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Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1045 of 12 May 2026 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of certain alkyl phosphonic acids and their sodium salts originating in the People’s Republic of China

Type Implementing Regulation
Publication 2026-05-13
State In force
Text As published
Department European Commission, TRADE
Source EUR-Lex
articles 4

This is the act as published. Later amendments are not folded into the text below: each one is a separate act in this repository and an entry in this law's history.

Reform history JSON API
  • (280) While phosphorus is available domestically in China, Union producers have no domestic source and must import it from third countries, principally from Kazakhstan or China and purchase it on the open market, where prices are subject to global supply and demand dynamics, energy costs and geopolitical factors. Unlike their Chinese counterparts, Union producers do not benefit from export restrictions that can protect them from price volatility. This structural supply disadvantage places downstream users of phosphorus in the Union, including the complainant, in a significantly less favourable position than Chinese exporting producers. This holds true even where those Chinese producers do not purchase yellow phosphorus directly, but instead source it indirectly – already embedded first in PCL3 and then in dimethyl phosphite, which is the immediate upstream input for PBTC production.
6.2.1.3.   Effect on supply chains for Union companies
  • (281) In the absence of information on phosphorus-related supply chain for the Union companies, potential impact of measures at the level of the dumping margin was analysed solely for the downstream supply chain – the PBTC user industry.
  • (282) All 25 known users were invited to provide information, including the assessment of the effect on supply chains in the event that measures were imposed. The very limited cooperation from the user industry (less than 10 % of the Union PBTC market), suggests that they do not anticipate substantial disruptions resulting from the imposition of duties, despite the fact the two cooperating users would expect lower PBTC availability, increased price and a potential need to switch to an alternative chemical in their production process.
  • (283) The sufficient spare capacity of the Union industry, which can cover the totality of the Union consumption, is considered to guarantee the security of PBTC supplies in the long term.
  • (284) In the absence of dumped imports, the Union industry would be expected to increase production and improve capacity utilisation, thereby reducing unit costs and enabling the industry to maintain profitability at lower selling prices. This would enhance the availability of locally sourced material to downstream users, reducing their dependence on third-country supply chains and strengthening their supply resilience.
6.2.2.   Conclusion on Union interest under Article 7(2b) of the basic Regulation
  • (285) Having assessed all pertinent information to this investigation, the Commission concluded that it is in the Union interest to determine the amount of provisional duties in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation.

6.3.   Conclusion on the level of measures

  • (286) Following the above assessment, provisional anti-dumping duties should be set as below in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation:
Company Provisional dumping margin (%)
Jiyuan Qingyuan Water Treatment Co., Ltd. 210,4
Nantong Uniphos Chemicals Co., Ltd. 219,4
Shandong Taihe Technologies Co., Ltd. 182,9
Cooperating non-sampled exporting producers 200,4
All other Chinese exporting producers 219,4

7. UNION INTEREST

  • (287) Having decided to apply Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, the Commission also examined whether it could clearly conclude that it was not in the Union interest to adopt measures in this case, despite the determination of injurious dumping, in accordance with Article 21 of the basic Regulation. The determination of the Union interest was based on an appreciation of all the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers and users.

7.1.   Interest of the Union industry

  • (288) As set out in recital (190), PBTC was manufactured by a single producer in the Union during the investigation period, Lanxess.
  • (289) In a situation, where production volumes and Union sales dropped significantly during the period considered and where the Union industry incurred heavy losses, while being confronted with influx of dumped Chinese PBTC imports, imposition of anti-dumping duties is expected to restore the fair-trade conditions in the Union market for PBTC. The restoration of a level playing field would put an end to the price suppression and enable the Union industry to recover and improve its profitability and sustain its workforce.
  • (290) In the absence of measures, it is very likely that there will be a further deterioration of the Union industry’s economic situation. In fact, without effective remedial action, the sole Union producer faces a serious risk of ceasing production entirely. This, in turn would leave the Union users of PBTC with no other option than to entirely depend on Chinese imports.
  • (291) Furthermore, any potential negative impact of measures on importers or users would be limited (see the Sections 7.2 and 7.3 below) and outweighed by the interest of the Union industry in this case.
  • (292) The Commission thus concluded that it would be in the interest of the Union industry to impose anti-dumping duties.

