Data Protection Act 1998
Part I — Preliminary
Basic interpretative provisions
1
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Inspection of overseas information systems
2
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The special purposes
3
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The data protection principles
4
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Application of Act
5
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The Commissioner and the Tribunal
6
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Part II — Rights of data subjects and others
Right of access to personal data
7
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Provisions supplementary to section 7
8
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Application of section 7 where data controller is credit reference agency
9
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Right to prevent processing likely to cause damage or distress
10
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Right to prevent processing for purposes of direct marketing
11
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Rights in relation to automated decision-taking
12
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Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements
13
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Rectification, blocking, erasure and destruction
14
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Jurisdiction and procedure
15
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Part III — Notification by data controllers
Preliminary
16
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Prohibition on processing without registration
17
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Notification by data controllers
18
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Register of notifications
19
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Duty to notify changes
20
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Offences
21
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Preliminary assessment by Commissioner
22
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Power to make provision for appointment of data protection supervisors
23
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Duty of certain data controllers to make certain information available
24
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Functions of Commissioner in relation to making of notification regulations
25
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Fees regulations
26
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Part IV — Exemptions
Preliminary
27
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National security
28
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Crime and taxation
29
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Health, education and social work
30
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Regulatory activity
31
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Journalism, literature and art
32
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Research, history and statistics
33
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Information available to the public by or under enactment
34
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Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc
35
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Domestic purposes
36
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Miscellaneous exemptions
37
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Powers to make further exemptions by order
38
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Transitional relief
39
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Part V — Enforcement
Enforcement notices
40
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Cancellation of enforcement notice
41
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Request for assessment
42
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Information notices
43
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Special information notices
44
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Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes
45
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Restriction on enforcement in case of processing for the special purposes
46
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Failure to comply with notice
47
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Rights of appeal
48
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Determination of appeals
49
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Powers of entry and inspection
50
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Part VI — Miscellaneous and General
Functions of Commissioner
General duties of Commissioner
51
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Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament
52
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Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes
53
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International co-operation
54
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Unlawful obtaining et ceteralaetc. of personal data
Unlawful obtaining etc. of personal data
55
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Records obtained under data subject’s right of access
Prohibition of requirement as to production of certain records
56
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Avoidance of certain contractual terms relating to health records
57
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Information provided to Commissioner or Tribunal
Disclosure of information
58
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Confidentiality of information
59
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General provisions relating to offences
Prosecutions and penalties
60
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Liability of directors etc
61
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Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974
Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974
62
- (1) In section 158 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (duty of agency to disclose filed information)—
- (a) in subsection (1)—
- (i) in paragraph (a) for “individual” there is substituted “ partnership or other unincorporated body of persons not consisting entirely of bodies corporate ”, and
- (ii) for “him” there is substituted “ it ”,
- (b) in subsection (2), for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and
- (c) in subsection (3), for “him” there is substituted “ the consumer ”.
- (2) In section 159 of that Act (correction of wrong information) for subsection (1) there is substituted—
(1) Any individual (the “objector”) given— (a) information under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 by a credit reference agency, or (b) information under section 158, who considers that an entry in his file is incorrect, and that if it is not corrected he is likely to be prejudiced, may give notice to the agency requiring it either to remove the entry from the file or amend it.
- (3) In subsections (2) to (6) of that section—
- (a) for “consumer”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ objector ”, and
- (b) for “Director”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ the relevant authority ”.
- (4) After subsection (6) of that section there is inserted—
(7) The Data Protection Commissioner may vary or revoke any order made by him under this section. (8) In this section “the relevant authority” means— (a) where the objector is a partnership or other unincorporated body of persons, the Director, and (b) in any other case, the Data Protection Commissioner.
- (5) In section 160 of that Act (alternative procedure for business consumers)—
- (a) in subsection (4)—
- (i) for “him” there is substituted “ to the consumer ”, and
- (ii) in paragraphs (a) and (b) for “he” there is substituted “ the consumer ” and for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and
- (b) after subsection (6) there is inserted—
(7) In this section “consumer” has the same meaning as in section 158.
