Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 (repealed 6.4.1992)

• (2) Section 452 above shall have effect in relation to this Chapter as it has effect in relation to Chapter III above.

PART XVII — Tax Avoidance

CHAPTER I — Cancellation of Tax Advantages from certain Transactions in Securities

Cancellation of tax advantage

460

• (1) Where—

• (a) in any such circumstances as are mentioned in section 461 below, and

• (b) in consequence of a transaction in securities or of the combined effect of two or more such transactions,

a person is in a position to obtain, or has obtained, a tax advantage, then unless he shows that the transaction or transactions were carried out either for bona fide commercial reasons or in the ordinary course of making or managing investments, and that none of them had as their main object, or one of their main objects, to enable tax advantages to be obtained, this section shall apply to him in respect of that transaction or those transactions:

Provided that this section shall not apply to him if—

• (i) the transaction or transactions in securities were carried out, and

• (ii) any change in the nature of any activities carried on by a person, being a change necessary in order that the tax advantage should be obtainable, was effected,

before 5th April 1960.

• (2) Subject to section 468(3) below, for the purposes of this Chapter a tax advantage obtained or obtainable by a person shall be deemed to be obtained or obtainable by him in consequence of a transaction in securities or of the combined effect of two or more such transactions, if it is obtained or obtainable in consequence of the combined effect of the transaction or transactions and of the liquidation of a company.

• (3) Where this section applies to a person in respect of any transaction or transactions, the tax advantage obtained or obtainable by him in consequence thereof shall be counteracted by such of the following adjustments, that is to say an assessment, the nullifying of a right to repayment or the requiring of the return of a repayment already made (the amount to be returned being chargeable under Case VI of Schedule D and recoverable accordingly), or the computation or recomputation of profits or gains, or liability to tax, on such basis as the Board may specify by notice in writing served on him as being requisite for counteracting the tax advantage so obtained or obtainable.

• (4) Subject to section 468(3) below, an assessment under subsection (3) above to counteract a tax advantage consisting of the avoidance or reduction of an assessment to income tax which would be payable by a company under section 232(2) of this Act (Schedule F) in respect of a distribution may be made under Case VI of Schedule D on a person other than the company, and may be so made in addition to any assessment to counteract a tax advantage in respect of surtax.

An assessment so made on a person other than the company may be of an amount arrived at without regard to any set-off to which the company would have been entitled under Schedule 9 to this Act.

• (5) Subject to section 468(3) below, in the case of a man and his wife living with him (whether or not she is separately assessed to tax), this Chapter shall be treated as applying to him in respect of any transaction or transactions as it would apply if any property, rights or liabilities of the wife were his property, rights or liabilities in relation to which she had acted only as nominee for him, and shall be treated as applying to the wife in respect of any transaction or transactions as it would apply it any property, rights or liabilities of the man were her property, rights or liabilities in relation to which he had acted only as nominee for her:

Provided that no adjustment made under subsection (3) above by reference to any transaction or transactions to counteract any tax advantage shall by virtue of this subsection be so made that a person bears more tax than if the transaction or transactions had not had as a consequence that any relief or increased relief from, or repayment or increased repayment of, income tax, or any deduction in computing profits or gains, was obtained or obtainable, or that the way in which receipts accrued was such that the recipient did not pay or bear tax on them.

• (6) The Board shall not give a notice under subsection (3) above until they have notified the person in question that they have reason to believe that this section may apply to him in respect of a transaction or transactions specified in the notification ; and if within thirty days of the issue of the notification the said person, being of opinion that this section does not apply to him as aforesaid, makes a statutory declaration to that effect stating the facts and circumstances upon which his opinion is based, and sends it to the Board, then subject to subsection (7) below this section shall not apply to him in respect of the transaction or transactions.

• (7) If, when a statutory declaration has been sent to the Board under subsection (6) above, they see reason to take further action in the matter—

• (a) the Board shall send to the tribunal a certificate to that effect, together with the statutory declaration, and may also send therewith a counter-statement with reference to the matter;

• (b) the tribunal shall take into consideration the declaration and the certificate, and the counter-statement, if any, and shall determine whether there is or is not a prima facie case for proceeding in the matter, and if they determine that there is no such case this section shall not apply to the person in question in respect of the transaction or transactions:

Provided that such a determination shall not affect the operation of this section in respect of transactions which include that transaction or some or all of those transactions and also include another transaction or other transactions.

• (8) Subject to section 468(3) below, any notice or notification under subsection (3) or subsection (6) above, or under section 465 below, concerning the application of this section to a person who has died may be given or issued to his personal representatives, and the provisions of this Chapter relating to the making of a statutory declaration, to rights of appeal and to the giving of information shall be construed accordingly.

• (9) No other provision contained in the Tax Acts shall be construed as limiting the powers conferred by this section, but nothing in this section shall authorise the making of an assessment later than six years after the chargeable period to which the tax advantage relates.

