Regulation (EU) 2022/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on a pilot regime for market infrastructures based on distributed ledger technology, and amending Regulations (EU) No 600/2014 and (EU) No 909/2014 and Directive 2014/65/EU (Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 114 thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,

After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Central Bank (1),

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (2),

Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure (3),

Whereas:

(1) It is important to ensure that Union financial services legislation is fit for the digital age and contributes to a future-proof economy that works for citizens, including by enabling the use of innovative technologies. The Union has a policy interest in exploring, developing and promoting the uptake of transformative technologies in the financial sector, including the uptake of distributed ledger technology (DLT). Crypto-assets are one of the main applications of distributed ledger technology in the financial sector.

(2) Most crypto-assets fall outside the scope of Union financial services legislation and create challenges in terms of, among other things, investor protection, market integrity, energy consumption and financial stability. Such crypto-assets therefore require a dedicated regulatory framework at Union level. By contrast, other crypto-assets qualify as financial instruments within the meaning of Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (4). Insofar as crypto-assets qualify as financial instruments under that Directive, a full set of Union financial services legislation, including Regulations (EU) No 236/2012 (5), (EU) No 596/2014 (6), (EU) No 909/2014 (7) and (EU) 2017/1129 (8) and Directives 98/26/EC (9) and 2013/50/EU (10) of the European Parliament and of the Council potentially apply to issuers of such crypto-assets and to firms conducting activities related to such crypto-assets.

(3) The so-called ‘tokenisation’ of financial instruments, that is to say, the digital representation of financial instruments on distributed ledgers or the issuance of traditional asset classes in tokenised form to enable them to be issued, stored and transferred on a distributed ledger, is expected to open up opportunities for efficiency improvements in the trading and post-trading process. However, as fundamental trade-offs involving credit risk and liquidity remain in a tokenised world, the success of token-based systems will depend on how well they interact with traditional account-based systems, at least in the interim.

(4) Union financial services legislation was not designed with distributed ledger technology and crypto-assets in mind, and contains provisions that potentially preclude or limit the use of distributed ledger technology in the issuance, trading and settlement of crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments. Currently, there is also a lack of authorised financial market infrastructures which use distributed ledger technology to provide trading or settlement services, or a combination of such services, for crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments. The development of a secondary market for such crypto-assets could bring multiple benefits, such as enhanced efficiency, transparency and competition in relation to trading and settlement activities.

(5) At the same time, regulatory gaps exist due to legal, technological and operational specificities related to the use of distributed ledger technology and to crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments. For instance, there are no transparency, reliability or safety requirements imposed on the protocols and ‘smart contracts’ that underpin crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments. The underlying technology could also raise some novel forms of risk that are not adequately addressed by the existing rules. Several projects for the trading of crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments and related post-trading services and activities have been developed in the Union, but few are already in operation, and those that are in operation are of limited scale. Furthermore, as highlighted by the European Central Bank’s (ECB) Advisory Group on Market Infrastructures for Securities and Collateral and its Advisory Group on Market Infrastructures for Payments, the use of distributed ledger technology would entail similar challenges to those faced by conventional technology, such as fragmentation and interoperability issues, and would potentially also create new issues, for instance in relation to the legal validity of tokens. Given the limited experience as regards the trading of crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments and related post-trading services and activities, it is currently premature to significantly modify Union financial services legislation to enable the full deployment of such crypto-assets and their underlying technology. At the same time, the creation of financial market infrastructure for crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments is currently constrained by requirements embedded in Union financial services legislation that are not well suited to crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments or the use of distributed ledger technology. For instance, platforms for trading crypto-assets usually give direct access to retail investors, whereas traditional trading venues usually give access to retail investors only through financial intermediaries.

(6) In order to allow for the development of crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments and for the development of distributed ledger technology, while preserving a high level of investor protection, market integrity, financial stability and transparency, and avoiding regulatory arbitrage and loopholes, it would be useful to create a pilot regime for market infrastructures based on distributed ledger technology to test such DLT market infrastructures (the ‘pilot regime’). The pilot regime should allow for certain DLT market infrastructures to be temporarily exempted from some of the specific requirements of Union financial services legislation that could otherwise prevent operators from developing solutions for the trading and settlement of transactions in crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments, without weakening any existing requirements or safeguards applied to traditional market infrastructures. DLT market infrastructures and their operators should have in place adequate safeguards related to the use of distributed ledger technology to ensure the effective protection of investors, including clearly defined chains of liability to clients for any losses due to operational failures. The pilot regime should also enable the European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority) established by Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11) (ESMA) and competent authorities to draw lessons from the pilot regime and to gain experience of the opportunities and specific risks relating to crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments and to their underlying technologies. The experience gained with the pilot regime should help identify possible practical proposals for a suitable regulatory framework in order to make targeted adjustments to Union law as regards the issuance, safekeeping and asset servicing, trading and settlement of DLT financial instruments.

