Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1063 of 12 May 2026 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of PET Spunbond originating in the People’s Republic of China

	2022	2023	2024	Investigation period
Closing stock (tonnes)	4 000 - 4 500	3 700 - 4 200	4 300 - 4 800	6 300 - 7 000
Index	100	93	108	155
Closing stock as a percentage of production (%)	5,7	5,8	6,7	9,6
Index	100	101	118	169
Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.

• (302) In absolute terms, the stocks of the sampled Union producers increased consistently and significantly, rising by 55 % over the period considered. When adjusted for production levels, the closing stock as a percentage of production rose by 69 % during the period considered.

• (303) This overall increase in stocks highlighted a significant imbalance between production and sales. The trend suggests that despite efforts to align production with demand, the accumulation of unsold inventory reflected serious challenges of the Union producers in accessing the market.

4.4.3.4.   Profitability, cash flow, investments, return on investments and ability to raise capital

• (304) Profitability, cash flow, investments and return on investments of the sampled Union producers developed over the period considered as follows:

Table 11

Profitability, cash flow, investments and return on investments

	2022	2023	2024	Investigation period
Profitability of sales in the Union to unrelated customers (% of sales turnover)	15 - 16,5	7,5 - 8,7	1,5  - 2,5	-0,5 - -1,5
Index	100	51	12	-5
Cash flow (million EUR)	36 - 44	16 - 20	6,1 - 7,5	-2,5 - -1,9
Index	100	46	17	-6
Investments (million EUR)	1,8 - 2,3	2,2 - 2,6	1,0 - 1,2	1,8 - 2,1
Index	100	118	55	95
Return on investments (%)	81	33	8	-6
Index	100	40	10	-8
Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.

• (305) The Commission established the profitability of the sampled Union producers by expressing the pre-tax net profit of the sales of the like product to unrelated customers in the Union as a percentage of the turnover of those sales. The profitability of the sampled Union producers declined rapidly and significantly over the period considered, falling from 15 % - 16,5 % profits in 2022 to losses of 0,5 % - 1,5 % during the investigation period.

• (306) The net cash flow is the ability of the Union producers to self-finance their activities. Over the period considered, net cash flow declined by 106 %, resulting in negative cash flows in the investigation period, mirroring the deterioration in financial performance.

• (307) The level of yearly investments fluctuated over the period, resulting in a 5 % decrease over the period considered. It notably increased between 2022 and 2023 by 18 %, to later decrease in the following period, and then showed again an increase in the investigation period. Based on the investment programme of Union producers, the investment continued despite severe competition, loss of market share and a financially difficult situation, since its largest part concerns expenditure for the maintenance / turnaround of existing facilities, especially environmental related, and was thus non-elastic.

• (308) The return on investments is the profit in percentage of the net book value of investments. It developed negatively over the period considered falling from 81 % in 2022 to minus 6 % in the investigation period. The negative development showed that, although investments have continued in order to maintain competitiveness, the returns on those investments fell substantially over the period considered

4.5.   Conclusion on injury

• (309) The Union industry performed well at the beginning of the period considered and enjoyed a high level of profitability, with also all other indicators at healthy levels.

• (310) Over the period considered, however, imports from China increased rapidly and significantly (+417 %), at prices which significantly undercut those of the Union industry. This allowed Chinese exporting producers that only accounted for 6 % of the Union market in 2022 to reach a market share of 26 % in the investigation period, a 352 % increase within two and a half years.

• (311) As a consequence, and despite a substantial increase of the Union consumption (+16 %) in the period considered, the economic situation of the Union industry deteriorated as shown by the negative trend in production (-8 %), sales (-10 %), an increase in stocks (+55 %) and a significant reduction of its market share (from 86 % to 67 %). Production capacity was reduced (-8 %) as the Union industry abandoned a tolling agreement in the face of reduced consumption and increased competition from unfair Chinese imports.

• (312) The increase of Chinese imports at low prices correlated with the sharp deterioration and negative levels in profitability, cash flow and return on investments, that demonstrate the difficulties faced by the Union industry.

• (313) Over the period considered, the sales prices of the Union industry decreased by 21 %, far exceeding the 10 % reduction in its costs, in its attempt to retain its market share on the Union market. Between 2024 and the investigation period, the 14 % increase of Chinese prices, resulted in a decrease in Chinese imports and thus eased the pressure and allowed the Union industry to retain prices at the same level and to regain some market share

• (314) On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded at this stage that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation.

5. CAUSATION

• (315) In accordance with Article 3(6) of the basic Regulation, the Commission examined whether the dumped imports from the country concerned caused material injury to the Union industry. In accordance with Article 3(7) of the basic Regulation, the Commission also examined whether other known factors could at the same time have injured the Union industry. The Commission ensured that any possible injury caused by factors other than the dumped imports from the country concerned was not attributed to the dumped imports. These factors are imports from third countries and the export performance of the Union industry.