The prescribed circumstances

461

The circumstances mentioned in section 460(1) above are—

A That in connection with the distribution of profits of a company, or in connection with the sale or purchase of securities being a sale or purchase followed by the purchase or sale of the same or other securities, the person in question, being entitled by reason of— a any exemption from tax, or b the setting-off of losses against profits or income, or c the giving of group relief, to recover tax in respect of dividends received by him, receives an abnormal amount by way of dividend OR B 1 That in connection with the distribution of profits of a company, or in connection with the sale or purchase of securities being a sale or purchase followed by the purchase or sale of the same or other securities, the person in question becomes entitled— a in respect of securities held or sold by him, or b subject to section 468(3) below, in respect of securities formerly held by him (whether sold by him or not), to a deduction in computing profits or gains by reason of a fall in the value of the securities resulting from the payment of a dividend thereon or from any other dealing with any assets of a company. 2 Where a company in the circumstances mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) above becomes entitled to a deduction as there mentioned, section 460 above shall apply in relation to any tax advantage obtained or obtainable in consequence of that deduction by another company by way of group relief as if obtained or obtainable by the other company in circumstances falling within sub-paragraph (1) above. OR C 1 That the person in question receives, in consequence of a transaction whereby any other person— a subsequently receives, or has received, an abnormal amount by way of dividend ; or b subsequently becomes entitled, or has become entitled, to a deduction as mentioned in paragraph B(1) above, a consideration which either— i is, or represents the value of, assets which are (or apart from anything done by the company in question would have been) available for distribution by way of dividend, or ii is received in respect of future receipts of the company, or iii is, or represents the value of, trading stock of the company, and the said person so receives the consideration that he does not pay or bear tax on it as income. 2 The assets mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) above do not include assets which (while of a description which under the law of the country in which the company is incorporated is available for distribution by way of dividend) are shown to represent a return of sums paid by subscribers on the issue of securities. OR D 1 That in connection with the distribution of profits of a company to which this paragraph applies, the person in question so receives as is mentioned in paragraph C(1) above such a consideration as is therein mentioned. 2 The companies to which this paragraph applies are— a any company under the control of not more than five persons, and b any other company which does not satisfy the condition that its shares or stocks or some class thereof (disregarding debenture stock, preferred shares or preferred stock), are authorised to be dealt in on a stock exchange in the United Kingdom, and are so dealt in (regularly or from time to time), so, however, that this paragraph does not apply to a company under the control of one or more companies to which this paragraph does not apply. 3 Subsections (2) to (6) of section 302 of this Act (definition of control) shall apply for the purposes of this paragraph. OR E 1 That in connection with the transfer directly or indirectly of assets of a company to which paragraph D above applies to another such company, or in connection with any transaction in securities in which two or more companies to which paragraph D above applies are concerned, the person in question receives non-taxable consideration which is or represents the value of assets available for distribution by such a company, and which consists of any share capital or any security (as defined by section 237(5) of this Act) issued by such a company. 2 So far as sub-paragraph (1) above relates to share capital other than redeemable share capital, it shall not apply unless and except to the extent that the share capital is repaid (in a winding-up or otherwise), and where section 460 above applies to a person by virtue of sub-paragraph (1) above on the repayment of any share capital any assessment to tax under subsection (3) of the said section 460 shall be an assessment to tax for the year in which the share capital is repaid. 3 In this paragraph— " assets available for distribution " means assets which are, or apart from anything done by the company in question would have been, available for distribution by way of dividend, or trading stock of the company, " non-taxable ", in relation to a person receiving consideration, means that the recipient does not pay or bear tax on it as income (apart from the provisions of this Chapter), " share " includes stock and any other interest of a member in a company, and the references in sub-paragraph (2) above to the repayment of share capital include references to any distribution made in respect of any shares in a winding-up or dissolution of the company. 4 This paragraph has effect subject to section 468(3) below.

Appeal against Board's notice

462

• (1) Any person to whom notice has been given under subsection (3) of section 460 above may within thirty days by notice to the Board appeal to the Special Commissioners on the grounds that that section does not apply to him in respect of the transaction or transactions in question, or that the adjustments directed to be made are inappropriate.

• (2) If he or the Board are dissatisfied with the determination of the Special Commissioners they may, on giving notice to the clerk to the Special Commissioners within thirty days after the determination, require the appeal to be re-heard by the tribunal, and the Special Commissioners shall transmit to the tribunal any document in their possession which was delivered to them for the purposes of the appeal.

• (3) Where notice is given under subsection (2) above, the tribunal shall re-hear and determine the appeal and shall have and exercise the same powers and authorities in relation to the appeal as the Special Commissioners might have and exercise, and the determination of the tribunal thereon shall be final and conclusive:

Provided that section 56 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (statement of case for opinion of High Court) shall apply with the necessary modifications in the case of any such rehearing and determination as it applies in the case of appeals to the General or Special Commissioners.

• (4) On an appeal under this section the Special Commissioners or the tribunal shall have power to cancel or vary a notice under subsection (3) of section 460 above or to vary or quash an assessment made in accordance with such a notice, but the bringing of an appeal or the statement of a case shall not affect the validity of a notice given or of any other thing done in pursuance of the said subsection (3) pending the determination of the proceedings.

The tribunal

463

For the purposes of this Chapter the tribunal shall consist of—

• (a) a chairman, being either the chairman of the Board of Referees appointed under section 26(7) of the Capital Allowances Act 1968 or a person appointed by the Lord Chancellor, for a specified period or in relation to a specified case, to act as chairman of the tribunal in the absence of the chairman of the Board of Referees on account of illness or for any other reason, and

• (b) two or more persons appointed by the Lord Chancellor as having special knowledge of and experience in financial or commercial matters.

Procedure for clearance in advance

464

• (1) The following provisions shall have effect where in pursuance of this section a person furnishes to the Board particulars of a transaction or transactions effected or to be effected by him, that is to say—

• (a) if the Board are of opinion that the particulars, or any further information furnished in pursuance of this paragraph, are not sufficient for the purposes of this section, they shall within thirty days of the receipt thereof notify to the said person what further information they require for those purposes, and unless that further information is furnished to the Board within thirty days from the notification, or such further time as the Board may allow, they shall not be required to proceed further under this section ;

• (b) subject to the preceding paragraph, the Board shall within thirty days of the receipt of the particulars, or, where that paragraph has effect, of all further information required, notify the said person whether or not they are satisfied that the transaction or transactions as described in the particulars were or will be such that no notice under section 460(3) above ought to be given in respect of it or them,

and, subject to the following provisions of this section, if the Board notify him that they are so satisfied section 460 above shall not apply to him in respect of that transaction or those transactions.

• (2) If the particulars, and any further information given under this section with respect to any transaction or transactions, are not such as to make full and accurate disclosure of all facts and considerations relating thereto which are material to be known to the Board, any notification given by the Board under this section shall be void.

• (3) In no event shall the giving of a notification under this section with respect to any transaction or transactions prevent section 460 above applying to a person in respect of transactions which include that transaction or all or some of those transactions and also include another transaction or other transactions.

Power to obtain information

465

Where it appears to the Board that by reason of any transaction or transactions a person may be a person to whom section 460 above applies, the Board may by notice in writing served on him require him, within such time not less than twenty-eight days as may be specified in the notice, to furnish information in his possession with respect to the transaction or any of the transactions, being information as to matters, specified in the notice, which are relevant to the question whether a notice under subsection (3) of that section should be given in respect of him.

Meaning of " tax advantage "

466

• (1) In this Chapter " tax advantage " means a relief or increased relief from, or repayment or increased repayment of, tax, or the avoidance or reduction of an assessment to tax or the avoidance of a possible assessment thereto, whether the avoidance or reduction is effected by receipts accruing in such a way that the recipient does not pay or bear tax on them, or by a deduction in computing profits or gains.

