The Air Navigation Order 1995

• (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (c), the person in charge of any area in the United Kingdom intended to be used for the taking off or landing of helicopters at night other than such a place as is specified in paragraph (1) shall cause to be in operation, whenever a helicopter flying for the purpose of the public transport of passengers is taking off or landing at that area by night, such lighting as will enable the pilot of the helicopter:

• (i) in the case of landing, to identify the landing area in flight, to determine the landing direction and to make a safe approach and landing; and

• (ii) in the case of taking off, to make a safe take-off.

• (b) Subject to sub-paragraph (c), a helicopter flying for the purpose of the public transport of passengers at night shall not take off or land at a place to which sub-paragraph (a) applies unless there is in operation such lighting.

• (c) Nothing in this paragraph shall apply to or in relation to an aircraft flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

Use of Government and Authority aerodromes

91

—The Authority may cause to be notified subject to such conditions as it thinks fit:

• (a) any aerodrome owned or managed by it; and

• (b) with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, any Government aerodrome;

as an aerodrome available for the take-off and landing of aircraft engaged on flights for the purpose of the public transport of passengers or for the purpose of instruction in flying or of any classes of such aircraft.

Licensing of aerodromes

92

• (1) The Authority shall grant to any person applying therefor a licence in respect of any aerodrome in the United Kingdom if it is satisfied that:

• (a) that person is competent, having regard to his previous conduct and experience, his equipment, organisation, staffing, maintenance and other arrangements, to secure that the aerodrome and the airspace within which its visual traffic pattern is normally contained are safe for use by aircraft; and

• (b) the aerodrome is safe for use by aircraft, having regard in particular to the physical characteristics of the aerodrome and of its surroundings.

• (2) An aerodrome licence may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit and shall, subject to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, remain in force for the period specified in the licence.

• (3) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (2), if the applicant so requests or if the Authority considers that an aerodrome should be available for the take-off or landing of aircraft to all persons on equal terms and conditions, it may grant a licence (in this Order referred to as “a licence for public use”) which shall be subject to the condition that the aerodrome shall at all times when it is available for the take-off or landing of aircraft be so available to all persons on equal terms and conditions.

• (4) The holder of an aerodrome licence granted under this Order (in this article called “an aerodrome licence holder”) shall:

• (a) furnish to any person on request information concerning the terms of the licence; and

• (b) in the case of a licence for public use, cause to be notified the times during which the aerodrome will be available for the take-off or landing of aircraft engaged on flights for the purpose of the public transport of passengers or instruction in flying.

• (5) The holder of an aerodrome licence granted under this Order shall not contravene or cause or permit to be contravened any condition of the aerodrome licence at any time in relation to such aircraft engaged on such flights as are specified in article 90(2) of this Order, but the licence shall not cease to be valid by reason only of such a contravention.

• (6) An aerodrome licence holder shall take all reasonable steps to secure that the aerodrome and the airspace within which its visual traffic pattern is normally contained are safe at all times for use by aircraft.

• (7)

• (a) Upon making an application for an aerodrome licence the applicant shall submit to the Authority an aerodrome manual for that aerodrome.

• (b) Unless previously submitted pursuant to sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, every aerodrome licence holder shall forthwith submit to the Authority an aerodrome manual for that aerodrome.

• (8) An aerodrome manual required pursuant to this article shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable the aerodrome operating staff to perform their duties as such including, in particular, information and instructions relating to the matters specified in Schedule 14 to this Order.

• (9) Every applicant for an aerodrome licence holder shall:

• (a) furnish to the Authority any amendments or additions to the aerodrome manual before or immediately after they come into effect;

• (b) without prejudice to the foregoing sub-paragraph, make such amendments or additions to the aerodrome manual as the Authority may require for the purpose of ensuring the safe operation of aircraft at the aerodrome or the safety of air navigation; and

• (c) maintain the aerodrome manual and make such amendments as may be necessary for the purposes of keeping its contents up to date.

• (10)

• (a) Every aerodrome licence holder shall make available to each member of the aerodrome operating staff a copy of the aerodrome manual, or a copy of every part of the aerodrome manual which is relevant to his duties; and shall ensure that each such copy is kept up to date.