5.1.   Effects of the dumped imports

• (316) The deterioration of the economic situation of the Union industry coincided with a significant and increasing market penetration of imports from China, which consistently undercut the Union industry’s prices and resulted in price depression for the Union industry. The evolution of Chinese import volumes and prices, as reflected in Tables 3 and 4 above, depressed price levels of the Union industry, establishing a causal nexus between the two.

• (317) Imports from China increased by 417 % during the period considered, from [3 400 – 4 200] tonnes in 2022, representing a market share of 6 %, to [17 600 - 21 500] tonnes in the investigation period, representing a market share of 26 % in the investigation period. These increasing imports were made at prices lower than those of the Union industry. Similarly, the decline in market share and sales volume, which in turn resulted in a decrease in production output, had a detrimental effect on the industry’s unit production costs due to reduced economies of scale.

• (318) In the investigation period, despite a slight increase in 2023 of sales and production due to the increase in demand, this deterioration was further accentuated when all injury indicators (in particular profitability, cash flow and return on investments) reached significant negative levels.

• (319) The combined loss of market share, production and price depression had a strong negative impact on the Union industry. Despite the 10 % decrease in production costs, faced with the price pressure exerted by the increasing volumes of Chinese dumped imports, the Union industry was precluded from setting prices and production volumes at sustainable levels, which resulted in a very strong drop in profitability from around 15 % to 16,5 % in 2022 to losses of around 0,5 % to 1,5 % in the investigation period, and the consequent deterioration of its financial indicators.

• (320) It was, therefore, provisionally concluded that dumped imports from China caused material injury to the Union industry.

5.2.   Effects of other factors

5.2.1.   Imports from third countries

• (321) The quantity of imports from other third countries developed over the period considered as follows:

Table 12

Imports from third countries

Country		2022	2023	2024	Investigation period
Türkiye	Quantity (tonnes)	[4 000 - 4 900 ]	[5 500 - 6 400 ]	[5 600 - 6 500 ]	[3 900 - 4 800 ]
Imports, all other countries except China and Türkiye	Quantity (tonnes)	[800 - 1 000 ]	[400 - 600 ]	[370 - 460 ]	[330 - 410 ]
Total of all third countries except the country concerned	Quantity (tonnes)	[4 800 - 5 900 ]	[5 900 - 7 000 ]	[5 900 - 7 000 ]	[4 230 - 5 210 ]
Total of all third countries except China	Index	100	123	122	87
Türkiye	Market share (%)	6,9	10,7	7,7	5,9
Imports, all other countries except China and Türkiye	Market share (%)	1,5	<1	<1	<1
Total of all third countries except China	Market share (%)	8,4	11,6	8,2	6,4
Total of all third countries except China	Market share Index	100	137	98	76
Türkiye	Average price (EUR/tonne)	2 853	2 821	2 650	2 665
Imports, all other countries except China and Türkiye	Average price (EUR/tonne)	5 059	5 370	6 692	7 311
Total of all third countries except China	Average price (EUR/tonne)	3 256	3 019	2 902	3 026
Total of all third countries except China	Index	100	93	89	93
Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.	Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.	Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.	Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.	Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.	Source: Eurostat and exporting producers.

• (322) Compared to China, other countries maintained a limited presence in the Union market and their imports into the Union and their total market share decreased by 13 % and 24 % respectively in the period considered. Türkiye was the only third country with volumes of imports above 5 % of market share. Imports from Türkiye were priced at the lower end of Union industry prices, and significantly higher than Chinese imports. Their volumes and share of the market remained largely stable, during the period under consideration, even showing a decreasing trend in the investigation period. Imports from other origins never exceeded 1,5 % of the market and were imported at high prices.

• (323) On that basis, the Commission provisionally concluded that the impact of imports from other countries did not attenuate the genuine and substantial causal link between dumped Chinese imports and the material injury suffered by Union producers.

5.2.2.   Export performance of the Union industry

• (324) The volume of exports of the sampled Union producers developed over the period considered as follows:

Table 13

Export performance of the sampled Union producers

	2022	2023	2024	Investigation period
Export volume (tonnes)	5 000 - 5 800	4 200 - 5 000	4 100 - 4 900	3 800 - 4 600
Index	100	83	81	73
Average price (EUR/tonnes)	2 700 - 3 300	2 400 - 2 900	2 100 - 2 600	2 100 - 2 600
Index	100	83	73	75
Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.	Source: Union producers.

• (325) Union producers’ export volumes fell by 27 % during the period considered and sales decreased by 25 %. The investigation established that the decline in the export performance of the Union producers can be explained by the pressure exerted by Chinese producers on third-country markets, which in turn caused a decrease in exports by Union producers. Indeed, as shown by data extracted from the Global Trade Atlas data, Chinese exports to the rest of the world are substantial in volume and at prices lower than those to the Union. Moreover, the export volume and value represented less than 10 % of total Union industry turnover. Therefore, the declining export performance of the Union industry might have contributed to injury but did not attenuate the genuine and substantial causal link between Chinese dumped imports and injury to the Union industry.