• (2) Subject to section 468(3) below, for the purposes of subsection (1) above it shall be assumed that a person who might have received from a company any dividend or other distribution (as defined for the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts) would have borne the income tax chargeable under Schedule F which the company would have had to account for under section 232(2) of this Act in respect of the distribution.

Further interpretation

467

• (1) In this Chapter—

• " company " includes any body corporate, references to dividends include references to interest,

• " securities "— includes shares and stock, and subject to section 468(3) below, in relation to a company not limited by shares (whether or not it has a share capital) includes also a reference to the interest of a member of the company as such, whatever the form of that interest,

• " trading stock " has the same meaning as in section 137 of this Act,

• " transaction in securities " includes transactions, of whatever description, relating to securities, and in particular— the purchase, sale or exchange of securities, the issuing or securing the issue of, or applying or subscribing for, new securities, the altering, or securing the alteration of, the rights attached to securities.

• (2) In section 461 above—

• (a) references to profits include references to income, reserves or other assets,

• (b) references to distribution include references to transfer or realisation (including application in discharge of liabilities), and

• (c) references to the receipt of consideration include references to the receipt of any money or money's worth.

• (3) For the purposes of section 461 above an amount received by way of dividend shall be treated as abnormal if the Board, the Special Commissioners or the tribunal, as the case may be, are satisfied—

• (a) in the case of a dividend at a fixed rate, that it substantially exceeds the amount which the recipient would have received if the dividend had accrued from day to day and he had been entitled only to so much of the dividend as accrued while he held the securities, so however that an amount shall not be treated as abnormal by virtue only of this paragraph if during the six months beginning with the purchase of the securities the recipient does not sell or otherwise dispose of, or acquire an option to sell, any of those securities or any securities similar to those securities, or

• (b) in any case, that it substantially exceeds a normal return on the price paid for the securities:

Provided that there shall be disregarded any amount received by a company before 30th April 1969 by way of dividend from an associated company in so far as the dividend was paid out of income arising to the company paying it since the two companies became associated companies, and Schedule 17 to the Finance Act 1965 shall with the necessary modifications apply for determining the extent to which the dividend was so paid.

In this proviso references to an associated company or companies shall be construed in accordance with paragraphs (c) and (d) of section 486(4) of this Act.

• (4) For the purposes of subsection (3) (a) above securities shall be deemed to be similar if they entitle their holders to the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest and the same remedies for the enforcement of those rights, notwithstanding any difference in the total nominal amounts of the respective securities or in the form in which they are held or the manner in which they can be transferred, and for those purposes rights guaranteed by the Treasury shall be treated as rights against the Treasury.

Commencement and other transitory provisions

468

• (1) No notification shall be issued after 5th April 1970 under section 28(4) of the Finance Act 1960 (which is re-enacted in section 460(6) above) and this Chapter, including the said section 460(6), shall have effect (for all purposes and by reference to all chargeable periods, times and occasions on or before the said date or later) to the exclusion of the enactments re-enacted in this Chapter except in relation to matters and proceedings consequent upon a notification issued (on or before the said date) under the said section 28(4).

• (2) Subject to subsection (1) above, in relation to tax advantages related to corporation tax this Chapter shall apply (without prejudice to any general provision of this Act or the Finance Act 1965 for the continuity of income tax and corporation tax) to transactions taking place before the charge to corporation tax became effective.

• (3) The provisions of this Chapter specified in subsection (4) below shall not apply to a person in respect of any transaction or transactions in securities if they were carried out before the relevant date, and if any change in the nature of any activities carried on by any person, being a change necessary in order that the tax advantage should be obtainable in consequence of the transaction or transactions, was also effected before that date, but nothing in those provisions shall be taken to prejudice the operation of this Chapter, without those provisions, in any such case.

In this subsection " the relevant date " is—

• (a) in relation to the provisions in column 1 in subsection (4) below, 10th April 1962, and

• (b) in relation to the provisions in column 2 of that subsection, 3rd May 1966.

• (4) The said provisions are—

Relevant date: 10th April 1962 Section 460(2)(5)	Relevant date: 3rd May 1966 Section 460(4)(8)
In section 461 paragraph B(1)(b)	In section 461 paragraph E
In section 467(1)paragraph(6)of the definition of " securities "	Section 466(2)
Subsection (5) below.	Section 466(2)

• (5) Subject to subsections (3) and (4) above, paragraphs A and B(2) of section 461 above shall have effect as if the references to group relief included references to relief under section 20 of the Finance Act 1953 (which related to subvention payments and was superseded by group relief).

• (6) As respects any period before the coming into force of paragraph 15 of Schedule 15 to the Finance Act 1965, paragraph D(3) of section 461 and the proviso to section 467(3) of this Act (which re-enact part of the said paragraph 15) shall not apply, and the relevant provisions of the Finance Act 1960 as originally enacted which were replaced by the said paragraph 15 shall be applied instead.

CHAPTER II — Other Provisions about Securities

Sale and repurchase of securities

469

• (1) Where the owner of any securities (in this subsection and subsection (3) below referred to as " the owner") agrees to sell or transfer those securities and by the same or any collateral agreement—

• (a) agrees to buy back or re-acquire the securities, or

• (b) acquires an option, which he subsequently exercises, to buy back or re-acquire the securities, then, if the result of the transaction is that any interest becoming payable in respect of the securities is receivable otherwise than by the owner, the following provisions shall have effect—

• (i) the interest payable as aforesaid shall, whether it would or would not have been chargeable to tax apart from the provisions of this section, be deemed for all the purposes of the Tax Acts to be the income of the owner and not to be the income of any other person; and

• (ii) if the securities are of such a character that the interest payable in respect thereof may be paid without deduction of tax, the owner shall be chargeable to tax at the standard rate under Case VI of Schedule D in respect of the interest which is deemed to be his income as aforesaid, unless he shows that it has borne tax at the standard rate.

• (2) In relation to corporation tax—

• (a) subject to the provisions of the Tax Acts about distributions, interest deemed under subsection (1)(i) above to be the income of the owner shall be chargeable under Case VI of Schedule D, and

• (b) subsection (1)(ii) above shall not apply.

• (3) The references in subsection (1) above to buying back of reacquiring the securities shall be deemed to include references to buying or acquiring similar securities, so, however, that where similar securities are bought or acquired, the owner shall be under no greater liability to tax than he would have been under if the original securities had been bought back or re-acquired.