• (b) Every aerodrome licence holder shall take all reasonable steps to secure that each member of the aerodrome operating staff:

• (i) is aware of the contents of every part of the aerodrome manual which is relevant to his duties as such; and

• (ii) undertakes his duties as such in conformity with the relevant provisions of the manual.

• (11) For the purposes of this article:

• (a) “aerodrome operating staff” means all persons, whether or not the aerodrome licence holder and whether or not employed by the aerodrome licence holder, whose duties are concerned either with ensuring that the aerodrome and airspace within which its visual traffic pattern is normally contained are safe for use by aircraft, or whose duties require them to have access to the aerodrome manoeuvring area or apron;

• (b) “visual traffic pattern” means the aerodrome traffic zone of the aerodrome, or, in the case of an aerodrome which is not notified for the purposes of rule 39 of the Rules of the Air, the air space which would comprise the aerodrome traffic zone of the aerodrome if it was so notified.

Aeronautical radio stations

93

• (1) A person shall not cause or permit any aeronautical radio station to be established or used unless its purpose has been approved by the Authority and the equipment thereof is of a type the specification of which is approved by the Authority in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used.

• (2)

• (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b) the person in charge of an aeronautical radio station the purpose of which is to provide a navigational aid by radio or radar to an aircraft making an approach to land or landing at an aerodrome shall not cause or permit that aeronautical radio station to provide such navigational aid unless all aeronautical radio stations operated by that person at that aerodrome are:

• (i) installed, modified and maintained in a manner approved by the Authority; and

• (ii) flight-checked by the Authority or by a person approved by the Authority for that purpose on such occasions as the Authority may require.

• (b) The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to any aeronautical radio station which is used solely for the purpose of enabling communications to be made by or on behalf of the operator of an aircraft and the commander thereof.

• (3) The person in charge of an aeronautical radio station at an aerodrome for which a licence for public use has been granted shall cause to be notified in relation to that aeronautical radio station the type and hours of operation of any service which is available for use by any aircraft, and in approving the purpose for which an aeronautical radio station is to be used at any other aerodrome the Authority may if it thinks fit require the person in charge of the aeronautical radio station to cause such information as aforesaid to be notified.

• (4) For the purpose of this article an approval shall be in writing and may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit.

• (5) The provisions of this article shall not apply in respect of any aeronautical radio station of which the person in charge is the Authority or the Secretary of State.

Aeronautical radio station records

94

• (1) The person in charge of any aeronautical radio station the purpose of which is to provide navigational aid by radio or radar to an aircraft making an approach to land or landing at an aerodrome shall in respect of all aeronautical radio stations operated by him at that aerodrome:

• (a) keep a written record of functional tests, flight checks and particulars of any overhaul, repair, replacement or modification thereof; and

• (b) preserve the written record for a period of one year or such longer period as the Authority may in a particular case direct and shall within a reasonable time after being requested to do so by an authorised person produce such record to that person.

• (2) The person in charge of an aeronautical radio station which is used for the provision of an air traffic control service by an air traffic control unit shall provide apparatus which is capable of recording the terms or content of any radio message or signal transmitted to any aircraft either alone or in common with other aircraft or received from any aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

• (3) The apparatus provided in compliance with paragraph (2) shall be:

• (a) of a type the specification of which is approved by the Authority in relation to the particular aeronautical radio station;

• (b) installed, modified and maintained in a number approved by the Authority; and

• (c) in operation at all times when the aeronautical radio station is in operation for providing an air traffic control service;

and for the purpose of this article an approval shall be in writing and may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit.

• (4) The person in charge of an aeronautical radio station shall ensure that each record made by the apparatus provided in compliance with paragraph (2) includes:

• (a) the identification of the aeronautical radio station;

• (b) the date or dates on which the record was made;

• (c) a means of determining the time at which each message or signal was transmitted;

• (d) the identity of the aircraft to or from which and the radio frequency on which the message or signal was transmitted or received; and

• (e) the time at which the record started and finished.

• (5) If at any time the apparatus provided in compliance with paragraph (2) ceases to be capable of recording the matters required by this article to be included in the record the person in charge of the aeronautical radio station shall ensure that a written record is kept in which the particulars specified in paragraph (4) are recorded together with a summary of communications exchanged between the aeronautical radio station and aircraft.