5.3.   Conclusion on causation

• (326) In light of the above considerations, the Commission provisionally established a genuine and substantial causal link between the material injury suffered by the Union industry and the dumped imports from China. As a result of the significant increase of dumped imports from China, the Union industry was precluded from setting prices and production volumes at sustainable levels, which resulted in a strong deterioration of its economic situation.

• (327) The economic decline of the Union industry coincided with a sharp rise in low-priced dumped imports from China. These imports consistently undercut Union prices, exerting strong downward pressure on market prices. As a result, the Union industry was unable to increase prices, and in fact had to decrease prices well below the decrease in production costs. This led to falling sales, a reduced output, and a significant drop in profitability, cash flow and return on investment. The timing and scale of these developments establish a clear causal link between the dumped imports and the material injury suffered by the Union industry.

• (328) The Commission examined alternative factors that could have contributed to the injury suffered by the Union industry. These included imports from other third countries and the export performance of the Union industry. However, none of these were found to weaken the genuine and substantial causal link between dumped Chinese imports and the material injury suffered by the Union industry.

• (329) Based on the above, the Commission concluded at this stage that the dumped imports from the country concerned caused material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, considered individually or collectively, did not attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material injury.

6. LEVEL OF MEASURES

• (330) To determine the level of the measures, the Commission examined whether a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be sufficient to remove the injury caused by dumped imports to the Union industry.

• (331) The injury would be removed if the Union industry were able to obtain a target profit by selling at a target price in the sense of Articles 7(2c) and 7(2d) of the basic Regulation.

• (332) In accordance with Article 7(2c) of the basic Regulation, for the purpose of establishing the target profit, the Commission took into account the following factors: the level of profitability before the increase of imports from the country under investigation, the level of profitability needed to cover full costs and investments, research and development (R&D) and innovation, and the level of profitability to be expected under normal conditions of competition. Such profit margin should not be lower than 6 %.

• (333) As a first step, the Commission established a basic profit covering full costs under normal conditions of competition. The basic profit margin was set at 9,16 %, reflecting the weighted average historical profitability of the Union industry from 2015 to 2021, i.e. before the surge of Chinese imports in the Union market.

• (334) The Union industry provided evidence that its level of investments, R&D and innovation during the period considered would have been higher under normal conditions of competition. The Commission verified the companies’ internal records related to investment plans, management decisions and financial statements and found the claims to be warranted. To reflect this in the target profit, the Commission calculated the difference between investments, R&D and innovation (‘IRI’) expenses under normal conditions of competition as provided by the Union industry and verified by the Commission with actual IRI expenses over the period considered. The IRI weighted margin was established at the level of 2,26 %. That percentage was added to the basic profit of 9,16 %, mentioned in recital 333, leading to a target profit of 11,42 %.

• (335) On this basis, the non-injurious price is between [2 900 and 3 320 EUR per tonne], resulting from applying the above-mentioned profit margin of 11,42 % to the cost of production during the investigation period of the sampled Union producers.

• (336) In accordance with article 7(2d) of the basic Regulation, as a final step, the Commission assessed the future costs resulting from Multilateral Environmental Agreements, and protocols thereunder, to which the Union is a party, and of ILO Conventions listed in Annex Ia that the Union industry will incur during the period of the application of the measure pursuant to Article 11(2). Based on the evidence available, the Commission established an additional cost ranging between 0 and 27 EUR per tonne for each of the sampled companies. This difference was added to the non-injurious price mentioned in recital 336.

• (337) On this basis, the Commission calculated a non-injurious price for the like product of the Union industry by applying the above-mentioned target profit margin to the cost of production of the sampled Union producers during the investigation period and then adding the adjustments under Article 7(2d) on a type-by-type basis.

• (338) The Commission then determined the underselling margin level on the basis of a comparison of the weighted average import price of the sampled exporting producers in China, as established for the price undercutting calculations, with the weighted average non-injurious price of the like product sold by the sampled Union producers on the Union market during the investigation period. Any difference resulting from this comparison was expressed as a percentage of the weighted average import CIF value.

• (339) The underselling margin for ‘other cooperating companies’ and for ‘all other imports originating in country concerned’ is defined in the same manner as the dumping margin for these companies and imports (see Section 3.5 above).

Company	Dumping margin (%)	Underselling margin (%)
— Hubei Unibon nonwovens Co Ltd	45,6	57,5
— Changde Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd — Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd	50,0	50,0
Other cooperating companies	49,4	51,0
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	50,0	57,5

7. UNION INTEREST

• (340) Having decided to apply Article 7(2) of the basic Regulation, the Commission examined whether it could clearly conclude that it was not in the Union interest to adopt measures in this case, despite the determination of injurious dumping, in accordance with Article 21 of the basic Regulation. The determination of the Union interest was based on an appreciation of all the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers and users.