• (4) Where any person carrying on a trade which consists wholly or partly in dealing in securities agrees to buy or acquire any securities, and by the same or any collateral agreement—

• (a) agrees to sell back or re-transfer the securities, or

• (b) acquires an option, which he subsequently exercises, to sell back or re-transfer the securities,

then, if the result of the transaction is that any interest becoming payable in respect of the securities is receivable by him, no account shall be taken of the transaction in computing for any of the purposes of the Tax Acts the profits arising from or loss sustained in the trade.

• (5) Subsection (4) above shall have effect, subject to any necessary modifications, as if references to selling back or re-transferring the securities included references to selling or transferring similar securities.

• (6) This section shall not apply to any income to which section 496(3) of this Act (transactions associated with loans or credit) applies.

• (7) For the purposes of this section—

• (a) " interest " includes a dividend,

• (b) " securities " includes stocks and shares,

• (c) securities shall be deemed to be similar if they entitle their holders to the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest and the same remedies for the enforcement of those rights, notwithstanding any difference in the total nominal amounts of the respective securities or in the form in which they are held or the manner in which they can be transferred.

• (8) The Board may by notice in writing require any person to furnish them within such time as they may direct (not being less than twenty-eight days), in respect of all securities of which he was the owner at any time during the period specified in the notice, such particulars as they consider necessary for the purposes of this section and for the purpose of discovering whether tax has been borne in respect of the interest on all those securities.

Transfers of income arising from securities

470

• (1) Where in any chargeable period the owner of any securities (in this section referred to as " the owner ") sells or transfers the right to receive any interest payable (whether before or after the sale or transfer) in respect of the securities without selling or transferring the securities, then, for all the purposes of the Tax Acts, that interest, whether it would or would not be chargeable to tax apart from the provisions of this section—

• (a) shall be deemed to be the income of the owner or, in a case where the owner is not the beneficial owner of the securities and some other person (hereafter in this section referred to as " a beneficiary ") is beneficially entitled to the income arising from the securities, the income of the beneficiary, and

• (b) shall be deemed to be the income of the owner or beneficiary for that chargeable period, and

• (c) shall not be deemed to be the income of any other person:

Provided that, in the case of a sale or other realisation the proceeds whereof are chargeable to tax under Schedule C or under section 159(3) of this Act (foreign dividends, etc.), the interest so deemed to be the income of the owner or beneficiary shall be deemed to be equal in amount to the amount of those proceeds.

• (2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect any provision of this Act authorising or requiring the deduction of income tax from any interest which is deemed to be the income of the owner or beneficiary as aforesaid or from the proceeds of any subsequent sale or other realisation of the right to receive that interest:

Provided that the proceeds of any such subsequent sale or other realisation shall not, for any of the purposes of the Tax Acts, be deemed to be the income of the seller or the person on whose behalf the right is otherwise realised.

• (3) Where the securities are of such a character that the interest payable in respect thereof may be paid without deduction of income tax, the owner or beneficiary shall be chargeable to tax at the standard rate under Case VI of Schedule D in respect of any interest which is deemed to be his income by virtue of this section, unless he shows that it has borne tax at the standard rate or that the proceeds of any sale or other realisation of the right to receive that interest have been charged to tax under Schedule C or under section 159(3) of this Act:

Provided that, in any case where if the interest had been chargeable under Case IV or Case V of Schedule D, the computation of tax would have been made by reference to the amount received in the United Kingdom, the tax under Case VI shall be computed on the full amount of the sums which have been or will be received in the United Kingdom in the year of assessment or any subsequent year in which the owner remains the owner of the securities.

• (4) In relation to corporation tax subsection (3) above shall not apply and the following provisions of this subsection shall have effect.

Subject to the provisions of the Tax Acts about distributions, the owner or beneficiary shall, in respect of any interest which is deemed to be his income by virtue of this section, be chargeable to corporation tax under Case VI of Schedule D unless he shows that the proceeds of any sale or other realisation of the right to receive that interest have been charged to tax under Schedule C or under section 159(3) of this Act.

• (5) In this section—

• " interest " includes dividends, annuities and shares of annuities, and

• " securities " includes stocks and shares.

• (6) The Board may by notice in writing require any person to furnish them within such time as they may direct (not being less than twenty-eight days), in respect of all securities of which he was the owner at any time during the period specified in the notice, with such particulars as they consider necessary tor the purposes of this section and for the purpose of discovering whether—

• (a) tax has been borne in respect of the interest on all those securities; or

• (b) the proceeds of any sale or other realisation of the right to receive the interest on the securities have been charged to tax under Schedule C or section 159(3) of this Act.

Purchase and sale of securities

Application of following sections

471

• (1) Subject as hereinafter provided sections 472, 473 and 474 below relate to cases of a purchase by a person (in those sections referred to as " the first buyer ") of any securities and their subsequent sale by him, the result of the transaction being that interest becoming payable in respect of the securities (in those sections referred to as " the interest") is receivable by the first buyer.

• (2) The said sections do not relate to cases where—

• (a) the time elapsing between the purchase by the first buyer and his taking steps to dispose of the securities exceeded six months, or

• (b) that time exceeded one month and it is shown to the satisfaction of the Board that the purchase and sale were each effected at the current market price, and that the sale was not effected in pursuance of an agreement or arrangement made before or at the time of the purchase.

The jurisdiction of the General Commissioners or Special Commissioners on any appeal shall include jurisdiction to review any relevant decision taken by the Board in the exercise of then-functions under this subsection.

• (3) The reference in subsection (2) above to the first buyer taking steps to dispose of the securities shall be construed—

• (a) if he sold them in the exercise of an option he had acquired, as a reference to his acquisition of the option,

• (b) in any other case, as a reference to his selling them.

• (4) For the purposes of this and the said three sections a sale of securities similar to, and of the like nominal amount as, securities previously bought (hereinafter referred to as " the original securities ") shall be equivalent to a sale of the original securities, and subsection (3) above shall apply accordingly; and where the first buyer bought parcels of similar securities at different times a subsequent sale of any of the securities shall so far as may be be related to the last to be bought of the parcels, and then to the last but one, and so on:

Provided that a person shall be under no greater liability to tax by virtue of this subsection than he would have been under if instead of selling the similar securities he had sold the original securities.