(7) To meet the objectives of the pilot regime, a new Union status as DLT market infrastructure should be created in order to ensure that the Union is able to play a leading role regarding financial instruments in tokenised form and to contribute to the development of a secondary market for such assets. The status as DLT market infrastructure should be optional and should not prevent financial market infrastructures, such as trading venues, central securities depositories (CSDs) and central counterparties (CCPs), from developing trading and post-trading services and activities for crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments, or are based on distributed ledger technology, under existing Union financial services legislation.

(8) DLT market infrastructures should only admit to trading or record DLT financial instruments on a distributed ledger. DLT financial instruments should be crypto-assets that qualify as financial instruments and which are issued, transferred and stored on a distributed ledger.

(9) Union legislation on financial services is intended to be neutral as regards the use of any particular technology over another. Therefore, references to a specific type of distributed ledger technology are to be avoided. Operators of DLT market infrastructures should ensure that they are able to comply with all applicable requirements, irrespective of the technology used.

(10) When applying this Regulation, the principles of technology neutrality, proportionality, the level playing field, and ‘same activity, same risks, same rules’ should be taken into account in order to ensure that market participants have the regulatory space to innovate, in order to uphold the values of transparency, fairness, stability, investor protection, accountability and market integrity, and in order to ensure the protection of privacy and personal data as guaranteed by Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

(11) Access to the pilot regime should not be limited to incumbents but should also be open to new entrants. An entity that is not authorised under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 or Directive 2014/65/EU could apply for authorisation under that Regulation or under that Directive, respectively, and, simultaneously, for a specific permission under this Regulation. In such cases, the competent authority should not assess whether such an entity fulfils the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 or Directive 2014/65/EU in respect of which an exemption has been requested under this Regulation. Such entities should only be able to operate DLT market infrastructures in accordance with this Regulation, and their authorisation should be revoked once their specific permission has expired, unless the entities submit a complete request for authorisation under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 or under Directive 2014/65/EU.

(12) The concept of DLT market infrastructure comprises DLT multilateral trading facilities (DLT MTF), DLT settlement systems (DLT SS) and DLT trading and settlement systems (DLT TSS). DLT market infrastructures should be able to cooperate with other market participants in order to test innovative solutions based on distributed ledger technology in different segments of the value chain for financial services.

(13) A DLT MTF should be a multilateral trading facility that is operated by an investment firm or a market operator authorised under Directive 2014/65/EU and that has received a specific permission under this Regulation. A credit institution authorised under Directive 2013/36/EU that provides investment services or performs investment activities should only be allowed to operate a DLT MTF when authorised as an investment firm or market operator under Directive 2014/65/EU. DLT MTFs and their operators should be subject to all requirements that apply to multilateral trading facilities and their operators under Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council (12), under Directive 2014/65/EU or under any other applicable Union financial services legislation, except for requirements in respect of which an exemption has been granted by the competent authority in accordance with this Regulation.

(14) The use of distributed ledger technology, by which all transactions are recorded on a distributed ledger, can expedite and combine trading and settlement in near real-time and could enable the combination of trading and post-trading services and activities. However, the combination of trading and post-trading activities within a single entity is not envisaged by the existing rules, irrespective of the technology used, due to policy choices related to risk specialisation and unbundling for the purposes of encouraging competition. The pilot regime should not be a precedent to justify a fundamental overhaul of the separation of trading and post-trading activities or of the landscape of financial market infrastructures. However, in view of the potential benefits of distributed ledger technology in terms of combining trading and settlement, it is justified to provide for a dedicated DLT market infrastructure in the pilot regime, namely, the DLT TSS, which combines the activities normally performed by multilateral trading facilities and securities settlement systems.