7.1.   Interest of the Union industry

• (341) The Union industry comprises of the three complainants, two of which belong to the same group of companies. The three production sites are situated in Germany, France, and Italy, employing [330 - 400] workers directly.

• (342) Current levels of losses are unsustainable. The imposition of measures is expected to allow the Union industry to recover parts of the lost market share, and to set prices at levels that allow it to reach a sustainable level of profitability.

• (343) The absence of measures is likely to have a significant negative effect on the Union industry in terms of further price depression and a further reduction of sales, thus translating into further losses and likely closure of production facilities, dismissals and ultimately, the shutdown of entire businesses.

• (344) The Commission therefore concluded that the imposition of provisional measures is in the interest of the Union industry.

7.2.   Interest of unrelated importers and traders, users or suppliers.

• (345) Two companies (Ventas Inernationales S.A. and Silcart SPA) came forward in the investigation as unrelated importers, but did not submit responses to the importers questionnaire. Silcart S.P.A had registered to participate in the investigation as importer however after clarifications Silcart confirmed that it did not import and resell PET Spunbond but imported and used it which qualifies the said company as a user. The quantities of the imported product concerned were negligible (12 tonnes).

• (346) A single user sent their comments as interested party. W. Quandt GmbH & Co. KG voiced concerns (without submitting questionnaire reply) regarding their safety of supply because of the limited number of PET Spunbond suppliers in the EU, and quality problems they had encountered in the past with the complainants which led them, together with pricing considerations, to build their supply chain around Chinese imports.

• (347) The Polish manufacturing association representing the vast majority of producers of roofing and waterproofing solutions in Poland expressed support to the investigation and to the eventual imposition of measures, because maintaining a resilient and competitive EU supply chain for critical construction inputs is of strategic importance for their industry and for the broader European economy.

• (348) In the absence of data concerning the economic situation of importers and users, the likely effect of measures on importers and users was assessed on the basis of reasonable assumptions.

• (349) For importers, given their diverse portfolios as seen on their websites, and that Chinese imports will not be forbidden but will likely revert to lower volumes, the impact on their economic activity will likely be limited.

• (350) For users, PET Spunbond is integrated into bitumen membranes that are used mainly in the construction sector and especially in renovation projects. PET Spunbond is part of the cost picture when producing bitumen membranes, which in turn represent again only a part of the cost picture in renovation projects, which are mostly driven by labour costs. As such, any potential price increase of the product concerned resulting from the imposition of anti-dumping duties is unlikely to have a significant impact on the final cost of renovation projects, and therefore is unlikely to impact the costs and economic activities of users.

• (351) Regarding the concerns of W. Quandt GmbH & Co. KG, it should be noted that the measures if imposed will not prohibit imports and, therefore, will not compromise the security of supply of users. On the contrary, by reestablishing fair competition and ensuring a level playing field on the EU market, it will allow the Union industry to continue production and ensure the resilience of their supply chain. The Commission also found that PET Spunbond is imported from other third countries, such as Türkiye, which further supports the finding that the security of supply of users will not be compromised.

• (352) The continued existence of the Union industry will also support the viability of their suppliers who in their turn will support the EU economy and employment, as noted by several supplies both of materials (PET, acrylic binder, starch) and services that have expressed their support to the complaint.

• (353) Finally, PET Spunbond is an important outlet for plastic recyclers in the Union and the continuation of the economic activities of the Union industry will support the activities of recyclers, several of which have declared support to the investigation and eventual imposition of measures. Thus, imposition of measures will also serve the goals of the green and circular economy of the Union.

• (354) In view of the above, the imposition of measures is not expected to harm users or importers and will be beneficiary to suppliers and in support of the Union’s environmental policies. It is therefore concluded that the imposition of anti-dumping measures is not contrary to the interest of importers, users and suppliers.

7.3.   Conclusion on Union interest

• (355) On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was clearly not in the Union interest to impose measures on imports of product concerned originating in the People’s Republic of China at this stage of the investigation.

8. PROVISIONAL ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES

• (356) On the basis of the conclusions reached by the Commission on dumping, injury, causation, level of measures and Union interest, provisional measures should be imposed to prevent further injury being caused to the Union industry by the dumped imports.

• (357) Provisional anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of PET Spunbond originating in the People’s Republic of China, in accordance with the lesser duty rule in Article 7(2) of the basic Regulation. The Commission compared the underselling margins and the dumping margins (section 6 above). The amount of duties was set at the level of the lower of the dumping and underselling margins.

• (358) On the basis of the above, the provisional anti-dumping duty rates, expressed on the CIF Union border price, customs duty unpaid, should be as follows:

Company	Provisional anti-dumping duty (%)
— Hubei Unibon nonwovens Co Ltd	45,6
— Changde Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd — Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd	50,0
Other cooperating companies	49,4
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	50,0

• (359) The individual company anti-dumping duty rates specified in this regulation were established on the basis of the findings of this investigation. Therefore, they reflect the situation found during this investigation with respect to these companies. These duty rates are exclusively applicable to imports of the product concerned originating in the country concerned and produced by the named legal entities. Imports of the product concerned produced by any other company not specifically mentioned in the operative part of this regulation, including entities related to those specifically mentioned, should be subject to the duty rate applicable to ‘all other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China’. They should not be subject to any of the individual anti-dumping duty rates.