• (5) Where at the time when a trade is, or is deemed to be, set up and commenced any securities form part of the trading stock belonging to the trade, those securities shall be treated for the purposes of this section as having been sold at that time in the open market by the person to whom they belonged immediately before that time and as having been purchased at that time in the open market by the person thereafter engaged in carrying on the trade ; and, subject to the preceding provisions of this subsection, where there is a change in the persons engaged in carrying on a trade which is not a change on which the trade is deemed to be discontinued the provisions of this section shall apply in relation to the person so engaged after the change as if anything done to or by his predecessor had been done to or by him.

• (6) For the purposes of this and the said three sections—

• (a) " interest" includes a dividend ;

• (b) " person " includes any body of persons, and references to a person entitled to any exemption from tax include, in a case of an exemption expressed to apply to income of a trust or fund, references to the persons entitled to make claims for the granting of that exemption ;

• (c) " securities " includes stocks and shares ;

• (d) securities shall be deemed to be similar if they entitle their holders to the same rights against the same persons as to capital and interest and the same remedies for the enforcement of those rights, notwithstanding any difference in the total nominal amounts of the respective securities or in the form in which they are held or the manner in which they can be transferred, and for the purposes of this paragraph rights guaranteed by the Treasury shall be treated as rights against the Treasury.

Dealers in securities

472

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, if the first buyer is engaged in carrying on a trade which consists of or comprises dealings in securities, then in computing for any of the purposes of the Tax Acts the profits arising from or loss sustained in the trade the price paid by him for the securities shall be reduced by the appropriate amount in respect of the interest, as determined in accordance with section 475 below.

• (2) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply if the first buyer—

• (a) is in the opinion of the Board bona fide carrying on the business of a discount house in the United Kingdom, or

• (b) is a member of the London Stock Exchange who is recognised by the committee thereof as carrying on the business of a jobber, or

• (c) is a member of any other stock exchange in the United Kingdom who is recognised by the committee thereof as carrying on the business of a dealer,

and the securities were bought in the ordinary course of his said business and, in the case of a dealer such as is mentioned in paragraph (c) of this subsection, were securities in which he was authorised by the said committee to deal.

• (3) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply if the purchase of the securities by the first buyer and their resale, or as the case may be the subsequent sale of similar securities, constitute a transaction which is to be left out of account in computing profits or losses by virtue of section 469(4) above.

• (4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply if the securities are overseas securities bought by the first buyer on a stock exchange outside the United Kingdom in the ordinary course of his trade as a dealer in securities and the following conditions are satisfied, namely—

• (a) the interest is brought into account in computing for the purposes of the Tax Acts the profits arising from or loss sustained in the trade, and

• (b) where credit against tax would fall to be allowed in respect of the interest under section 497 or section 498 of this Act (double taxation relief), the first buyer elects that credit shall not be so allowed.

In this subsection " overseas securities " means securities of the government of, or of a body of persons resident in, any country or territory outside the United Kingdom and the Republic of Iceland.

Persons entitled to exemptions

473

• (1) If the first buyer is entitled under any enactment to an exemption from tax which, apart from this subsection, would extend to the interest, then the exemption shall not extend to an amount equal to the appropriate amount in respect of the interest, as determined in accordance with section 475 below:

Provided that if the first buyer is entitled as aforesaid and any annual payment is payable by him out of the interest, the annual payment shall be deemed as to the whole thereof to be paid out of profits or gains not brought into charge to income tax, and section 53 of this Act shall apply accordingly.

• (2) This section shall not apply where the exemption arises from the residence of the first buyer in the Republic of Ireland.

Persons other than dealers in securities

474

• (1) If the first buyer carries on a trade not falling within section 472 above, then in ascertaining whether any or what repayment of income tax is to be made to him under section 168 of this Act by reference to any loss sustained in the trade and the amount of his income for the year of assessment his income for which includes the interest, there shall be left out of account—

• (a) the appropriate amount in respect of the interest, as determined in accordance with section 475 below, and

• (b) any tax paid on that amount.

• (2) Where the first buyer is a company which does not carry on a trade falling within section 472 above, the appropriate amount in respect of the interest, as determined in accordance with section 475 below, and any tax paid in respect of or deducted from that amount shall be disregarded except that, for the purposes of corporation tax on chargeable gains—

• (a) where that appropriate amount is determined in accordance with section 475(2) below, the appropriate proportion of the net interest receivable by the first buyer as mentioned in that subsection, and

• (b) where that appropriate amount is determined in accordance with section 475(6) below, the net amount of interest corresponding to the gross interest referred to in that subsection,

shall be treated as if it were a capital distribution within the meaning of Part III of the Finance Act 1965 received in respect of the holding of the securities concerned. This subsection applies to any interest received after 29th April 1969.

Meaning of " appropriate amount in respect of" interest

475

• (1) For the purposes of section 472 above the appropriate amount in respect of the interest is the appropriate proportion of the net interest receivable by the first buyer.

• (2) For the purposes of sections 473 and 474 above the appropriate amount in respect of the interest is the gross amount corresponding with the appropriate proportion of the net interest receivable by the first buyer.

• (3) For the purposes of this section the appropriate proportion is the proportion which—

• (a) the period beginning with the date on which the securities were first quoted in the official list of the London Stock Exchange at a price excluding the value of the interest payment last payable before the interest receivable by the first buyer, and ending with the day before the day on which the first buyer bought the securities,

bears to—

• (b) the period beginning with the said date and ending with the day before the first date after the purchase by the first buyer on which the securities are quoted in the said list at a price excluding the value of the interest receivable by the first buyer.

• (4) Where the interest receivable by the first buyer was the first interest payment payable in respect of the securities, paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (3) above shall have effect with the substitution, for references to the date on which the securities were first quoted as mentioned in the said paragraph (a), of the beginning of the period for which the interest was payable:

Provided that where the capital amount of the securities was not fully paid at the beginning of the said period and one or more instalments of capital were paid during that period—

• (a) the interest shall be treated as divided into parts, calculated by reference to the amount of the interest attributable to the capital paid at or before the beginning of the said period and the amount thereof attribuable to each such instalment, and

• (b) treating each of the said parts as interest payable for the said period or, where the part was calculated by reference to any such instalment, as interest payable for the part of the said period beginning with the payment of the instalment, there shall be calculated, in accordance with the preceding provisions of this section, the amount constituting the appropriate proportion of each part, and

• (c) the appropriate proportion of the interest for the purposes of this section shall be the proportion thereof constituted by the sum of the said amounts.

