Regeling luchtvaarteenheden BES

Artikel 1

Artikel 2

• a. afstand gebruikt gedurende navigatie en positiemeldingen;

• b. de verticale afstand gemeten vanaf gemiddeld zeeniveau tot een vlak, een punt of een als een punt te beschouwen voorwerp (altitude);

• c. de verticale afstand gemeten vanaf gemiddeld zeeniveau tot een punt of een vlak op of bevestigd aan de aardoppervlak (elevation);

• d. de verticale afstand gemeten vanaf een referentievlak tot een vlak, een punt of een als een punt te beschouwen voorwerp (height);

• e. horizontale snelheid;

• f. verticale snelheid.

Artikel 3

De regeling wordt aangehaald als: Regeling luchtvaarteenheden BES.

Artikel 4

Deze regeling berust op artikel 2a van het Besluit toezicht luchtvaart BES.

Bijlage

Civil aviation regulations

CONTENTS

PART 20

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS

20.1 General

20.1.1 Applicability

20.1.2 Definitions

20.2 Standard application of units of measurement

20.2.1 SI Units

20.2.2 prefixes

20.2.3 non-SI Units

20.2.3.1 non-SI Units for permanent use with the SI

20.2.3.2 non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI

20.2.4 application of specific units

20.2.4.1 the application of the units of measurement for certain qantities

20.2.4.2 whenever applicable, means and provisions

20.3 Termination of use of noon-SI alternative units

20.3.1 the use of the alternative non-SI units

attachment 1: guidance on the application of the SI

attachment 2: guidance on the application of the SI

attachment 3: conversion factors

attachment 4: co-ordinated universal time

attachment 5: presentation of date and time in all-numeric form

20.1. General

20.1.1. Applicability

Part 20 prescribes the requirements for the use of a standardized system of units of measurement in international civil aviation air and ground operations which shall be applicable to all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations.

20.1.2. Definitions

For the purpose of CARNA Part 20, the following definitions shall apply:

20.2. Standard application of units of measurement

20.2.1. Si units

The International System of Units developed and maintained by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) shall, subject to the provisions of 20.2.1.2 and 20.2.2, be used as the standard system of units of measurement for all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations.

20.2.2. Prefixes

The prefixes and symbols listed in Table 20-1 shall be used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and sub-multiples of SI units.

20.2.3. Non-SI Units

20.2.3.1

NON-SI units for permanent use with the SI. The non-SI units listed in Table 20-2 shall be used either in lieu of, or in addition to, SI units as primary units of measurement but only as specified in Table 20-4.

20.2.3.2

Non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI. The non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 shall be permitted for temporary use as alternative units of measurement but only for those specific quantities listed in Table 20-4.

20.2.4. Application of specific units.

20.2.4.1

The application of units of measurement for certain quantities used in international civil aviation air and ground operations shall be in accordance with Table 20-4.

20.2.4.2

Whenever applicable, means and provisions for design, procedures and training should be established for operations in environments involving the use of standard and non-SI alternatives of specific units of measurement, or the transition between environments using different units, with due consideration to human performance.

2. Mass-related

3. Force-related

4. Mechanics

5. Flow

6. Thermodynamics

7. Electricity and magnetism

8. Light and related electromagnetic radiations

9. Acoustics

10. Nuclear physics and ionizing radiation

20.3. Termination of use of non-si alternative units

Introductory Note: The non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 have been retained temporarily for use as alternative units because of their widespread use and to avoid potential safety problems which could result from the lack of international coordination concerning the termination of their use. As termination dates are established by the council, they will be reflected as Standards contained in chapter 4 of Annex 5 and as amendments to this chapter. It is expected that the establishment of such dates will be well in advance of actual termination. Any special procedures associated with specific unit termination will be made available by the Minister..

20.3.1

The use in international civil aviation operations of the alternative non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 shall be terminated on the dates that will be established by the council and which at that time will be listed in Table 20-1.

Table 20-1. Termination dates for non-SI alternative units

Attachment 1

Development of the international system of units (si)

1. Historical background

1.1

The name SI is derived from ‘Systeme International d'Unites'. The system has evolved from units of length and mass (metre and kilogram) which were created by members of the Paris Academy of Sciences and adopted by the French National Assembly in 1795 as a practical measure to benefit industry and commerce. The original system became known as the metric system. Physicists realized the advantages of the system and it was soon adopted in scientific and technical circles.