• (360) To minimise the risks of circumvention due to the difference in duty rates, special measures are needed to ensure the application of the individual anti-dumping duties. The application of individual anti-dumping duties is only applicable upon presentation of a valid commercial invoice to the customs authorities of the Member States. The invoice must conform to the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this regulation. Until such invoice is presented, imports should be subject to the anti-dumping duty applicable to ‘all other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China’.

• (361) While presentation of this invoice is necessary for the customs authorities of the Member States to apply the individual rates of anti-dumping duty to imports, it is not the only element to be taken into account by the customs authorities. Indeed, even if presented with an invoice meeting all the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this regulation, the customs authorities of Member States must carry out their usual checks and may, like in all other cases, require additional documents (shipping documents, etc.) for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the particulars contained in the declaration and ensure that the subsequent application of the lower rate of duty is justified, in compliance with customs law.

• (362) Should the exports by one of the companies benefiting from lower individual duty rates increase significantly in volume after the imposition of the measures concerned, such an increase in volume could be considered as constituting in itself a change in the pattern of trade due to the imposition of measures within the meaning of Article 13(1) of the basic Regulation. In such circumstances and provided the conditions are met, an anti-circumvention investigation may be initiated. This investigation may, inter alia, examine the need for the removal of individual duty rate(s) and the consequent imposition of a country-wide duty.

9. REGISTRATION

• (363) As mentioned in recital 3, the Commission made imports of the product concerned subject to registration. Registration took place with a view to possibly collecting duties retroactively under Article 10(4) of the basic Regulation.

• (364) In view of the findings at provisional stage, the registration of imports should be discontinued.

• (365) No decision on a possible retroactive application of anti-dumping measures has been taken at this stage of the proceeding.

10. INFORMATION AT PROVISIONAL STAGE

• (366) In accordance with Article 19a of the basic Regulation, the Commission informed interested parties about the planned imposition of provisional duties. This information was also made available to the general public via DG TRADE’s website. Interested parties were given three working days to provide comments on the accuracy of the calculations specifically disclosed to them. Comments were received from TDF, Unibon and Hebei Jinliu Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd.

• (367) TDF submitted that certain calculation files used for the determination of the dumping margin for TDF were not the final versions verified by the Commission. TDF therefore requested that the Commission base the calculation of the dumping margin and the underselling margin for TDF on the final verified versions of those files. The Commission accepted the claim and revised the calculations accordingly, using the data contained in the final verified versions of the relevant files.

• (368) Unibon argued that, in the benchmark for electricity for Unibon, the electricity consumption category applied had been classified incorrectly. Additionally, a non-sampled cooperating exporting producer, Hebei Jinliu Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd., argued that the dumping margin established for non-sampled cooperating exporting producers does not reflect its individual situation, as the company claimed not to be dumping when selling on the Union market.

• (369) The Commission noted that the claims by Unibon and Hebei Jinliu Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd., do not concern the accuracy of the calculations, but rather to the methodologies used by the Commission in the determination of their respective dumping margin. Those comments will therefore be considered, together with all other submissions, after the publication of provisional measures.

11. FINAL PROVISIONS

• (370) In the interests of sound administration, the Commission will invite the interested parties to submit written comments and/or to request a hearing with the Commission and/or the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings within a fixed deadline.

• (371) The findings concerning the imposition of provisional duties are provisional and may be amended at the definitive stage of the investigation,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

Company	Provisional anti-dumping duty	TARIC additional code
— Hubei Unibon nonwovens Co Ltd	45,6  %	88CB
— Changde Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd — Tiandingfeng Nonwovens Co Ltd	50,0  %	88CC
Other cooperating companies	49,4  %	See Annex
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	50,0  %	8999

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, 12 May 2026.

For the Commission

The President

Ursula VON DER LEYEN

[^ntr1-L_202601063EN.000101-E0001]: OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p. 21, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1036/oj.

[^ntr2-L_202601063EN.000101-E0002]: Notice of initiation of an anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of PET Spunbond originating in the People’s Republic of China, OJ C, C/2025/5010, 15.9.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2025/5010/oj.

[^ntr3-L_202601063EN.000101-E0003]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2409 of 1 December 2025 making imports of PET Spunbond originating in the People’s Republic of China subject to registration (OJ L, 2025/2409, 2.12.2025,ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/2409/oj).

[^ntr4-L_202601063EN.000101-E0004]: By way of Powers of Attorney, four exporting producers – including the sampled ones – have authorized the CCCT to act on their behalf in the proceeding.

[^ntr5-L_202601063EN.000101-E0005]: TRON t25.009148 and t25.009150 of 24 September 2025.