7.2.   Interest of unrelated importers

  • (293) With respect to unrelated importers, one group of companies (Connect Chemicals) comprising three importers cooperated in this investigation by providing a reply to the Commission questionnaire. Connect Chemicals expressed its opposition against potential anti-dumping measures. For the importer, PBTC resales only account for [0–10] % of their total turnover. Hence, even if the measures are imposed on PBTC, the extent to which the importer’s business would be affected will be negligible. It is recalled that the measures aim at restoration of fair-trading conditions between PBTC produced in the Union and the Chinese PBTC and that importers will not be prevented from continuing to import Chinese PBTC.

7.3.   Interest of users

  • (294) The main use applications of PBTC are (i) industrial and institutional cleaning; and (ii) industrial and wastewater treatment. In the present case, users active in both segments came forward.
  • (295) However, only two users (Hypred and Kurita) with more specialised PBTC use applications (predominantly active in the agricultural/food cleaning and industrial water treatment respectively) replied to the user questionnaire made available at the beginning of the investigation. Other users participated in the investigation without completing the dedicated user questionnaire.
  • (296) For Hypred and Kurita, their financial performance showed that they enjoyed healthy profit margins of [2–10] %. Moreover, the submissions made by these users indicated that the proportion of the PBTC cost in their cost of production is limited and accounted generally for no more than 10 % of the cost of production. Furthermore, their revenues derived from the products incorporating PBTC was no higher than 10–25 % on total company revenues. Furthermore, a proportion of the PBTC purchased by the users who came forward also originated from the Union industry (15–35 %). Should the proposed measures be imposed, the impact on total profitability of the users is expected to be limited (and in any event no higher than 1 percentage point).
  • (297) Moreover, in the context of the users’ interest analysis, it is notable that Kurita acknowledged that the primary cause of the injury appears to be the Chinese imports of PBTC.
  • (298) Kurita as well as Hypred argued that in terms of switching to other sources of supply than Chinese imports, the Union industry could not meet the demand for PBTC.
  • (299) The parties did not provide any substantiated evidence that the sole Union producer would not be able to satisfy the demand coming from the Union users. While the Union producer may have reduced their operating rates in a declining market, as set out in recital (215), their production capacity remained at stable and sufficient levels throughout the period considered. Notably, the production capacity of Lanxess exceeded the Union consumption by over 5 000 tonnes. Hence the Union producer has the ability to cover the supply needs of the user industries, irrespective of the Chinese import flows.
  • (300) In light of the above elements, demonstrating limited impact of any measures on the users of PBTC, it is concluded that any potential benefits for users in the absence of measures against the Chinese PBTC imports are not capable of outweighing the negative consequences (leading in an extreme case to eradication of the PBTC industry) that the current situation would have on the Union industry.

7.4.   Conclusion on Union interest

  • (301) On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on imports of PBTC originating in China at this stage of the investigation.