1.2

International standardization began with an 1870 meeting of 15 States in that led to the International Metric Convention in 1875 and the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures. A General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) was also constituted to handle all international matters concerning the metric system. In 1889 the first meeting of the CGPM legalized the old prototype of the metre and the kilogram as the international standard for unit of length and unit of mass respectively. Other units were agreed in subsequent meetings and by its 10th Meeting in 1954, the CGPM had adopted a rationalized and coherent system of units based on the metrekilogram-second-ampere (MKSA) system which had been developed earlier, plus the addition of the Kelvin as the unit of temperature and the candela as the unit of luminous intensity.

The 11th CGPM, held in 1960 and in which 36 States participated, adopted the name International System of Units (SI) and laid down rules for the prefixes, the derived and supplementary units and other matters, thus establishing comprehensive specifications for international units of measurement.

The 12th CGPM in 1964 made some refinements in the system, and the 13th CGPM in 1967 redefined the second, renamed the unit of temperature as the Kelvin (K) and revised the definition of the candela. The 14th CGPM in 1971 added a seventh base unit, the mole (mol) and approved the pascal (Pa) as a special name for the S1 unit of pressure or stress, the Newton (N) per square metre (m2) and the siemens (S) as a special name for the unit of electrical conductance. In 1975 the CGPM adopted the becquerel (Bq) as the unit of the activity of radionuclides and the gray (Gy) as the unit for absorbed dose.

2. International Bureau of Weights and Measures

2.1

The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was set up by the Metre Convention signed in on 20 May 1875 by 17 States during the final session of the Diplomatic Conference of the Metre. This Convention was amended in 1921. BIPM has its headquarters near and its upkeep is financed by the Member States of the Metre Convention. The task of BIPM is to ensure world-wide unification of physical measurements; it is responsible for:

2.2

BIPM operates under the exclusive supervision of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), which itself comes under the authority of the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM). The International Committee consists of 18 members each belonging to a different State; it meets at least once every two years. The officers of this Committee issue an Annual Report on the administrative and financial position of BIPM to the Governments of the Member States of the Metre Convention.

2.3

The activities of BIPM, which in the beginning were limited to the measurements of length and mass and to metrological studies in relation to these quantities, have been extended to standards of measurement for electricity (1927), photometry (1937) and ionizing radiations (1960). To this end the original laboratories, built in 1876-78, were enlarged in 1929 and two new buildings were constructed in 1963-64 for the ionizing radiation laboratories. Some 30 physicists or technicians work in the laboratories of BIPM. They do metrological research, and also undertake measurement and certification of material standards of the above-mentioned quantities.

2.4

In view of the extension of the work entrusted to BIPM, CIPM has set up since 1927, under the name of Consultative Committees, bodies designed to provide it with information on matters which it refers to them for study and advice. These Consultative Committees, which may form temporary or permanent working groups to study special subjects, are responsible for co-ordinating the international work carried out in their respective fields and proposing recommendations concerning the amendment to be made to the definitions and values of units. In order to ensure worldwide uniformity in units of measurement, the International Committee accordingly acts directly or submits proposals for sanction by the General Conference.

2.5

The Consultative Committees have common regulations (Proces-Verbaux CIPM, 1963, 31, 97). Each Consultative Committee, the chairman of which is normally a member of CIPM, is composed of a delegate from each of the large metrology laboratories and specialized institutes, a list of which is drawn up by CIPM, as well as individual members also appointed by CIPM and one representative of BIPM. These Committees hold their meetings at irregular intervals; at present there are seven of them in existence as follows:

2.6

From time to time BIPM publishes a report on the development of the metric system throughout the world, entitled Les recents progrès du Syst6me Métrique. The collection of the Travaux et Memoires du Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (22 volumes published between 1881 and 1966) ceased in 1966 by a decision of the CIPM. Since 1965 the international journal Metrologia, edited under the auspices of CIPM, has published articles on the more important work on scientific metrology carried out throughout the world, on the improvement in measuring methods and standards, of units, etc, as well as reports concerning the activities, decisions and recommendations of the various bodies created under the Metre Convention.

3. international organization for standardization

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a world-wide federation of national standards institutes which, although not a part of the BIPM, provides recommendations for the use of SI and certain other units. IS0 Document 1000 and the IS0 Recommendation R31 series of documents provide extensive detail on the application of the SI units. 1CAO maintains liaison with IS0 regarding the standardized application of SI units in aviation.

