer of waste are carried out by competent staff;

• — handling and transfer of waste are duly documented, validated prior to execution and verified after execution;

• — measures are taken to prevent, detect and mitigate spills;

• — operation and design precautions are taken when mixing or blending wastes (e.g. vacuuming dusty/powdery wastes).

Handling and transfer procedures are risk-based considering the likelihood of accidents and incidents and their environmental impact.

1.2.   Monitoring

BAT 6. For relevant emissions to water as identified by the inventory of waste water streams (see BAT 3), BAT is to monitor key process parameters (e.g. waste water flow, pH, temperature, conductivity, BOD) at key locations (e.g. at the inlet and/or outlet of the pretreatment, at the inlet to the final treatment, at the point where the emission leaves the installation).

BAT 7. BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below, and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

Substance/parameter	Standard(s)	Waste treatment process	Minimum monitoring frequency [^E0011] [^E0012]	Monitoring associated with
Adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) [^E0013] [^E0014]	EN ISO 9562	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) [^E0013] [^E0014]	EN ISO 15680	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) [^E0015] [^E0016]	No EN standard available	All waste treatments except treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) [^E0015] [^E0016]	No EN standard available	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Free cyanide (CN-) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 14403-1 and -2)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs	Once every month	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every month	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value	Once every month	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Water washing of excavated contaminated soil	Once every month	BAT 20
Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) [^E0014]	EN ISO 9377-2	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Mechanical biological treatment of waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Regeneration of spent solvents	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Water washing of excavated contaminated soil	Once every month	BAT 20
Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Manganese (Mn) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885, EN ISO 17294-2, EN ISO 15586)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 10304-3, EN ISO 23913)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Mechanical biological treatment of waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Regeneration of spent solvents	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Water washing of excavated contaminated soil	Once every month	BAT 20
Mercury (Hg) [^E0013] [^E0014]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
PFOA [^E0013]	No EN standard available	All waste treatments	Once every six months	BAT 20
PFOS [^E0013]	No EN standard available	All waste treatments	Once every six months	BAT 20
Phenol index [^E0016]	EN ISO 14402	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every month	BAT 20
Phenol index [^E0016]	EN ISO 14402	Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value	Once every month	BAT 20
Phenol index [^E0016]	EN ISO 14402	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Total nitrogen (Total N) [^E0016]	EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1	Biological treatment of waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Total nitrogen (Total N) [^E0016]	EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every month	BAT 20
Total nitrogen (Total N) [^E0016]	EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Total organic carbon (TOC) [^E0015] [^E0016]	EN 1484	All waste treatments except treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Total organic carbon (TOC) [^E0015] [^E0016]	EN 1484	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Total phosphorus (Total P) [^E0016]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 15681-1 and -2, EN ISO 6878, EN ISO 11885)	Biological treatment of waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Total phosphorus (Total P) [^E0016]	Various EN standards available (i.e. EN ISO 15681-1 and -2, EN ISO 6878, EN ISO 11885)	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20
Total suspended solids (TSS) [^E0016]	EN 872	All waste treatments except treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every month	BAT 20
Total suspended solids (TSS) [^E0016]	EN 872	Treatment of water-based liquid waste	Once every day	BAT 20

Monitoring frequencies may be reduced if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.

In the case of batch discharge less frequent than the minimum monitoring frequency, monitoring is carried out once per batch.

The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water inventory mentioned in BAT 3.

In the case of an indirect discharge to a receiving water body, the monitoring frequency may be reduced if the downstream waste water treatment plant abates the pollutants concerned.

Either TOC or COD is monitored. TOC is the preferred option, because its monitoring does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.

The monitoring applies only in the case of a direct discharge to a receiving water body.