General
Application to Crown
63
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Transmission of notices etc. by electronic or other means
64
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Service of notices by Commissioner
65
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Exercise of rights in Scotland by children
66
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Orders, regulations and rules
67
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Meaning of “accessible record”
68
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Meaning of “health professional”
69
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Supplementary definitions
70
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Index of defined expressions
71
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Modifications of Act
72
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Transitional provisions and savings
73
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Minor and consequential amendments and repeals and revocations
74
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Short title, commencement and extent
75
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SCHEDULE 1
Part I — The principles
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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Part II — Interpretation of the principles in Part I
The first principle
1
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2
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3
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4
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The second principle
5
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6
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The fourth principle
7
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The sixth principle
8
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The seventh principle
9
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10
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11
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12
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The eighth principle
13
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14
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15
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SCHEDULE 2
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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SCHEDULE 3
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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SCHEDULE 4
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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SCHEDULE 5
Part I — The Commissioner
Status and capacity
1
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Tenure of office and appointment
2
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Salary et ceteralaetc.
3
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Officers and staff
4
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5
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Authentication of seal of the Commissioner
6
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Presumption of authenticity of documents issued by the Commissioner
7
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Money
8
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9
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Accounts
10
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Application of Part I in Scotland
11
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Part II — The Tribunal
Tenure of office
12
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Salary et ceteralaetc.
13
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Officers and staff
14
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Expenses
15
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Part III
16
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17
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SCHEDULE 6
Hearing of appeals
1
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Constitution of Tribunal in national security cases
2
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3
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Constitution of Tribunal in other cases
4
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Determination of questions by full Tribunal
5
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Ex parte proceedings
6
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Tribunal Procedure Rules
7
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Obstruction et ceteralaetc.
8
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SCHEDULE 7
Confidential references given by the data controller
1
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Armed forces
2
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Judicial appointments and honours
3
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Crown employment and Crown or Ministerial appointments
4
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Management forecasts et ceteralaetc.
5
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Corporate finance
6
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Negotiations
7
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Examination marks
8
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Examination scripts et ceteralaetc.
9
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Legal professional privilege
10
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Self-incrimination
11
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SCHEDULE 8
Part I — Interpretation of Schedule
1
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Part II — Exemptions available before 24th October 2001
Manual data
2
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3
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4
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Processing otherwise than by reference to the data subject
5
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Payrolls and accounts
6
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Unincorporated members’ clubs and mailing lists
7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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Back-up data
12
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Exemption of all eligible automated data from certain requirements
13
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Part III — Exemptions available after 23rd October 2001 but before 24th October 2007
14
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Part IV — Exemptions after 23rd October 2001 for historical research
15
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16
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17
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18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part V — Exemption from section 22
19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 9
Issue of warrants
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Execution of warrants
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Matters exempt from inspection and seizure
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Return of warrants
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offences
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vessels, vehicles et ceteralaetc.
13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scotland and Northern Ireland
14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 10
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 11
Meaning of “educational record”
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
England and Wales
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scotland
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Ireland
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
England and Wales: transitory provisions
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 12
Meaning of “accessible public record”
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Housing and social services records: England and Wales
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Housing and social services records: Scotland
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Housing and social services records: Northern Ireland
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 13
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 14
Interpretation
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of registration under Part II of 1984 Act
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rights of data subjects
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enforcement and transfer prohibition notices served under Part V of 1984 Act
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notices under new law relating to matters in relation to which 1984 Act had effect
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-incrimination, et ceteralaetc.
13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warrants issued under 1984 Act
14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complaints under section 36(2) of 1984 Act and requests for assessment under section 42
15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications under Access to Health Records Act 1990 or corresponding Northern Ireland legislation
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications under regulations under Access to Personal Files Act 1987 or corresponding Northern Ireland legislation
19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications under section 158 of Consumer Credit Act 1974
20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULE 15
Public Records Act 1958 (c. 51)
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (c. 13)
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Superannuation Act 1972 (c. 11)
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 24)
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Ireland Assembly Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 25)
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2)
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 (c. 28)
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Football Spectators Act 1989 (c. 37)
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (c. 6)
10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Access to Health Records Act 1990 (c. 23)
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
In section 5(3) of that Act (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under section 3(2) to any part of a health record ”.
Access to Personal Files and Medical Reports (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 (1991/1707 (N.I. 14))
14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
In Article 6(1) of that Order (interpretation), in the definition of “health professional”, for “the Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 1987” there is substituted “ the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (c. 53)
16
In Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (tribunals under direct supervision of Council on Tribunals), for paragraph 14 there is substituted—
| Data protection | 14.(a) The Data Protection Commissioner appointed under section 6 of the Data Protection Act 1998;(b) the Data Protection Tribunal constituted under that section, in respect of its jurisdiction under section 48 of that Act. |
|---|---|
Access to Health Records (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 (1993/1250 (N.I. 4))
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
In Article 5(4) of that Order (cases where fee may be required) in sub-paragraph (a), for “the maximum prescribed under section 21 of the Data Protection Act 1984” there is substituted “ such maximum as may be prescribed for the purposes of this Article by regulations under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.