• (6) The person in charge of the aeronautical radio station shall preserve any record made in compliance with paragraphs (2) and (5) for a period of 30 days from the date on which the message or signal was recorded or for such longer period as the Authority may in a particular case direct, and shall, within a reasonable time after being requested to do so by an authorised person, produce such record to that person.

• (7)

• (a) A person required by this article to preserve any record by reason of his being the person in charge of the aeronautical radio station shall, if he ceases to be such a person, subject to sub-paragraph (b), continue to preserve the record as if he had not ceased to be such a person, and in the event of his death the duty to preserve the record shall fall upon his personal representative.

• (b) If another person becomes the person in charge of the aeronautical radio station the previous person in charge or his personal representative shall deliver the record to that other person on demand, and it shall be the duty of that other person to deal with the record delivered to him as if he were that previous person in charge.

• (8) The provisions of this article shall not apply in respect of any aeronautical radio station of which the person in charge is the Authority or the Secretary of State.

Charges at aerodromes licensed for public use

95

The licensee of any aerodrome in respect of which a licence for public use has been granted shall, when required by the Secretary of State, furnish to the Secretary of State such particulars as he may require of the charges established by the licensee for the use of the aerodrome or of any facilities provided at the aerodrome for the safety, efficiency or regularity of air navigation.

Use of aerodromes by aircraft of Contracting States and of the Commonwealth

96

The person in charge of any aerodrome in the United Kingdom which is open to public use by aircraft registered in the United Kingdom (whether or not the aerodrome is a licensed aerodrome) shall cause the aerodrome, and all air navigation facilities provided thereat, to be available for use by aircraft registered in other Contracting States or in any part of the Commonwealth on the same terms and conditions as for use by aircraft registered in the United Kingdom.

Noise and vibration caused by aircraft on aerodromes

97

The Secretary of State may prescribe the conditions under which noise and vibration may be caused by aircraft (including military aircraft) on Government aerodromes, aerodromes owned or managed by the Authority, licensed aerodromes or on aerodromes at which the manufacture, repair or maintenance of aircraft is carried out by persons carrying on business as manufacturers or repairers of aircraft, and section 77(2) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 shall apply to any aerodrome in relation to which the Secretary of State has prescribed conditions as aforesaid.

Aeronautical lights

98

• (1) Except with the permission of the Authority and in accordance with any conditions subject to which the permission may be granted, a person shall not establish, maintain or alter the character of:

• (a)

• (i) subject to sub-paragraph (ii), an aeronautical beacon within the United Kingdom;

• (ii) in the case of an aeronautical beacon which is or may be visible from the waters within an area of a general lighthouse authority, the Authority shall not give its permission for the purpose of this article except with the consent of that authority; or

• (b) any aeronautical ground light (other than an aeronautical beacon) at an aerodrome licensed under this Order, or which forms part of the lighting system for use by aircraft taking off from or landing at such an aerodrome.

• (2) A person shall not intentionally or negligently damage or interfere with any aeronautical ground light established by or with the permission of the Authority.

Dangerous lights

99

• (1) A person shall not exhibit in the United Kingdom any light which:

• (a) by reason of its glare is liable to endanger aircraft taking off from or landing at an aerodrome; or

• (b) by reason of its liability to be mistaken for an aeronautical groundlight is liable to endanger aircraft.

• (2) If any light which appears to the Authority to be such a light as aforesaid is exhibited the Authority may cause a notice to be served upon the person who is the occupier of the place where the light is exhibited or having charge of the light, directing that person, within a reasonable time to be specified in the notice, to take such steps as may be specified in the notice for extinguishing or screening the light and for preventing for the future the exhibition of any other light which may similarly endanger aircraft.

• (3) The notice may be served either personally or by post, or by affixing it in some conspicuous place near to the light to which it relates.

• (4) In the case of a light which is or may be visible from any waters within the area of a general lighthouse authority, the power of the Authority under this article shall not be exercised except with the consent of that authority.

Customs and Excise airports

100

• (1) The Secretary of State may, with the concurrence of the Commissioners for Customs and Excise and subject to such conditions as they may think fit, by order designate any aerodrome to be a place for the landing or departure of aircraft for the purpose of the enactments for the time being in force relating to customs and excise.