BAT 8. BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below, and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

Substance/Parameter	Standard(s)	Waste treatment process	Minimum monitoring frequency [^E0017]	Monitoring associated with
Brominated flame retardants [^E0018]	No EN standard available	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every year	BAT 25
CFCs	No EN standard available	Treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs	Once every six months	BAT 29
Dioxin-like PCBs	EN 1948-1, -2, and -4 [^E0019]	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste [^E0018]	Once every year	BAT 25
Dioxin-like PCBs	EN 1948-1, -2, and -4 [^E0019]	Decontamination of equipment containing PCBs	Once every three months	BAT 51
Dust	EN 13284-1	Mechanical treatment of waste	Once every six months	BAT 25
Dust	EN 13284-1	Mechanical biological treatment of waste	Once every six months	BAT 34
Dust	EN 13284-1	Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste	Once every six months	BAT 41
Dust	EN 13284-1	Thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil	Once every six months	BAT 49
Dust	EN 13284-1	Water washing of excavated contaminated soil	Once every six months	BAT 50
HCl	EN 1911	Thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 49
HCl	EN 1911	Treatment of water-based liquid waste [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 53
HF	No EN standard available	Thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 49
Hg	EN 13211	Treatment of WEEE containing mercury	Once every three months	BAT 32
H2S	No EN standard available	Biological treatment of waste [^E0020]	Once every six months	BAT 34
Metals and metalloids except mercury (e.g. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V) [^E0018]	EN 14385	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every year	BAT 25
NH3	No EN standard available	Biological treatment of waste [^E0020]	Once every six months	BAT 34
NH3	No EN standard available	Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 41
NH3	No EN standard available	Treatment of water-based liquid waste [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 53
Odour concentration	EN 13725	Biological treatment of waste [^E0021]	Once every six months	BAT 34
PCDD/F [^E0018]	EN 1948-1, -2 and -3 [^E0019]	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every year	BAT 25
TVOC	EN 12619	Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste	Once every six months	BAT 25
TVOC	EN 12619	Treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs	Once every six months	BAT 29
TVOC	EN 12619	Mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 31
TVOC	EN 12619	Mechanical biological treatment of waste	Once every six months	BAT 34
TVOC	EN 12619	Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 41
TVOC	EN 12619	Re-refining of waste oil	Once every six months	BAT 44
TVOC	EN 12619	Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value	Once every six months	BAT 45
TVOC	EN 12619	Regeneration of spent solvents	Once every six months	BAT 47
TVOC	EN 12619	Thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil	Once every six months	BAT 49
TVOC	EN 12619	Water washing of excavated contaminated soil	Once every six months	BAT 50
TVOC	EN 12619	Treatment of water-based liquid waste [^E0018]	Once every six months	BAT 53
TVOC	EN 12619	Decontamination of equipment containing PCBs [^E0022]	Once every three months	BAT 51

Monitoring frequencies may be reduced if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.

The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on the inventory mentioned in BAT 3.

Instead of EN 1948-1, sampling may also be carried out according to CEN/TS 1948-5.

The odour concentration may be monitored instead.

The monitoring of NH3 and H2S can be used as an alternative to the monitoring of the odour concentration.

The monitoring only applies when solvent is used for cleaning the contaminated equipment.

BAT 9. BAT is to monitor diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air from the regeneration of spent solvents, the decontamination of equipment containing POPs with solvents, and the physico-chemical treatment of solvents for the recovery of their calorific value, at least once per year using one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description
a	Measurement	Sniffing methods, optical gas imaging, solar occultation flux or differential absorption. See descriptions in Section 6.2.
b	Emissions factors	Calculation of emissions based on emissions factors, periodically validated (e.g. once every two years) by measurements.
c	Mass balance	Calculation of diffuse emissions using a mass balance considering the solvent input, channelled emissions to air, emissions to water, the solvent in the process output, and process (e.g. distillation) residues.

BAT 10. BAT is to periodically monitor odour emissions.

Description

Odour emissions can be monitored using:

• — EN standards (e.g. dynamic olfactometry according to EN 13725 in order to determine the odour concentration or EN 16841-1 or -2 in order to determine the odour exposure);

• — when applying alternative methods for which no EN standards are available (e.g. estimation of odour impact), ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

The monitoring frequency is determined in the odour management plan (see BAT 12).

Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.

BAT 11. BAT is to monitor the annual consumption of water, energy and raw materials as well as the annual generation of residues and waste water, with a frequency of at least once per year.

Description

Monitoring includes direct measurements, calculation or recording, e.g. using suitable meters or invoices. The monitoring is broken down at the most appropriate level (e.g. at process or plant/installation level) and considers any significant changes in the plant/installation.