• (5) In relation to securities not quoted in the official list of the London Stock Exchange, subsection (3) above shall have effect with the substitution for the periods therein mentioned of such periods as in the opinion of the Commissioners having jurisdiction in the matter, correspond therewith in the case of the securities in question.

• (6) Where the securities are of a description such that under the rules of the London Stock Exchange the bargain price is increased, where interest is receivable by the buyer, by reference to gross interest accruing before the bargain date, the preceding subsections shall not apply but for the purposes of sections 472, 473 and 474 above the appropriate amount in respect of the interest shall be the amount of the increase in the bargain price.

Miscellaneous

Company dealing in securities: distribution materially reducing value of holding

476

• (1) Subsection (2) below applies where a company has, as a dealing company, a holding in another company resident in the United Kingdom (being a body corporate), and—

• (a) the holding amounts to, or is an ingredient in a holding amounting to, 10 per cent. of all holdings of the same class in that company, and

• (b) after 29th April 1969 a distribution is, or two or more distributions are, made in respect of the holding, and

• (c) the value (at any accounting date or immediately before realisation or appropriation) of any security comprised in the holding is materially reduced below the value of the security at the time when it was acquired, and the whole or any part of this reduction is attributable to any distribution falling within paragraph (b) above,

and in relation to any security comprised in the holding, the company having the holding is in subsection (2) below referred to as " the dealing company" and so much of any reduction in title value of the security as is attributable to any distribution falling within paragraph (b) above is in that subsection referred to as " the relevant reduction ".

• (2) Where this subsection applies, an amount equal to the relevant reduction in the value of a security comprised in the holding—

• (a) shall, if and so long as the security is not realised or appropriated as mentioned below, be added to the value of the security for the purposes of any valuation,

• (b) shall be treated, on any realisation of the security in the course of trade, as a trading receipt of the dealing company or, in the event of a partial realisation, shall be so treated to an appropriate extent, and

• (c) shall be treated as a trading receipt of the dealing company if the security is appropriated in such circumstances that a profit on the sale of the security would no longer form part of the dealing company's trading profits.

• (3) References in this section to a holding in a company refer to a holding of securities by virtue of which the holder may receive distributions made by the company, but so that—

• (a) a company's holdings of different classes in another company shall be treated as separate holdings, and

• (b) holdings of securities which differ in the entitlements or obligations they confer or impose shall be regarded as holdings of different classes.

• (4) For the purposes of subsection (2) above—

• (a) all a company's holdings of the same class in another company are to be treated as ingredients constituting a single holding, and

• (b) a company's holding of a particular class shall be treated as an ingredient in a holding amounting to 10 per cent. of all holdings of that class if the aggregate of that holding and other holdings of that class held by connected persons amounts to 10 per cent. of all holdings of that class,

and section 533 of this Act (definition of connected persons) shall have effect in relation to paragraph (b) above as if, in subsection (7) of that section, after the words " or exercise control of " in each place where they occur there were inserted the words " or to acquire a holding in

• (5) Where this section applies in relation to a distribution which consists of or includes interest to which section 472 above applies, any reduction under that section in the price paid for the securities in respect of which the distribution is made shall be adjusted in such manner as seems appropriate to the Board to take account of subsection (2) above.

• (6) For the purposes of this section " security " includes a share or other right and a company is a " dealing company " in relation to a holding if a profit on a sale of the holding would be taken into account in computing the company's trading profits.

Manufactured dividends: treatment of tax deducted

477

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, where—

• (a) under a contract for the sale of securities the seller is required to pay to the purchaser the amount of a periodical payment of interest on the securities, and

• (b) the seller does not satisfy the following condition, that is to say that he is entitled to that payment of interest either as the registered holder of the securities or from a person from whom the seller purchased them,

section 53(2) of this Act and Schedule 9 to this Act (which both impose a liability to account for income tax deducted) shall apply as if the payment by the seller were an annual payment made, after due deduction of tax, wholly out of a source other than profits or gains brought into charge to income tax.

• (2) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply where the interest in question is payable without deduction of tax or where, under the rules of the stock exchange governing the transaction, the payment required to be made in respect of the interest is of the amount of the interest before deduction of tax.

• (3) If for any chargeable period the liability to tax of a jobber or dealing broker is determined on the footing that any excess of his payments in respect of interest on securities over his receipts in respect thereof, being payments made or receipts accrued in pursuance of a contract for the sale or purchase of the securities, is to be treated for all the purposes of the Tax Acts as an annual payment made by him, then as respects that chargeable period subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to him if he sold the securities in the ordinary course of his business as a jobber or dealing broker.

• (4) Where the seller is resident in the United Kingdom and purchased the securities (otherwise than through a broker) from a person not so resident, then paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of this section shall have effect as if after the word " say " there were inserted the word " either " and as if for the words from " either as " to the end of the paragraph there were inserted the words " as the registered holder of the securities or that he shows that he acquired the securities, directly or indirectly, from a person who was so entitled to the payment ".

• (5) Where the seller under such a contract as is mentioned in paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this section is not resident in the United Kingdom, and the sale is effected through a broker, that subsection shall not apply but unless the broker shows either that the seller was entitled to the payment of interest as the registered holder of the securities or that the seller acquired the securities, directly or indirectly, from a person who was so entitled to the payment, the said section 53(2) of this Act shall apply as if the payment through the broker of the amount of the payment of interest were an annual payment by the broker made, after due deduction of tax, wholly out of such a source as is mentioned in subsection (1) of this section.

• (6) In this section—

• " broker " means a member of a stock exchange in the United Kingdom other than a jobber,

• " dealing broker ", in relation to any sale of securities, means a member of a stock exchange in the United Kingdom, other than the London Stock Exchange, who is recognised by the committee of his exchange as carrying on the business of a dealer and authorised by them to deal in those securities,

• " jobber " means a member of the London Stock Exchange who is recognised by the committee thereof as carrying on the business of a jobber,

• " securities " includes shares and stock,

and references to a periodical payment of interest include references to a dividend.

• (7) Where it appears to the Board that by reason of any transaction or transactions a person may by virtue of this section have incurred any liability to tax, the Board may by notice in writing served on him require him, within such time not less than twenty-eight days as may be specified in the notice, to furnish information in his possession with respect to the transaction or any of the transactions, being information as to matters, specified in the notice, which are relevant to the question whether he has incurred such a liability as aforesaid.