(15) A DLT TSS should be either a DLT MTF that combines the services performed by a DLT MTF and by a DLT SS, and should be operated by an investment firm or market operator that has received a specific permission to operate a DLT TSS under this Regulation, or should be a DLT SS that combines the services performed by a DLT MTF and by a DLT SS, and should be operated by a CSD that has received a specific permission to operate a DLT TSS under this Regulation. A credit institution authorised under Directive 2013/36/EU that provides investment services or performs investment activities should only be allowed to operate a DLT TSS when authorised as an investment firm or market operator under Directive 2014/65/EU. An investment firm or market operator operating a DLT TSS should be subject to the requirements that apply to a DLT MTF, and a CSD operating a DLT TSS should be subject to the requirements that apply to a DLT SS. Since a DLT TSS would enable an investment firm or market operator also to provide settlement services, and would enable a CSD also to provide trading services, it is necessary that investment firms or market operators also comply with the requirements that apply to a DLT SS, and that CSDs comply with the requirements that apply to a DLT MTF. Since CSDs are not subject to certain authorisation and organisational requirements under Directive 2014/65/EU when providing investment services or activities in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 909/2014, it is appropriate to take a similar approach in the pilot regime both for investment firms and market operators and for CSDs operating a DLT TSS. Therefore, an investment firm or market operator operating a DLT TSS should be exempted from a limited set of authorisation and organisational requirements under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014, since the investment firm or market operator will be required to comply with the authorisation and organisational requirements under Directive 2014/65/EU. Conversely, a CSD operating a DLT TSS should be exempted from a limited set of authorisation and organisational requirements under Directive 2014/65/EU, since the CSD will be required to comply with the authorisation and organisational requirements under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014. Such exemptions should be temporary and should not apply to a DLT market infrastructure operating outside the pilot regime. ESMA should be able to assess technical standards on record-keeping and operational risks adopted pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 with a view to ensuring that they are applied proportionately to investment firms or market operators operating a DLT TSS.

(16) Operators of DLT TSSs should be able to request the same exemptions as those available to operators of DLT MTFs and of DLT SSs, provided that they comply with the conditions attached to the exemptions and with any compensatory measures required by the competent authorities. Considerations similar to those that apply to DLT MTFs and DLT SSs should apply to the exemptions that are available to DLT TSSs, to any conditions attached to those exemptions, and to compensatory measures.

(17) In order to provide for additional flexibility in the application of certain requirements of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 to investment firms or market operators operating a DLT TSS while ensuring a level playing field with CSDs providing settlement services under the pilot regime, certain exemptions from the requirements of that Regulation concerning measures to prevent and address settlement fails, from requirements for participation and transparency, and from requirements to use certain communication procedures with participants and other market infrastructures, should be available to CSDs operating a DLT SS or a DLT TSS, and to investment firms or market operators operating a DLT TSS. Those exemptions should be subject to conditions attached to them, including certain minimum requirements, and any compensatory measures required by the competent authority, in order to meet the objectives of the provisions of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 in respect of which an exemption is requested or in order to safeguard investor protection, market integrity or financial stability. The operator of a DLT TSS should demonstrate that the exemption requested is proportionate and justified by the use of distributed ledger technology.

(18) A DLT SS should be a settlement system operated by a CSD authorised under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 that has received a specific permission to operate a DLT SS under this Regulation. A DLT SS, and the CSD which operates it, should be subject to all relevant requirements under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014, and any other applicable Union financial services legislation, except for requirements in respect of which an exemption has been granted in accordance with this Regulation.

(19) Where the ECB and national central banks, or other institutions run by Member States that perform similar functions, or other public bodies charged with or intervening in the management of public debt in the Union, operate a DLT SS, they should not be required to seek a specific permission from a competent authority in order to benefit from an exemption under this Regulation, since such entities are not required to report to competent authorities or to comply with their instructions and are subject to a limited set of requirements under Regulation (EU) No 909/2014.

(20) The creation of the pilot regime should be without prejudice to the tasks and responsibilities of the ECB and the national central banks in the European System of Central Banks, set out in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and in Protocol No 4 on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank, to promote the smooth operation of payment systems and to ensure efficient and sound clearing and payment systems within the Union and with third countries.

(21) The assignment of supervisory responsibilities provided for in this Regulation is justified by the specific characteristics and risks of the pilot regime. Therefore, the supervisory architecture of the pilot regime should not be understood as setting a precedent for any future act of Union financial services legislation.