[^ntr7-L_202601063EN.000101-E0007]: Since 1 January 2024, the product under investigation is classified under CN codes 5603 14 20 , 5603 13 90 , and 5603 14 80 (residual code). Until 31 December 2023, the product under investigation was mainly classified under CN codes 5603 14 90 and 5603 13 90 .

[^ntr8-L_202601063EN.000101-E0008]: Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of Trade Defence Investigations, 10 April 2024, SWD (2024) 91 final.

[^ntr9-L_202601063EN.000101-E0009]: Page 12-13 of the complaint.

[^ntr10-L_202601063EN.000101-E0010]: Page 13 of the complaint.

[^ntr11-L_202601063EN.000101-E0011]: Page 13 of the complaint.

[^ntr12-L_202601063EN.000101-E0012]: Page 13-14 of the complaint and Annex 16.

[^ntr13-L_202601063EN.000101-E0013]: Page 14 of the complaint.

[^ntr14-L_202601063EN.000101-E0014]: Page 17 of the complaint.

[^ntr15-L_202601063EN.000101-E0015]: See Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1040 of 27 March 2024 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of certain polyethylene terephthalate originating in People’s Republic of China (OJ L, 2024/1040, 2.4.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2024/1040/oj); and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/501 of 18 March 2025 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and definitively collecting the provisional duty imposed on imports of glass fibre yarns originating in the People’s Republic of China (OJ L, 2025/501, 19.3.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/501/oj).

[^ntr16-L_202601063EN.000101-E0016]: Page 17 of the complaint and China Report, pages 346 and 351.

[^ntr17-L_202601063EN.000101-E0017]: Page 17 of the complaint and China Report page 266.

[^ntr18-L_202601063EN.000101-E0018]: Page 18 of the complaint.

[^ntr19-L_202601063EN.000101-E0019]: Page 18 of the complaint.

[^ntr20-L_202601063EN.000101-E0020]: Page 16 of the complaint and its Annex 22- General 14th 5-Year Plan, page 15 and China Report, pages 320-321.

[^ntr21-L_202601063EN.000101-E0021]: Page 16 of the complaint and its Annex 24- Intelligent Manufacturing Plan, page 16.

[^ntr22-L_202601063EN.000101-E0022]: Page 16 of the complaint and its Annex 26- Guiding Catalogue for Industry Structural Adjustment, pages 49-50.

[^ntr23-L_202601063EN.000101-E0023]: Page 19 of the complaint.

[^ntr24-L_202601063EN.000101-E0024]: Page 19 of the complaint and China Report, page 149 et seq.

[^ntr25-L_202601063EN.000101-E0025]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7.

[^ntr26-L_202601063EN.000101-E0026]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7-8.

[^ntr27-L_202601063EN.000101-E0027]: See at: http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2026/0128/c1004-40654753.html (accessed on 5 March 2026).

[^ntr28-L_202601063EN.000101-E0028]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 10, 18.

[^ntr29-L_202601063EN.000101-E0029]: Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm (accessed on 8 April 2024).

[^ntr30-L_202601063EN.000101-E0030]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 29-30.

[^ntr31-L_202601063EN.000101-E0031]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 57, 92.

[^ntr32-L_202601063EN.000101-E0032]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149-150.

[^ntr33-L_202601063EN.000101-E0033]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 153 -171.

[^ntr34-L_202601063EN.000101-E0034]: Report – Chapter 7, p. 204-205.

[^ntr35-L_202601063EN.000101-E0035]: Report – Chapter 8, p. 207-208, 242-243.

[^ntr36-L_202601063EN.000101-E0036]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 19-24, Chapter 4, p. 69, p. 99-100, Chapter 5, p. 130-131.

[^ntr37-L_202601063EN.000101-E0037]: See at: https://www.tdf.com.cn/About.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr39-L_202601063EN.000101-E0039]: See Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd.’s half-year report, p.192, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESZ_STOCK/2025/2025-8/2025-08-01/11273891.PDF, (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr40-L_202601063EN.000101-E0040]: See at : http://www.hbbsfzzb.com/about/?95.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr41-L_202601063EN.000101-E0041]: See at : http://huahong-group.com/?list/10.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr42-L_202601063EN.000101-E0042]: See at: https://www.cnita.org.cn/hyfw/hydw/201709/t20170920_4316933.html (acessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr43-L_202601063EN.000101-E0043]: See at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESZ_STOCK/2023/2023-4/2023-04-25/9052858.PDF (Accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr44-L_202601063EN.000101-E0044]: See at: http://en.sasac.gov.cn/ (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr45-L_202601063EN.000101-E0045]: Art. 33 of the CCP Constitution, Article 19 of the Chinese Company Law. See Report – Chapter 3, p. 47-50.