8. PROVISIONAL ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES

  • (302) On the basis of the conclusions reached by the Commission on dumping, injury, causation, level of measures and Union interest, provisional measures should be imposed to prevent further injury being caused to the Union industry by the dumped imports.
  • (303) Provisional anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of PBTC originating in China, in accordance Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. The Commission concluded in recital (285) that the appropriate level to remove injury should be the dumping margin.
  • (304) On the basis of the above, the provisional anti-dumping duty rates, expressed on the CIF Union border price, customs duty unpaid, should be as follows:
Company Provisional dumping margin (%)
Jiyuan Qingyuan Water Treatment Co., Ltd. 210,4
Nantong Uniphos Chemicals Co., Ltd. 219,4
Shandong Taihe Technologies Co., Ltd. 182,9
Cooperating non-sampled exporting producers listed in Annex 200,4
All other Chinese exporting producers 219,4
  • (305) The individual company anti-dumping duty rates specified in this Regulation were established on the basis of the findings of this investigation. Therefore, they reflect the situation found during this investigation with respect to these companies. These duty rates are exclusively applicable to imports of the product concerned originating in the country concerned and produced by the named legal entities. Imports of the product concerned produced by any other company not specifically mentioned in the operative part of this Regulation, including entities related to those specifically mentioned, should be subject to the duty rate applicable to ‘all other imports originating in country concerned’. They should not be subject to any of the individual anti-dumping duty rates.
  • (306) To minimise the risks of circumvention due to the difference in duty rates, special measures are needed to ensure the application of the individual anti-dumping duties. The application of individual anti-dumping duties is only applicable upon presentation of a valid commercial invoice to the customs authorities of the Member States. The invoice must conform to the requirements set out in Article 1 of this regulation. Until such invoice is presented, imports should be subject to the anti-dumping duty applicable to ‘all other imports originating in country concerned’.
  • (307) While presentation of this invoice is necessary for the customs authorities of the Member States to apply the individual rates of anti-dumping duty to imports, it is not the only element to be taken into account by the customs authorities. Indeed, even if presented with an invoice meeting all the requirements set out in Article 1 of this regulation, the customs authorities of Member States must carry out their usual checks and may, like in all other cases, require additional documents (shipping documents etc.) for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the particulars contained in the declaration and ensure that the subsequent application of the lower rate of duty is justified, in compliance with customs law.
  • (308) Should the exports by one of the companies benefiting from lower individual duty rates increase significantly in volume after the imposition of the measures concerned, such an increase in volume could be considered as constituting in itself a change in the pattern of trade due to the imposition of measures within the meaning of Article 13(1) of the basic Regulation. In such circumstances and provided the conditions are met an anti-circumvention investigation may be initiated. This investigation may, inter alia, examine the need for the removal of individual duty rate(s) and the consequent imposition of a country-wide duty.

9. REGISTRATION

  • (309) As mentioned in recital (3), the Commission made imports of the product concerned subject to registration. Registration took place with a view to possibly collecting duties retroactively under Article 10(4) of the basic Regulation.
  • (310) In view of the findings at provisional stage, the registration of imports should be discontinued.
  • (311) No decision on a possible retroactive application of anti-dumping measures has been taken at this stage of the proceeding.

10. INFORMATION AT PROVISIONAL STAGE

  • (312) In accordance with Article 19a of the basic Regulation, the Commission informed interested parties about the planned imposition of provisional duties. This information was also made available to the general public via DG TRADE’s website. Interested parties were given three working days to provide comments on the accuracy of the calculations specifically disclosed to them.
  • (313) No comments on the accuracy of the calculations were received.

11. FINAL PROVISIONS

  • (314) In the interests of sound administration, the Commission will invite the interested parties to submit written comments and/or to request a hearing with the Commission and/or the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings within a fixed deadline.
  • (315) The findings concerning the imposition of provisional duties are provisional and may be amended at the definitive stage of the investigation,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

1.

A provisional anti-dumping duty is imposed on imports of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid and its sodium salt Tetrasodium hydrogen 2-phosphonatobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate, in solid form or in an aqueous solution, currently falling under CN code 2931 49 80 (TARIC code 2931 49 80 60), CAS RN 37971-36-1 and 66669-53-2, CUS 0027475-9 and 0087281-1, is registered in the European Union under the European Community (EC) reference numbers 253-733-5 and 266-442-3 and originating in the People’s Republic of China.

2.

The rates of the provisional anti-dumping duty applicable to the net, free-at-Union-frontier price, before duty, of the product described in paragraph 1 and produced by the companies listed below shall be as follows:

Country of origin Company Provisional anti-dumping duty (%) TARIC additional code
China Jiyuan Qingyuan Water Treatment Co., Ltd. 210,4 88CI
China Nantong Uniphos Chemicals Co., Ltd. 219,4 88CJ
China Shandong Taihe Technologies Co., Ltd. 182,9 88CK
China Other cooperating companies listed in Annex 200,4 See Annex
China All other imports originating in country concerned 219,4 8999
3.