CHAPTER III — Transfer of Assets Abroad

Provisions for preventing avoidance of income tax by transactions resulting in the transfer of income to persons abroad

478

For the purpose of preventing the avoiding by individuals ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom of liability to income tax by means of transfers of assets by virtue or in consequence whereof, either alone or in conjunction with associated operations, income becomes payable to persons resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom, it is hereby enacted as follows:—

• (1) Where by virtue or in consequence of any such transfer, either alone or in conjunction with associated operations, such an individual has, within the meaning of this section, power to enjoy, whether forthwith or in the future, any income of a person resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom which, if it were income of that individual received by him in the United Kingdom, would be chargeable to income tax by deduction or otherwise, that income shall, whether it would or would not have been chargeable to income tax apart from the provisions of this section, be deemed to be income of that individual for all the purposes of the Income Tax Acts .

• (2) Where, whether before or after any such transfer, such an individual receives or is entitled to receive any capital sum the payment whereof is in any way connected with the transfer or any associated operation, any income which, by virtue or in consequence of the transfer, either alone or in conjunction with associated operations, has become the income of a person resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom shall, whether it would or would not have been chargeable to income tax apart from the provisions of this section, be deemed to be the income of that individual for all the purposes of the Income Tax Acts.

In this subsection, " capital sum " means—

• (a) any sum paid or payable by way of loan or repayment of a loan, and

• (b) any other sum paid or payable otherwise than as income, being a sum which is not paid or payable for full consideration in money or money's worth.

• (3) Subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall not apply if the individual shows in writing or otherwise to the satisfaction of the Board either—

• (a) that the purpose of avoiding liability to taxation was not the purpose or one of the purposes for which the transfer or associated operations or any of them were effected; or

• (b) that the transfer and any associated operations were bona fide commercial transactions and were not designed for the purpose of avoiding liability to taxation.

The jurisdiction of the Special Commissioners on any appeal shall include jurisdiction to review any relevant decision taken by the Board in exercise of their functions under this subsection.

• (4) For the purposes of this section, " an associated operation " means, in relation to any transfer, an operation of any kind effected by any person in relation to any of the assets transferred or any assets representing, whether directly or indirectly, any of the assets transferred, or to the income arising from any such assets, or to any assets representing, whether directly or indirectly, the accumulations of income arising from any such assets.

• (5) An individual shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to have power to enjoy income of a person resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom if—

• (a) the income is in fact so dealt with by any person as to be calculated, at some point of time, and whether in the form of income or not, to enure for the benefit of the individual, or

• (b) the receipt or accrual of the income operates to increase the value to the individual of any assets held by him or for his benefit, or

• (c) the individual receives or is entitled to receive, at any time, any benefit provided or to be provided out of that income or out of moneys which are or will be available for the purpose by reason of the effect or successive effects of the associated operations on that income and on any assets which directly or indirectly represent that income, or

• (d) the individual has power, by means of the exercise of any power of appointment or power of revocation or otherwise, to obtain for himself, whether with or without the consent of any other person, the beneficial enjoyment of the income, or may, in the event of the exercise of any power vested in any other person, become entitled to the beneficial enjoyment of the income, or

• (e) the individual is able in any manner whatsoever, and whether directly or indirectly, to control the application of the income.

• (6) In determining whether an individual has power to enjoy income within the meaning of this section, regard shall be had to the substantial result and effect of the transfer and any associated operations, and all benefits which may at any time accrue to the individual (whether or not he has rights at law or in equity in or to those benefits) as a result of the transfer and any associated operations shall be taken into account irrespective of the nature or form of the benefits.

• (7) For the purposes of this section, any body corporate incorporated outside the United Kingdom shall be treated as if it were resident out of the United Kingdom whether it is so resident or not.

• (8) For the purposes of this section—

• (a) a reference to an individual shall be deemed to include the wife or husband of the individual,

• (b) " assets" includes property or rights of any kind and " transfer", in relation to rights, includes the creation of those rights,

• (c) " benefit " includes a payment of any kind,

• (d) references to income of a person resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom shall, where the amount of the income of a company for any year or period has been apportioned under section 296 of this Act, include references to so much of the income of the company for that year or period as is equal to the amount so apportioned to that person,

• (e) references to assets representing any assets, income or accumulations of income include references to shares in or obligations of any company to which, or obligations of any other person to whom, those assets, that income or those accumulations are or have been transferred,

and for the purpose of applying this Chapter in relation to Case VII of Schedule D references to income in this Chapter shall apply in the case of gains accruing from the acquisition and disposal of chargeable assets as they would apply if the gains were profits from a trade of dealing in the assets, and any such gains shall be treated as payable in the first instance to the person to whom they accrue.

Persons resident in Republic of Ireland: application of Chapter III to premiums on leases, etc.

479

In relation to amounts which by virtue of any provision of section 80, 81 or 82 of this Act (taxation as income of premiums on leases, etc.) would, in the case of a person resident in the Republic of Ireland and not resident in the United Kingdom, be included in his income if he were not resident in the Republic of Ireland, this Chapter shall apply—

• (a) as if his income included those amounts, and

• (b) as if references to an individual included references to any person (and so that in accordance with section 250 of this Act this Chapter then applies for corporation tax as well as for income tax),

but shall so apply as if subsection (3) of section 478 above were omitted.

Supplemental provisions

480

• (1) Income tax at the standard rate shall not be charged by virtue of the preceding provisions of this Chapter in respect of income which has borne tax at the standard rate by deduction or otherwise but, save as aforesaid, income tax chargeable at the standard rate by virtue of those provisions shall be charged under Case VI of Schedule D.

• (2) In computing the liability to income tax of an individual chargeable by virtue of the said provisions of this Chapter, the same deductions and reliefs shall be allowed as would have been allowed if the income deemed to be his by virtue of those provisions had actually been received by him.

• (3) Where an individual has been charged to income tax on any income deemed to be his by virtue of the said provisions of this Chapter and that income is subsequently received by him, it shall be deemed not to form part of his income again for the purposes of the Income Tax Acts.

• (4) In any case where an individual has for the purposes of the said provisions of this Chapter power to enjoy income of a person abroad by reason of his receiving any such benefit as is referred to in section 478(5)(c) above, then notwithstanding anything in subsection (1) of this section, the individual shall be chargeable to income tax by virtue of the said provisions of this Chapter for the year of assessment in which the benefit is received on the whole of the amount or value of that benefit except in so far as it is shown that the benefit derives directly or indirectly from income on which he has already been charged to tax for that or a previous year of assessment.