• (2) The Secretary of State may, with the concurrence of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, by order revoke any designation so made.

Aviation fuel at aerodromes

101

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a person who has the management of any aviation fuel installation on an aerodrome in the United Kingdom shall not cause or permit any fuel to be delivered to that installation or from it to an aircraft unless:

• (a) when the aviation fuel is delivered into the installation he is satisfied that:

• (i) the installation is capable of storing and dispensing the fuel so as not to render it unfit for use in aircraft;

• (ii) the installation is marked in a manner appropriate to the grade of fuel stored or if different grades are stored in different parts each part is so marked; and

• (iii) in the case of delivery into the installation or part thereof from a vehicle or vessel, the fuel has been sampled and is of a grade appropriate to that installation or that part of the installation as the case may be and is fit for use in aircraft;

• (b) when any aviation fuel is dispensed from the installation he is satisfied as the result of sampling that the fuel is fit for use in aircraft.

• (2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply in respect of fuel which has been removed from an aircraft and is intended for use in another aircraft operated by the same operator as the aircraft from which it has been removed.

• (3) A person to whom paragraph (1) applies shall keep a written record in respect of each installation of which he has the management, which record shall include:

• (a) particulars of the grade and quantity of aviation fuel delivered and the date of delivery;

• (b) particulars of all samples taken of the aviation fuel and of the results of tests of those samples; and

• (c) particulars of the maintenance and cleaning of the installation;

and he shall preserve the written record for a period of 12 months or such longer period as the Authority may in a particular case direct and shall, within a reasonable time after being requested to do so by an authorised person, produce such record to that person.

• (4)

• (a) A person shall not cause or permit any aviation fuel to be dispensed for use in an aircraft if he knows or has reason to believe that the aviation fuel is not fit for use in aircraft.

• (b) If it appears to the Authority or an authorised person that any aviation fuel is intended or likely to be delivered in contravention of any provision of this article, the Authority or that authorised person may direct the person having the management of the installation not to permit aviation fuel to be dispensed from that installation until the direction has been revoked by the Authority or by an authorised person.

• (5) For the purpose of this article:

• “aviation fuel” means fuel intended for use in aircraft;

• “aviation fuel installation” means any apparatus or container, including a vehicle, designed, manufactured or adapted for the storage of aviation fuel or for the delivery of such fuel to an aircraft.

PART XI — GENERAL

Restriction with respect to carriage for valuable consideration in aircraft registered outside the United Kingdom

102

• (1) An aircraft registered in a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom, or in a foreign country, shall not take on board or discharge any passengers or cargo in the United Kingdom where valuable consideration is given or promised in respect of the carriage of such persons or cargo, except with the permission of the Secretary of State granted under this article to the operator or the charterer of the aircraft or to the Government of the country in which the aircraft is registered, and in accordance with any conditions to which such permission may be subject unless that aircraft is exercising traffic rights permitted by virtue of Council Regulation 2408/92[^f00016] on access for Community air carriers to intra-community air routes (as that Regulation has effect in accordance with the EEA Agreement[^f00017] as amended by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No. 7/94 of 21st March 1994[^f00018].

• (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 72 of this Order or of paragraph (1), any breach by a person to whom a permission has been granted under this article of any condition to which that permission was subject shall constitute a contravention of this article.

Filing and approval of tariffs

103

• (1) Where a permission granted under article 102(1) of this Order contains a tariff provision, the operator or charterer of the aircraft concerned shall file with the Authority the tariff which it proposes to apply on flights to which the said permission relates and the Authority shall consider the proposed tariff and may, if it thinks fit, approve or disapprove it.

• (2) For the purposes of this article, “tariff provision” means a condition as to any of the following matters:

• (a) the price to be charged for the carriage of passengers, baggage or cargo on flights to which a permission granted under article 102(1) of this Order relates;

• (b) any additional goods, services or other benefits to be provided in connection with such carriage;

• (c) the prices, if any, to be charged for any such additional goods, services or benefits; and

• (d) the commission, or rates of commission, to be paid in relation to the carriage of passengers, baggage or cargo;

and includes any condition as to the applicability of any such price, the provision of any such goods, services or benefits or the payment of any such commission or of commission at any such rate.