The application of the individual duty rates specified for the companies mentioned in paragraph 2 shall be conditional upon presentation to the Member States’ customs authorities of a valid commercial invoice, on which shall appear a declaration dated and signed by an official of the entity issuing such invoice, identified by his/her name and function, drafted as follows: ‘I, the undersigned, certify that the (volume in unit we are using) of (product concerned) sold for export to the European Union covered by this invoice was manufactured by (company name and address) (TARIC additional code) in country concerned. I declare that the information provided in this invoice is complete and correct.’ Until such invoice is presented, the duty applicable to all other imports originating in China shall apply.

4.

The release for free circulation in the Union of the product referred to in paragraph 1 shall be subject to the provision of a security deposit equivalent to the amount of the provisional duty.

5.

Unless otherwise specified, the provisions in force concerning customs duties shall apply.

Article 2

1.

Interested parties shall submit their written comments on this regulation to the Commission within 15 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation.

2.

Interested parties wishing to request a hearing with the Commission shall do so within 5 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation.

3.

Interested parties wishing to request a hearing with the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings are invited to do so within 5 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation. The Hearing Officer may examine requests submitted outside this time limit and may decide whether to accept to such requests if appropriate.

Article 3

1.

Customs authorities are hereby directed to discontinue the registration of imports established in accordance with Article 1 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2385.

2.

Data collected regarding products which entered the EU for consumption not more than 90 days prior to the date of the entry into force of this regulation shall be kept until the entry into force of possible definitive measures, or the termination of this proceeding.

Article 4

This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, 12 May 2026.

For the Commission

The President

Ursula VON DER LEYEN

[^ntr1-L_202601045EN.000101-E0001]: OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p. 21, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1036/oj.

[^ntr2-L_202601045EN.000101-E0002]: Notice of initiation of an anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of certain alkyl phosphonic acids and their sodium salts originating in the People’s Republic of China (OJ C, C/2025/5021, 18.9.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2025/5021/oj).

[^ntr3-L_202601045EN.000101-E0003]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2385 of 27 November 2025 making imports of certain alkyl phosphonic acids and their sodium salts originating in the People’s Republic of China subject to registration (OJ L, 2025/2385, 28.11.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/2385/oj).

[^ntr5-L_202601045EN.000101-E0005]: Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of Trade Defence Investigations, 10 April 2024 (SWD(2024) 91 final).

[^ntr6-L_202601045EN.000101-E0006]: Complaint (open version), paragraph 74.

[^ntr7-L_202601045EN.000101-E0007]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 64-66.

[^ntr8-L_202601045EN.000101-E0008]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1064 of 9 April 2024 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of certain alkyl phosphate esters originating in the People’s Republic of China (OJ L, 2024/1064, 10.4.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2024/1064/oj).

[^ntr9-L_202601045EN.000101-E0009]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/116 of 27 January 2022 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of acesulfame potassium originating in the People’s Republic of China, following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 19, 28.1.2022, p. 22, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2022/116/oj).

[^ntr10-L_202601045EN.000101-E0010]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2180 of 16 October 2023 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/607 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of citric acid originating in the People’s Republic of China as extended to imports of citric acid consigned from Malaysia, whether declared as originating in Malaysia or not, following a ‘new exporter’ review pursuant to Article 11(4) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L, 2023/2180, 17.10.2023, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2023/2180/oj).

[^ntr11-L_202601045EN.000101-E0011]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633 of 14 April 2021 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of monosodium glutamate originating in the People’s Republic of China and in Indonesia following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 132, 19.4.2021, p. 63, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/633/oj).

[^ntr12-L_202601045EN.000101-E0012]: Complaint (open version), Section 4.1.3.

[^ntr13-L_202601045EN.000101-E0013]: Complaint (open version), paragraph 91.

[^ntr14-L_202601045EN.000101-E0014]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 92-94.

[^ntr15-L_202601045EN.000101-E0015]: Complaint (open version), paragraph 95.

[^ntr16-L_202601045EN.000101-E0016]: Complaint (open version), paragraph 103.