1.3.   Emissions to air

BAT 12. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review an odour management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:

• — a protocol containing actions and timelines;

• — a protocol for conducting odour monitoring as set out in BAT 10;

• — a protocol for response to identified odour incidents, e.g. complaints;

• — an odour prevention and reduction programme designed to identify the source(s); to characterise the contributions of the sources; and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.

Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.

BAT 13. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Minimising residence times	Minimising the residence time of (potentially) odorous waste in storage or in handling systems (e.g. pipes, tanks, containers), in particular under anaerobic conditions. When relevant, adequate provisions are made for the acceptance of seasonal peak volumes of waste.	Only applicable to open systems.
b.	Using chemical treatment	Using chemicals to destroy or to reduce the formation of odorous compounds (e.g. to oxidise or to precipitate hydrogen sulphide).	Not applicable if it may hamper the desired output quality.
c.	Optimising aerobic treatment	In the case of aerobic treatment of water-based liquid waste, it may include: — use of pure oxygen; — removal of scum in tanks; — frequent maintenance of the aeration system. In the case of aerobic treatment of waste other than water-based liquid waste, see BAT 36.	Generally applicable.

BAT 14. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions to air, in particular of dust, organic compounds and odour, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.

Depending on the risk posed by the waste in terms of diffuse emissions to air, BAT 14d is especially relevant.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Minimising the number of potential diffuse emission sources	This includes techniques such as: — appropriate design of piping layout (e.g. minimising pipe run length, reducing the number of flanges and valves, using welded fittings and pipes); — favouring the use of gravity transfer rather than using pumps; — limiting the drop height of material; — limiting traffic speed; — using wind barriers.	Generally applicable.
b.	Selection and use of high-integrity equipment	This includes techniques such as: — valves with double packing seals or equally efficient equipment; — high-integrity gaskets (such as spiral wound, ring joints) for critical applications; — pumps/compressors/agitators fitted with mechanical seals instead of packing; — magnetically driven pumps/compressors/agitators; — appropriate service hose access ports, piercing pliers, drill heads, e.g. when degassing WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs.	Applicability may be restricted in the case of existing plants due to operability requirements.
c.	Corrosion prevention	This includes techniques such as: — appropriate selection of construction materials; — lining or coating of equipment and painting of pipes with corrosion inhibitors.	Generally applicable.
d.	Containment, collection and treatment of diffuse emissions	This includes techniques such as: — storing, treating and handling waste and material that may generate diffuse emissions in enclosed buildings and/or enclosed equipment (e.g. conveyor belts); — maintaining the enclosed equipment or buildings under an adequate pressure; — collecting and directing the emissions to an appropriate abatement system (see Section 6.1) via an air extraction system and/or air suction systems close to the emission sources.	The use of enclosed equipment or buildings may be restricted by safety considerations such as the risk of explosion or oxygen depletion. The use of enclosed equipment or buildings may also be constrained by the volume of waste.
e.	Dampening	Dampening potential sources of diffuse dust emissions (e.g. waste storage, traffic areas, and open handling processes) with water or fog.	Generally applicable.
f.	Maintenance	This includes techniques such as: — ensuring access to potentially leaky equipment; — regularly controlling protective equipment such as lamellar curtains, fast-action doors.	Generally applicable.
g.	Cleaning of waste treatment and storage areas	This includes techniques such as regularly cleaning the whole waste treatment area (halls, traffic areas, storage areas, etc.), conveyor belts, equipment and containers.	Generally applicable.
h.	Leak detection and repair (LDAR) programme	See Section 6.2. When emissions of organic compounds are expected, a LDAR programme is set up and implemented using a risk-based approach, considering in particular the design of the plant and the amount and nature of the organic compounds concerned.	Generally applicable.

BAT 15. BAT is to use flaring only for safety reasons or for non-routine operating conditions (e.g. start-ups, shutdowns) by using both of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Correct plant design	This includes the provision of a gas recovery system with sufficient capacity and the use of high-integrity relief valves.	Generally applicable to new plants. A gas recovery system may be retrofitted in existing plants.
b.	Plant management	This includes balancing the gas system and using advanced process control.	Generally applicable.