19
In Article 7 of that Order (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under Article 5(2) to any part of a health record ”.
SCHEDULE 16
Part I — Repeals
Part II — Revocations
Sensitive personal data.
9A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rights in relation to automated decision-taking.
41A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of data-sharing code
52D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements.
54A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary penalties
55A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application to Parliament.
63A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Restriction on enforcement in case of processing for the special purposes.
7A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-incrimination
16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editorial notes
[^c18186941]: 1974 c. 39.
[^key-755a619f876cbd795a5d5718b471bd3a]: Act repealed (except s. 62, Sch. 15 paras. 13, 15, 16, 18, 19) (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12), s. 212(1), Sch. 19 para. 44 (with ss. 117, 209, 210 and with transitional provisions in Sch. 20 paras. 2-9, 17-25, 27-46, 53, 54 and saving in Sch. 20 para. 58); S.I. 2018/625, reg. 2(1)(g)
[^key-a2b2a9e31aa2a51eb41f198fec3f271b]: Pt. VI applied (with modifications) (3.12.2014) by The Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/3141), regs. 1(b), 51(1)(b)
[^key-c77e07f52aab901052bbf79b3dd4f710]: Act modified (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12), s. 212(1), Sch. 19 para. 432 (with ss. 117, 209, 210, Sch. 20 paras. 58, 59); S.I. 2018/625, reg. 2(1)(g)
[^M_C_12028a86-dc6c-413a-95f9-67250d315521]: Act: power to amend conferred (8.5.2008) by virtue of Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4), ss. 77(5), 153 Act: Crown status for the purposes of the Act extended (6.5.1999) by S.I. 1999/677, art. 7(3) Act applied (1.4.2000) by 1999 c. 28, s. 19(2) (with s. 38); S.I. 2000/1066, art. 2 Act excluded (1.3.2000) by S.I. 2000/416, art. 2, Sch. Act: functions of the Secretary of State transferred to the Lord Chancellor (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3500, arts. 3, 4, Sch. 1 para. 11 Act applied by S.I. 1993/1813, art. 4(2) (as substituted by S.I. 2001/1544, art. 3(5)(6)) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of S.I. 2001/1544) Act (except ss. 6(4)(a)(b), 28, Sch. 5 para. 12(2) for certain purposes and Sch. 6 paras. 2, 3): functions of the Lord Chancellor transferred to the Secretary of State, and all property, rights and liabilities to which the Lord Chancellor is entitled or subject to in connection with any such function transferred to the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs (19.8.2003) by The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/1887), arts. 4, 5, Sch. 1 (with art. 6) Act restricted by The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/2818), art. 8(2) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) Act modified by The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/2818), art. 11(4) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) Act modified by The National Assembly for Wales Commission (Crown Status) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/1118), art. 5 (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) Act excluded (3.12.2014) by The Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/3141), regs. 1(b), 50(1) Act applied (N.I.) (12.4.2016) by Health and Social Care (Control of Data Processing) Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 (c. 12), s. 1(8) Act applied (S.) (1.4.2018) by The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Scotland) Regulations 2018 (S.S.I. 2018/66), reg. 1, sch. 6 para. 64 (with reg. 2)
Index of defined expressions.
Supplementary definitions.
Enforcement notices.
Rights in relation to automated decision-taking.
International co-operation.
Application to Parliament.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements.
Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes.
Publication of data-sharing code
Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.
Application to Parliament.
Index of defined expressions.
Transitional provisions and savings.
Avoidance of certain contractual terms relating to health records.
Application to Crown.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Index of defined expressions.
Transitional provisions and savings.
Journalism, literature and art.
Enforcement notices.
Cancellation of enforcement notice.
Special information notices.
Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes.
Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament.
Publication of data-sharing and direct marketing codes
Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.
Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.
Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.
Application to Crown.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Right of access to personal data.
Research, history and statistics.
Information notices.
Special information notices.
Alteration or replacement of data-sharing code
Publication of data-sharing code
Monetary penalty notices: enforcement
Application to Crown.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament.
52AA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alteration or replacement of data-sharing and direct marketing codes
Inspection of overseas information systems
Monetary penalty notices: enforcement
Application to Crown.
Supplementary definitions.
Modifications of Act.
Basic interpretative provisions.
Enforcement notices.
Application to Crown.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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