[^ntr17-L_202601045EN.000101-E0017]: Complaint (open version), paragraph 104.

[^ntr18-L_202601045EN.000101-E0018]: Complaint (open version, paragraph 105; see also footnote 4.

[^ntr19-L_202601045EN.000101-E0019]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 106-109.

[^ntr20-L_202601045EN.000101-E0020]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 111-120.

[^ntr21-L_202601045EN.000101-E0021]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 121-124.

[^ntr22-L_202601045EN.000101-E0022]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 125-128.

[^ntr23-L_202601045EN.000101-E0023]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 129-141.

[^ntr24-L_202601045EN.000101-E0024]: Complaint (open version), paragraphs 142-143.

[^ntr25-L_202601045EN.000101-E0025]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7.

[^ntr26-L_202601045EN.000101-E0026]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7-8.

[^ntr27-L_202601045EN.000101-E0027]: See at: http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2026/0128/c1004-40654753.html (accessed on 5 March 2026).

[^ntr28-L_202601045EN.000101-E0028]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 10, 18.

[^ntr29-L_202601045EN.000101-E0029]: Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm (accessed on 8 April 2024).

[^ntr30-L_202601045EN.000101-E0030]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 29-30.

[^ntr31-L_202601045EN.000101-E0031]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 57, 92.

[^ntr32-L_202601045EN.000101-E0032]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149-150.

[^ntr33-L_202601045EN.000101-E0033]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 153-171.

[^ntr34-L_202601045EN.000101-E0034]: Report – Chapter 7, p. 204-205.

[^ntr35-L_202601045EN.000101-E0035]: Report – Chapter 8, p. 207-208, 242-243.

[^ntr36-L_202601045EN.000101-E0036]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 19-24, Chapter 4, p. 69, 99-100, Chapter 5, p. 130-131.

[^ntr37-L_202601045EN.000101-E0037]: See at: https://www.thwater.com/rongyu.html (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr38-L_202601045EN.000101-E0038]: See at: http://www.qyscl.com.cn/index.php/about/31#31 (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr39-L_202601045EN.000101-E0039]: See at: https://www.uniphos.com.cn/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr40-L_202601045EN.000101-E0040]: See at: https://en.jsac.com.cn/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr41-L_202601045EN.000101-E0041]: See Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemicals and Chemicals Co. Ltd’s annual report 2024, p.83, available at: https://www.jsac.com.cn/uploadfile/202504/cd9fba280fea622.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr42-L_202601045EN.000101-E0042]: See at: https://chemicalresearchinsight.com/2025/11/01/top-10-companies-in-the-yellow-phosphorus-industry-2025-market-leaders-powering-global-chemicals/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr43-L_202601045EN.000101-E0043]: See at: https://www.xingfagroup.com/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr44-L_202601045EN.000101-E0044]: See Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Group’s annual report 2024, p.74, available at: https://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2025/2025-4/2025-04-01/10835918.PDF (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr45-L_202601045EN.000101-E0045]: See at: http://en.yunphos.com/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr46-L_202601045EN.000101-E0046]: See at: https://ypc123456.en.made-in-china.com/ (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr47-L_202601045EN.000101-E0047]: See Yunnan Yuntianhua Co. Ltd’s annual report 2024, p. 115, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2025/2025-3/2025-03-25/10802990.PDF (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr48-L_202601045EN.000101-E0048]: Article 33 of the CCP Constitution, Article 19 of the Chinese Company Law. See Report – Chapter 3, p. 47-50.

[^ntr49-L_202601045EN.000101-E0049]: See, p. 23 of the 2024 Guiding Catalogue for industry structural adjustment available at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202312/t20231229_1362999.html (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr50-L_202601045EN.000101-E0050]: Ibid, p. 110.

[^ntr51-L_202601045EN.000101-E0051]: Ibid, p. 87.

[^ntr52-L_202601045EN.000101-E0052]: 14th FYP on raw materials, Sections IV.3 and IV.1, available at: https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/tz/art/2021/art_2960538d19e34c66a5eb8d01b74cbb20.html (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr53-L_202601045EN.000101-E0053]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202401/content_6923991.htm (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr54-L_202601045EN.000101-E0054]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 24-27.