BAT 16. In order to reduce emissions to air from flares when flaring is unavoidable, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Correct design of flaring devices	Optimisation of height and pressure, assistance by steam, air or gas, type of flare tips, etc., to enable smokeless and reliable operation and to ensure the efficient combustion of excess gases.	Generally applicable to new flares. In existing plants, applicability may be restricted, e.g. due to maintenance time availability.
b.	Monitoring and recording as part of flare management	This includes continuous monitoring of the quantity of gas sent to flaring. It may include estimations of other parameters (e.g. composition of gas flow, heat content, ratio of assistance, velocity, purge gas flow rate, pollutant emissions (e.g. NOX, CO, hydrocarbons), noise). The recording of flaring events usually includes the duration and number of events and allows for the quantification of emissions and the potential prevention of future flaring events.	Generally applicable.

1.4.   Noise and vibrations

BAT 17. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibration emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review a noise and vibration management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:

• I. a protocol containing appropriate actions and timelines;

• II. a protocol for conducting noise and vibration monitoring;

• III. a protocol for response to identified noise and vibration events, e.g. complaints;

• IV. a noise and vibration reduction programme designed to identify the source(s), to measure/estimate noise and vibration exposure, to characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.

Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where a noise or vibration nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.

BAT 18. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibration emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Appropriate location of equipment and buildings	Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver, by using buildings as noise screens and by relocating building exits or entrances.	For existing plants, the relocation of equipment and building exits or entrances may be restricted by a lack of space or excessive costs.
b.	Operational measures	This includes techniques such as: (i) inspection and maintenance of equipment; (ii) closing of doors and windows of enclosed areas, if possible; (iii) equipment operation by experienced staff; (iv) avoidance of noisy activities at night, if possible; (v) provisions for noise control during maintenance, traffic, handling and treatment activities.	Generally applicable.
c.	Low-noise equipment	This may include direct drive motors, compressors, pumps and flares.	Generally applicable.
d.	Noise and vibration control equipment	This includes techniques such as: (i) noise reducers; (ii) acoustic and vibrational insulation of equipment; (iii) enclosure of noisy equipment; (iv) soundproofing of buildings.	Applicability may be restricted by a lack of space (for existing plants).
e.	Noise attenuation	Noise propagation can be reduced by inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers (e.g. protection walls, embankments and buildings).	Applicable only to existing plants, as the design of new plants should make this technique unnecessary. For existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may be restricted by a lack of space. For mechanical treatment in shredders of metal wastes, it is applicable within the constraints associated with the risk of deflagration in shredders.

1.5.   Emissions to water

BAT 19. In order to optimise water consumption, to reduce the volume of waste water generated and to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to soil and water, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.

Technique	Technique	Description	Applicability
a.	Water management	Water consumption is optimised by using measures which may include: — water-saving plans (e.g. establishment of water efficiency objectives, flow diagrams and water mass balances); — optimising the use of washing water (e.g. dry cleaning instead of hosing down, using trigger control on all washing equipment); — reducing the use of water for vacuum generation (e.g. use of liquid ring pumps with high boiling point liquids).	Generally applicable.
b.	Water recirculation	Water streams are recirculated within the plant, if necessary after treatment. The degree of recirculation is limited by the water balance of the plant, the content of impurities (e.g. odorous compounds) and/or the characteristics of the water streams (e.g. nutrient content).	Generally applicable.
c.	Impermeable surface	Depending on the risks posed by the waste in terms of soil and/or water contamination, the surface of the whole waste treatment area (e.g. waste reception, handling, storage, treatment and dispatch areas) is made impermeable to the liquids concerned.	Generally applicable.
d.	Techniques to reduce the likelihood and impact of overflows and failures from tanks and vessels	Depending on the risks posed by the liquids contained in tanks and vessels in terms of soil and/or water contamination, this includes techniques such as: — overflow detectors; — overflow pipes that are directed to a contained drainage system (i.e. the relevant secondary containment or another vessel); — tanks for liquids that are located in a suitable secondary containment; the volume is normally sized to accommodate the loss of containment of the largest tank within the secondary containment; — isolation of tanks, vessels and secondary containment (e.g. closing of valves).	Generally applicable.
e.	Roofing of waste storage and treatment areas	Depending on the risks posed by the waste in terms of soil and/or water contamination, waste is stored and treated in covered areas to prevent contact with rainwater and thus minimise the volume of contaminated run-off water.	Applicability may be constrained when high volumes of waste are stored or treated (e.g. mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste).
f.	Segregation of water streams	Each water stream (e.g. surface run-off water, process water) is collected and treated separately, based on the pollutant content and on the combination of treatment techniques. In particular, uncontaminated waste water streams are segregated from waste water streams that require treatment.	Generally applicable to new plants. Generally applicable to existing plants within the constraints associated with the layout of the water collection system.
g.	Adequate drainage infrastructure	The waste treatment area is connected to drainage infrastructure. Rainwater falling on the treatment and storage areas is collected in the drainage infrastructure along with washing water, occasional spillages, etc. and, depending on the pollutant content, recirculated or sent for further treatment.	Generally applicable to new plants. Generally applicable to existing plants within the constraints associated with the layout of the water drainage system.
h.	Design and maintenance provisions to allow detection and repair of leaks	Regular monitoring for potential leakages is risk-based, and, when necessary, equipment is repaired. The use of underground components is minimised. When underground components are used, and depending on the risks posed by the waste contained in those components in terms of soil and/or water contamination, secondary containment of underground components is put in place.	The use of above-ground components is generally applicable to new plants. It may be limited however by the risk of freezing. The installation of secondary containment may be limited in the case of existing plants.
i.	Appropriate buffer storage capacity	Appropriate buffer storage capacity is provided for waste water generated during other than normal operating conditions using a risk-based approach (e.g. taking into account the nature of the pollutants, the effects of downstream waste water treatment, and the receiving environment). The discharge of waste water from this buffer storage is only possible after appropriate measures are taken (e.g. monitor, treat, reuse).	Generally applicable to new plants. For existing plants, applicability may be limited by space availability and by the layout of the water collection system.