[^ntr46-L_202601063EN.000101-E0046]: See, p. 145 and 147 of the Made in China 2025 Roadmap available at: https://www.cae.cn/cae/html/files/2015-10/29/20151029105822561730637.pdf (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr47-L_202601063EN.000101-E0047]: See, p. 45 and 48 of the 2024 Guiding Catalogue for industry structural adjustment available at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202312/t20231229_1362999.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr48-L_202601063EN.000101-E0048]: 14th FYP on raw materials, Sections IV.2 and VIII.1. Available at : https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/tz/art/2021/art_2960538d19e34c66a5eb8d01b74cbb20.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr49-L_202601063EN.000101-E0049]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 24-27.

[^ntr50-L_202601063EN.000101-E0050]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/40288043661e27fb01661e386a3f0001?e=1 (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr51-L_202601063EN.000101-E0051]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/list/40288043661dc14701661ddbe0980010 (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr52-L_202601063EN.000101-E0052]: See at: https://www.cnita.org.cn/ (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr53-L_202601063EN.000101-E0053]: See at: https://www.cnita.org.cn/xhzc/xhzc/ (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr54-L_202601063EN.000101-E0054]: See at: https://www.cnita.org.cn/hyfw/hydw/index_20.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr55-L_202601063EN.000101-E0055]: See at: https://www.cnita.org.cn/hyfw/hydw/201709/t20170920_4316933.html (accessed on 11 March 2026).

[^ntr56-L_202601063EN.000101-E0056]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 40.

[^ntr57-L_202601063EN.000101-E0057]: See for example: Blanchette, J. – Xi’s Gamble: The Race to Consolidate Power and Stave off Disaster; Foreign Affairs, vol. 100, no. 4, July/August 2021, pp. 10-19.

[^ntr58-L_202601063EN.000101-E0058]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 41.

[^ntr59-L_202601063EN.000101-E0059]: Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-companies-idUSKCN1B40JU.

[^ntr60-L_202601063EN.000101-E0060]: General Office of CCP Central Committee’s Guidelines on stepping up the United Front work in the private sector for the new era: www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-09/15/content_5543685.htm (accessed on ….).

[^ntr61-L_202601063EN.000101-E0061]: Financial Times (2020) - Chinese Communist Party asserts greater control over private enterprise: https://on.ft.com/3mYxP4j (accessed on ….).

[^ntr62-L_202601063EN.000101-E0062]: See at: https://www.yuhong.com.cn/about/Team/Executive/2019/0614/210.html (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr63-L_202601063EN.000101-E0063]: See Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology CO. Ltd.’s annual report 2016, p. 86, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESZ_STOCK/2017/2017-4/2017-04-21/3265799.PDF (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr64-L_202601063EN.000101-E0064]: See at: https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2025-11-28/doc-infyyany9813180.shtml?froms=ggmp (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr66-L_202601063EN.000101-E0066]: See at: https://www.changde.gov.cn/cdzx/cdyw/content_78161700 (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr67-L_202601063EN.000101-E0067]: See at: http://www.sinopec.com/u/cms/gfyw/202411/27092756kosx.pdf, p. 26 (accessed on 12 March 2025).

[^ntr68-L_202601063EN.000101-E0068]: See at: http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/gsglc/index.shtml (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr69-L_202601063EN.000101-E0069]: See at: http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/000/000/041/41878.shtml (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr70-L_202601063EN.000101-E0070]: Report – Chapter 14, Sections 14.1 to 14.3.

[^ntr71-L_202601063EN.000101-E0071]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 56-57, 99-100.

[^ntr72-L_202601063EN.000101-E0072]: See at : https://www.cae.cn/cae/html/files/2015-10/29/20151029105822561730637.pdf, p. 145 and 147 (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr73-L_202601063EN.000101-E0073]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr74-L_202601063EN.000101-E0074]: Ibid Section III.8.

[^ntr75-L_202601063EN.000101-E0075]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/29/content_5665166.htm (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr76-L_202601063EN.000101-E0076]: Ibid. See Section IV.2.

[^ntr77-L_202601063EN.000101-E0077]: See at: https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/yj/art/2022/art_4ef438217a4548cb98c2d7f4f091d72e.html (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr78-L_202601063EN.000101-E0078]: See at: http://gxt.shandong.gov.cn/module/download/downfile.jsp?classid=0&filename=17e54531cb74483596b5cca1a40ec8d8.pdf (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr79-L_202601063EN.000101-E0079]: See at: https://www.tdf.com.cn/search.html?keywords=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C&appIds=all (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr80-L_202601063EN.000101-E0080]: See at: http://www.hunan.gov.cn/xxgk/wjk/szfbgt/202108/t20210825_20396613.html (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr81-L_202601063EN.000101-E0081]: See at: https://xdt.changde.gov.cn/zwgk/public/6617380/8364528.html (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr82-L_202601063EN.000101-E0082]: See at: https://www.changde.gov.cn/cdzx/qxdt/content_1085558 (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr83-L_202601063EN.000101-E0083]: See at: https://jxt.hubei.gov.cn/fbjd/xxgkml/jhgh/202203/t20220325_4056642.shtml (accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr84-L_202601063EN.000101-E0084]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 171-179.