[^ntr55-L_202601045EN.000101-E0055]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/40288043661e27fb01661e386a3f0001?e=1 (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr56-L_202601045EN.000101-E0056]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/39747711-f959-4eb8-8a59-0f3f776ae8e0 (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr57-L_202601045EN.000101-E0057]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/list/40288043661dc14701661ddbe0980010 (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr58-L_202601045EN.000101-E0058]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/78f4fdd0-52c0-429d-b47b-a34ee66ff54f (accessed on 20 March 2026).

[^ntr59-L_202601045EN.000101-E0059]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 40.

[^ntr60-L_202601045EN.000101-E0060]: See for example: Blanchette, J. – Xi’s Gamble: The Race to Consolidate Power and Stave off Disaster; Foreign Affairs, Vol. 100, No 4, July/August 2021, p. 10-19.

[^ntr61-L_202601045EN.000101-E0061]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 41.

[^ntr62-L_202601045EN.000101-E0062]: Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-companies-idUSKCN1B40JU (accessed on 24 March 2026).

[^ntr63-L_202601045EN.000101-E0063]: General Office of CCP Central Committee’s Guidelines on stepping up the United Front work in the private sector for the new era, www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-09/15/content_5543685.htm (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr64-L_202601045EN.000101-E0064]: Financial Times (2020) – Chinese Communist Party asserts greater control over private enterprise, https://on.ft.com/3mYxP4j (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr65-L_202601045EN.000101-E0065]: See at: http://www.qyscl.com.cn/ (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr66-L_202601045EN.000101-E0066]: See at: http://www.qyscl.com.cn/index.php/content/231 (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr67-L_202601045EN.000101-E0067]: See Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemicals and Chemicals Co. Ltd’s annual report 2024, p. 45, available at: https://www.jsac.com.cn/uploadfile/202504/cd9fba280fea622.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr68-L_202601045EN.000101-E0068]: See at: https://money.finance.sina.com.cn/corp/view/vCB_AllBulletinDetail.php?stockid=300801&id=11086997 (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr69-L_202601045EN.000101-E0069]: See Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Group Co. Ltd’s annual report 2024, p. 35, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2025/2025-4/2025-04-01/10835918.PDF (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr70-L_202601045EN.000101-E0070]: See at: https://news.hubeidaily.net/mobile/c_5118226.html (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr71-L_202601045EN.000101-E0071]: Report – Chapter 14, Sections 14.1 to 14.3.

[^ntr72-L_202601045EN.000101-E0072]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 56-57, 99-100.

[^ntr73-L_202601045EN.000101-E0073]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr74-L_202601045EN.000101-E0074]: Ibid Section III.8.

[^ntr75-L_202601045EN.000101-E0075]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/29/content_5665166.htm (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr76-L_202601045EN.000101-E0076]: Ibid, see Sections IV.2 and IV.3.

[^ntr77-L_202601045EN.000101-E0077]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/03/content_5655701.htm (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr79-L_202601045EN.000101-E0079]: See at: https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/yj/art/2022/art_4ef438217a4548cb98c2d7f4f091d72e.html (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr80-L_202601045EN.000101-E0080]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202401/content_6923991.htm (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr81-L_202601045EN.000101-E0081]: See Henan 14th FYP on the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry and modernization of the service industry 2021/49, Section III.1.

[^ntr82-L_202601045EN.000101-E0082]: See at: https://www.jiyuan.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgk/zc/xzgfxwj/t829785.html (accessed on 24 March 2026).

[^ntr83-L_202601045EN.000101-E0083]: See at: http://gxt.shandong.gov.cn/module/download/downfile.jsp?classid=0&filename=17e54531cb74483596b5cca1a40ec8d8.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr84-L_202601045EN.000101-E0084]: See at: https://www.h2o-china.com/news/346173.html (accessed on 24 March 2026).

[^ntr85-L_202601045EN.000101-E0085]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 171-179.

[^ntr86-L_202601045EN.000101-E0086]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 260-261.