BAT 20. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to treat waste water using an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.

Technique [^E0023]	Technique [^E0023]	Typical pollutants targeted	Applicability
Preliminary and primary treatment, e.g.	Preliminary and primary treatment, e.g.	Preliminary and primary treatment, e.g.	Preliminary and primary treatment, e.g.
a.	Equalisation	All pollutants	Generally applicable.
b.	Neutralisation	Acids, alkalis	Generally applicable.
c.	Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, grease separators, oil-water separation or primary settlement tanks	Gross solids, suspended solids, oil/grease	Generally applicable.
Physico-chemical treatment, e.g.	Physico-chemical treatment, e.g.	Physico-chemical treatment, e.g.	Physico-chemical treatment, e.g.
d.	Adsorption	Adsorbable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. hydrocarbons, mercury, AOX	Generally applicable.
e.	Distillation/rectification	Dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants that can be distilled, e.g. some solvents	Generally applicable.
f.	Precipitation	Precipitable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. metals, phosphorus	Generally applicable.
g.	Chemical oxidation	Oxidisable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. nitrite, cyanide	Generally applicable.
h.	Chemical reduction	Reducible dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))	Generally applicable.
i.	Evaporation	Soluble contaminants	Generally applicable.
j.	Ion exchange	Ionic dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. metals	Generally applicable.
k.	Stripping	Purgeable pollutants, e.g. hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), some adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX), hydrocarbons	Generally applicable.
Biological treatment, e.g.	Biological treatment, e.g.	Biological treatment, e.g.	Biological treatment, e.g.
l.	Activated sludge process	Biodegradable organic compounds	Generally applicable.
m.	Membrane bioreactor	Biodegradable organic compounds	Generally applicable.
Nitrogen removal	Nitrogen removal	Nitrogen removal	Nitrogen removal
n.	Nitrification/denitrification when the treatment includes a biological treatment	Total nitrogen, ammonia	Nitrification may not be applicable in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 10 g/l) and when the reduction of the chloride concentration prior to nitrification would not be justified by the environmental benefits. Nitrification is not applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C).
Solids removal, e.g.	Solids removal, e.g.	Solids removal, e.g.	Solids removal, e.g.
o.	Coagulation and flocculation	Suspended solids and particulate-bound metals	Generally applicable.
p.	Sedimentation	Suspended solids and particulate-bound metals	Generally applicable.
q.	Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration)	Suspended solids and particulate-bound metals	Generally applicable.
r.	Flotation	Suspended solids and particulate-bound metals	Generally applicable.

The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 6.3.

Table 6.1

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct discharges to a receiving water body