Power to obtain information

481

• (1) The Board or, for the purpose of charging tax at the standard rate, an inspector may by notice in writing require any person to furnish them within such time as they may direct (not being less than twenty-eight days) with such particulars as they think necessary for the purposes of this Chapter.

• (2) The particulars which a person must furnish under this section, if he is required by such a notice so to do, include particulars—

• (a) as to transactions with respect to which he is or was acting on behalf of others, and

• (b) as to transactions which in the opinion of the Board or, for the purpose of charging tax at the standard rate, an inspector it is proper that they should investigate for the purposes of this Chapter notwithstanding that, in the opinion of the person to whom the notice is given, no liability to tax arises under this Chapter, and

• (c) as to whether the person to whom the notice is given has taken or is taking any, and if so what, part in any, and if so what, transactions of a description specified in the notice.

• (3) Notwithstanding anything in subsection (2) of this section, a solicitor shall not be deemed for the purposes of paragraph (c) thereof to have taken part in a transaction by reason only that he has given professional advice to a client in connection with that transaction, and shall not, in relation to anything done by him on behalf of a client, be compellable under this section, except with the consent of his client, to do more than state that he is or was acting on behalf of a client, and give the name and address of his client and also—

• (a) in the case of anything done by the solicitor in connection with the transfer of any asset by or to an individual ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom to or by any such body corporate as is hereinafter mentioned, or in connection with any associated operation in relation to any such transfer, the names and addresses of the transferor and the transferee or of the persons concerned in the associated operations, as the case may be;

• (b) in the case of anything done by the solicitor in connection with the formation or management of any such body corporate as is hereinafter mentioned, the name and address of the body corporate ;

• (c) in the case of anything done by the solicitor in connection with the creation, or with the execution of the trusts, of any settlement by virtue or in consequence whereof income becomes payable to a person resident or domiciled out of the United Kingdom, the names and addresses of the settlor and of that person.

The bodies corporate mentioned in the preceding provisions of this section are bodies corporate resident or incorporated outside the United Kingdom which are, or if resident in the United Kingdom would be, close companies, but not trading companies (as defined in section 292(1) of this Act).

• (4) Nothing in this section shall impose on any bank the obligation to furnish any particulars of any ordinary banking transactions between the bank and a customer carried out in the ordinary course of banking business, unless the bank has acted or is acting on behalf of the customer in connection with the formation or management of any such body corporate as is mentioned in paragraph (b) of subsection (3) of this section or in connection with the creation, or with the execution of the trusts, of any such settlement as is mentioned in paragraph (c) thereof.

• (5) In this section " settlement" and " settlor" have the meanings assigned thereto by section 454(3) of this Act.

CHAPTER IV — Miscellaneous

Companies

Migration, etc., of companies

482

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, all transactions of the following classes shall be unlawful unless carried out with the consent of the Treasury, that is to say—

• (a) for a body corporate resident in the United Kingdom to cease to be so resident; or

• (b) for the trade or business or any part of the trade or business of a body corporate so resident to be transferred from that body corporate to a person not so resident; or

• (c) for a body corporate so resident to cause or permit a body corporate not so resident over which it has control to create or issue any shares or debentures; or

• (d) except for the purpose of enabling a person to be qualified to act as a director, for a body corporate so resident to transfer to any person, or cause or permit to be transferred to any person, any shares or debentures of a body corporate not so resident over which it has control, being shares or debentures which it owns or in which it has an interest.

• (2) Nothing in paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section shall apply to the giving to the bankers of the body corporate not resident in the United Kingdom of any security for the payment of any sum due or to become due from it to them by reason of any transaction entered into with it by them in the ordinary course of their business as bankers.

• (3) Nothing in the said paragraph (c) shall apply to the giving by the body corporate not resident in the United Kingdom to an insurance company of any security for the payment of any sum due or to become due from that body corporate to that company by reason of any transaction entered into with that body corporate by that company in the ordinary course of that company's business by way of investment of its funds.

• (4) Any consent granted by the Treasury under this section—

• (a) may be given either specially (that is to say, so as to apply only to specified transactions of or relating to a specified body corporate) or generally (that is to say, so as not only to apply as aforesaid); and

• (b) may, if given generally, be revoked by the Treasury; and

• (c) may in any case be absolute or conditional; and

• (d) shall be published in such a way as to give any person entitled to the benefit of it an adequate opportunity of getting to know of it, unless in the opinion of the Treasury publication is not necessary for that purpose.

• (5) Any person who, whether within or outside the United Kingdom, does or is a party to the doing of any act which to his knowledge amounts to or results in, or forms part of a series of acts which together amount to or result in, or will amount to or result in, something which is unlawful under subsection (1) of this section shall be guilty of an offence under this section, and in any proceedings in respect of such an offence against a director of the body corporate in question (that is to say, the body corporate which is or was resident in the United Kingdom) or against any person who was purporting to act in that capacity—

• (a) it shall be presumed that he was a party to every act of that body corporate unless he proves that it was done without his consent or connivance; and

• (b) it shall, unless the contrary is proved, be presumed that any act which in fact amounted to or resulted in, or formed part of a series of acts which together amounted to or resulted in or would amount to or result in, something which is unlawful under subsection (1) of this section was to his knowledge such an act.

• (6) Any person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for not more than two years or to a fine not exceeding £10,000 or to both, and proceedings in respect of such an offence alleged to have been committed by a person may be taken before the appropriate court in the United Kingdom having jurisdiction in the place where that person is for the time being:

Provided that where the person in question is a body corporate which is or was resident in the United Kingdom, the maximum amount of the fine shall be three times the corporation tax, profits tax, capital gains tax and income tax paid or payable which is attributable to the income, profits or gains (including chargeable gains) arising in the thirty-six months immediately preceding the commission of the offence, or £10,000, whichever is the greater.

• (7) A body corporate shall be deemed for the purposes of this section to be resident or not to be resident in the United Kingdom according as the central management and control of its trade or business is or is not exercised in the United Kingdom:

Provided that if it is shown that it has been established as between the Crown and a body corporate for any income tax, corporation tax or profits tax purpose that the body corporate was resident or ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom for any year of assessment or other period, it shall be presumed, except so far as the contrary is proved, that that body corporate was resident in the United Kingdom for the purposes of this section at the beginning of that year of assessment or other period and that it continued to be so resident at all times thereafter.