[^ntr85-L_202601063EN.000101-E0085]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 260-261.

[^ntr86-L_202601063EN.000101-E0086]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 257-260.

[^ntr87-L_202601063EN.000101-E0087]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 252-254.

[^ntr88-L_202601063EN.000101-E0088]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 360-361, 364-370.

[^ntr89-L_202601063EN.000101-E0089]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 366.

[^ntr90-L_202601063EN.000101-E0090]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 370-373.

[^ntr91-L_202601063EN.000101-E0091]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 137-140.

[^ntr92-L_202601063EN.000101-E0092]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 146-149.

[^ntr93-L_202601063EN.000101-E0093]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149.

[^ntr94-L_202601063EN.000101-E0094]: GOC Ad hoc Support to Banks, Official announcement, Ministry of Finance, China, 29 March 2025 https://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengxinwen/202503/t20250329_3961036.htm (accessed on 12 March 2026).

[^ntr95-L_202601063EN.000101-E0095]: See official policy document of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of 28 August 2020: Three-year action plan for improving corporate governance of the banking and insurance sectors (2020-2022): http://www.cbirc.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=925393&itemId=928 (accessed on 8 April 2024). The Plan instructs to ‘further implement the spirit embodied in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s keynote speech on advancing the reform of corporate governance of the financial sector’. Moreover, the Plan’s section II aims at promoting the organic integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance: ‘we shall make the integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance more systematic, standardised and procedure-based […] Major operational and management issues must have been discussed by the Party Committee before being decided upon by the Board of Directors or the senior management’.

[^ntr96-L_202601063EN.000101-E0096]: See CBIRC’s Notice on the Commercial banks performance evaluation method, issued on 15 December 2020: http://jrs.mof.gov.cn/gongzuotongzhi/202101/t20210104_3638904.htm .

[^ntr97-L_202601063EN.000101-E0097]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202511/content_7047643.htm (accessed on 12 December 2025).

[^ntr98-L_202601063EN.000101-E0098]: Ibid, Section 11.

[^ntr99-L_202601063EN.000101-E0099]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 157-158.

[^ntr100-L_202601063EN.000101-E0100]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 150-152, 156-160, 165-171.

[^ntr101-L_202601063EN.000101-E0101]: OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris. p. 29, available at:

https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en.

(accessed on 13 March 2026).

[^ntr103-L_202601063EN.000101-E0103]: World Bank Open Data – Upper Middle Income, https://data.worldbank.org/income-level/upper-middle-income.

[^ntr104-L_202601063EN.000101-E0104]: https://euracoal.eu/coal/why-is-there-no-lignite-market/. Last consulted 10 April 2026.

[^ntc106-L_202601063EN.000101-E0106] https://connect.spglobal.com/

[^ntc107-L_202601063EN.000101-E0107] https://www.macmap.org/

[^ntc108-L_202601063EN.000101-E0108]  (https://app.bot.or.th/BTWS_STAT/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=636&language=ENG)

[^ntc109-L_202601063EN.000101-E0109] https://www.mea.or.th/en/our-services/mea-service/e-service/electric-monthly-calculate/type4.

[^ntc110-L_202601063EN.000101-E0110]  Ministry of Energy - Energy policy and planning office (Table 7.2-4) https://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/energy-economy-static.

[^ntr111-L_202601063EN.000101-E0111]: Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on common rules for imports from certain third countries (OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p. 33, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2015/755/oj). Article 2(7) of the basic Regulation considers that domestic prices in those countries cannot be used for the purpose of determining normal value.in.

[^ntr115-L_202601063EN.000101-E0115]: Ministry of Energy - Energy policy and planning office (Table 7.2-4) https://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/energy-economy-static. Last consulted 29 January 2026.

[^ntr116-L_202601063EN.000101-E0116]: National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA), Bank of Thailand (BOT), Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), and Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE).

[^ntr117-L_202601063EN.000101-E0117]: https://www.imarcgroup.com/lignite-coal-price-trend. Last consulted 10 April 2026.

[^ntr120-L_202601063EN.000101-E0120]: Polyester Spunbond in Waterproofing Membranes EU27 Market Estimates.

[^ntr121-L_202601063EN.000101-E0121]: Annex 7 of the complaint.

[^ntr122-L_202601063EN.000101-E0122]: Annex 7 of the complaint.

ANNEX

People’s Republic of China`s cooperating exporting producers not sampled:

Country	Name	TARIC additional code
People’s Republic of China	Hebei Jinliu Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd.	88CD
People’s Republic of China	Hebei Saikefu Nonwovens Co., Ltd.	88CE
People’s Republic of China	Hubei Bushi Nonwovens Co., Ltd	88CF
People’s Republic of China	Shouguang Fada Cloth Co., Ltd	88CG
People’s Republic of China	Jiangyin Huasicheng Nonwoven Co., Ltd.	88CH

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2026/1063/oj

ISSN 1977-0677 (electronic edition)