Attachment 2

Guidance on the application of the si

1.1

The International system of units is a complete coherent system which includes three classes of units:

1.2

The SI is based on seven units which are dimensionally independent and are listed in Table B-I.

1.3

The supplementary units of the SI are listed in Table B-2 and may be regarded either as base units or as derived as units.

1.4

Derived units of the SI are formed by combining base units, supplementary units and other derived units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities.The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical signs for multiplication, division and the use of exponents. Those derived SI units which have special names and symbols are listed in Table B-3.

Note: The specific application of the derived units listed in Table B-3 and other units common to international civil aviation operations is given in Table 20-4

1.5

The SI is a rationalized selection of units from the metric system which individually are not new. The great advantage of SI is that there is only one unit for each physical quantity – the metre for length, kilogram (instead of gram) for mass, second for time, etc. From these elemental or base units, units for all other mechanical quantities are derived.

These derived units are defined by simple relationships such as velocity equals rate of change of distance, acceleration equals rate of change of velocity, force is the product of mass and acceleration, work or energy is the product of force and distance, power is work done per unit time, etc. Some of these units have only generic names such as metre per second for velocity; others have special names such as newton (N) for force, joule (J) for work or energy, watt (W) for power. The SI units for force, energy and power are the same regardless of whether the process is mechanical, electrical, chemical or nuclear. A force of 1 newton applied for a distance of 1 metre can produce 1 joule of heat, which is identical with what 1 watt of electric power can produce in 1 second.

1.6

Corresponding to the advantages of SI, which result from the use of a unique unit for each physical quantity, are the advantages which result from the use of a unique and well defined set of symbols and abbreviations. Such symbols and abbreviations eliminate the confusion that can arise from current practices in different disciplines such as the use of ‘b’ for both the bar (a unit of pressure) and barn (a unit of area).

1.7

Another advantage of SI is its retention of the decimal relation between multiples and sub-multiples of the base units for each physical quantity. Prefixes are established for designating multiple and sub-multiple units from ‘exa’down to ‘atto’ for convenience in writing and speaking.

1.8

Another major advantage of SI is its coherence. Units might be chosen arbitrarily, but making an independent choice of a unit for each category of mutually comparable quantities would lead in general to the appearance of several additional numerical factors in the equations between the numerical values. It is possible, however, and in practice more convenient, to choose a system of units in such a way that the equations between numerical values, including the numerical factors, have exactly the same form as the corresponding equations between the quantities. A unit system defined in this way is called coherent with respect to the system of quantities and equations in question. Equations between units of a coherent unit system contain as numerical factors only the number 1. In a coherent system the product or quotient of any two units quantities is the unit of the resulting quantity. For example, in any coherent system, unit area results when unit length is multiplied by unit length, unit velocity when unit length is divided by unit time, and unit force when unit mass is multiplied by unit acceleration.

2. mass, force and weight

2.1

The principal departure of SI from the gravimetric system of metric engineering units is the use of explicitly distinct units from mass and force. In SI, the name kilogram is restricted to the unit of mass, and the kilogram-force (from which the suffix force was in practice often erroneously dropped) is not to be used. In its place the SI unit of force, the newton is used. Likewise, the newton rather than the kilogram-force is used to form derived units which include force, for example, pressure or stress (N/m2 = Pa), energy (N . m = J), and power (N . m/s = W).

2.2

Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term weight as a quantity to mean either force or mass. In com-mon use, the term weight nearly always means mass; thus, when one speaks of a person's weight, the quantity referred to is mass. In science and technology, the term weight of a body has usually meant the force that, if applied to the body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of free fall. The adjective ‘local’ in the phrase ‘local acceleration of free fall’ has usually meant a location on the surface of the earth; in this context the ‘local acceleration of free fall’ has the symbol g (sometimes referred to as ‘acceleration of gravity’) with observed values of g differing by over 0.5 per cent at various points on the earth's surface and decreasing as distance from the earth is increased. Thus, because weight is a force = mass x acceleration due to gravity, a person's weight is conditional on his location, but mass is not. A person with a mass of 70 kg might experience a force (weight) on earth of 686 newtons ( 155 lbf) and a force (weight) of only 113 newtons ( 22 lbf) on the moon. Because of the dual use of the term weight as a quantity, the term weight should be avoided in technical practice except under circumstances in which its meaning is completely clear. When the term is used, it is important to know whether mass or force is intended and to use S1 units properly by using kilograms for mass or newtons for force.

2.3