[^ntr87-L_202601045EN.000101-E0087]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 257-260.

[^ntr88-L_202601045EN.000101-E0088]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 252-254.

[^ntr89-L_202601045EN.000101-E0089]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 360-361, 364-370.

[^ntr90-L_202601045EN.000101-E0090]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 366.

[^ntr91-L_202601045EN.000101-E0091]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 370-373.

[^ntr92-L_202601045EN.000101-E0092]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 137-140.

[^ntr93-L_202601045EN.000101-E0093]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 146-149.

[^ntr94-L_202601045EN.000101-E0094]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149.

[^ntr95-L_202601045EN.000101-E0095]: GOC Ad hoc Support to Banks, Official announcement, Ministry of Finance, China, 29 March 2025, https://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengxinwen/202503/t20250329_3961036.htm (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr96-L_202601045EN.000101-E0096]: See official policy document of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of 28 August 2020: ‘Three-year action plan for improving corporate governance of the banking and insurance sectors (2020-2022)’, http://www.hunan.gov.cn/zqt/zcsd/202009/t20200914_13727273.html (accessed on 24 March 2026). The Plan instructs to ‘further implement the spirit embodied in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s keynote speech on advancing the reform of corporate governance of the financial sector’. Moreover, the Plan’s Section II aims at promoting the organic integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance: ‘we shall make the integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance more systematic, standardised and procedure-based […] Major operational and management issues must have been discussed by the Party Committee before being decided upon by the Board of Directors or the senior management’.

[^ntr97-L_202601045EN.000101-E0097]: See CBIRC’s Notice on the Commercial banks performance evaluation method, issued on 15 December 2020, https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengcefagui/qtwj/202204/t20220407_2656358.html (accessed on 24 March 2026.).

[^ntr98-L_202601045EN.000101-E0098]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202511/content_7047643.htm (accessed on 24 March 2026).

[^ntr99-L_202601045EN.000101-E0099]: Ibid, Section 11.

[^ntr100-L_202601045EN.000101-E0100]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 157-158.

[^ntr101-L_202601045EN.000101-E0101]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 150-152, 156-160, 165-171.

[^ntr102-L_202601045EN.000101-E0102]: OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, p. 29, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en (accessed on 27 March 2026).

[^ntr103-L_202601045EN.000101-E0103]: http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengxinwen/202006/t20200618_3534446.htm (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr104-L_202601045EN.000101-E0104]: World Bank Open Data – Upper Middle Income, https://data.worldbank.org/income-level/upper-middle-income.

[^ntr105-L_202601045EN.000101-E0105]: Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on common rules for imports from certain third countries (OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p. 33, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2015/755/oj) as amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/749 of 24 February 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the removal of Kazakhstan from the list of countries in Annex I thereto (OJ L 113, 29.4.2017, p. 11, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2017/749/oj).

[^ntr112-L_202601045EN.000101-E0112]: Article 2(7) of the basic Regulation considers that domestic prices in those countries cannot be used for the purpose of determining normal value.

[^ntr116-L_202601045EN.000101-E0116]: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/steam15_benchmark.pdf. The methodology refers to the cost of saturated steam for typical values of operating pressure and feedwater temperature. In the application of the methodology, a calculation was applied on basis of each company’s use of pressure and temperature.

[^ntr117-L_202601045EN.000101-E0117]: There was an immaterial captive use of PBTC, which was considered for consumption and other economic indicators.

[^ntr118-L_202601045EN.000101-E0118]: https://cess.tax360.com.cn (last accessed on 27 March 2026).

[^ntr119-L_202601045EN.000101-E0119]: https://www.chemall.com.cn/news/search.php?kw=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7&page=4 (last accessed on 27 March 2026).

ANNEX

Chinese cooperating exporting producers not sampled

Name TARIC additional code
SHANDONG GREEN TECHNOLOGIES IMPORT AND EXPORT CO., LTD 88CL
HEBEI LONGKE WATER TREATMENT CO., LTD 88CM

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2026/1045/oj

ISSN 1977-0677 (electronic edition)

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