• (3) The Authority shall act on behalf of the Crown in performing the functions conferred on it by this article.

Restriction with respect to aerial photography, aerial survey and aerial work in aircraft registered outside the United Kingdom

104

• (1) An aircraft registered in a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom, or in a foreign country, shall not fly over the United Kingdom for the purpose of aerial photography or aerial survey (whether or not valuable consideration is given or promised in respect of the flight or the purpose of the flight) or for the purpose of any other form of aerial work except with the permission of the Secretary of State granted under this article to the operator or the charterer of the aircraft and in accordance with any conditions to which such permission may be subject.

• (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of article 72 of this Order or of paragraph (1), any breach by a person to whom a permission has been granted under this article of any condition to which that permission was subject shall constitute a contravention of this article.

Flights over any foreign country

105

• (1) The operator or commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom (or, if the operator’s principal place of business or permanent residence is in the United Kingdom, any other aircraft) which is being flown over any foreign country shall not allow that aircraft to be used for a purpose which is prejudicial to the security, public order or public health of, or to the safety of air navigation in relation to, that country.

• (2) A person does not contravene paragraph (1) if he neither knew nor suspected that the aircraft was being or was to be used for a purpose referred to in paragraph (1).

• (3) The operator or commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom (or, if the operator’s principal place of business or permanent residence is in the United Kingdom, any other aircraft) which is being flown over any foreign country shall comply with any directions given by the appropriate aeronautical authorities of that country whenever:

• (a) the flight has not been duly authorised; or

• (b) there are reasonable grounds for the appropriate aeronautical authorities to believe that the aircraft is being or will be used for a purpose which is prejudicial to the security, public order or public health of, or to the safety of air navigation in relation to, that country;

unless the lives of persons on board or the safety of the aircraft would thereby be endangered.

• (4) A person does not contravene paragraph (3) if he neither knew nor suspected that directions were being given by the appropriate aeronautical authorities.

• (5) The requirement in paragraph (3) is without prejudice to any other requirement to comply with directions of an aeronautical authority.

• (6) In this article “appropriate aeronautical authorities” includes any person, whether a member of a country’s military or civil authorities, authorised under the law of the foreign country to issue directions to aircraft flying over that country.

Mandatory reporting

106

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this article, every person who:

• (a) is the operator or the commander of a public transport aircraft which is registered in the United Kingdom and has a maximum total weight authorised of more than 2300 kg;

• (b) carries on the business of manufacturing, repairing or overhauling such an aircraft, or any equipment or part thereof;

• (c) signs a certificate of maintenance review, or of release to service in respect of such an aircraft, part or equipment;

• (d) performs a function for which he requires an air traffic controller’s licence; or

• (e) is the licensee or manager of a licensed aerodrome;

• (f) performs a function connected with the installation, modification, maintenance, repair, overhaul, flight checking or inspection of equipment on the ground which is used or intended to be used for the purpose of or in connection with the provision of an air traffic control service or navigational aid to an aircraft; shall:

• (i) make a report to the Authority of any reportable occurrence of which he knows and which is of such a description as may be prescribed; the report shall be made within such time, by such means, and shall contain such information as may be prescribed and it shall be presented in such form as the Authority may in any particular case approve; and

• (ii) make a report to the Authority, within such time, by such means, and containing such information as the Authority may specify in a notice in writing served upon him, being information which is in his possession or control and which relates to a reportable occurrence which has been reported by him or by another person to the Authority in accordance with this article.

• (2)

• (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), in this article “reportable occurrence” means:

• (i) any incident relating to such an aircraft or any defect in or malfunctioning of such an aircraft or any part or equipment of such an aircraft, being an incident, malfunctioning or defect endangering, or which if not corrected would endanger, the aircraft, its occupants, or any other person; and

• (ii) any defect in or malfunctioning of any facility on the ground used or intended to be used for purposes of or in connection with the operation of such an aircraft, being a defect or malfunctioning endangering, or which if not corrected would endanger, such an aircraft or its occupants.

• (b) Any accident notified to the Chief Inspector of Air Accidents in pursuance of regulations made under section 75 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 shall not constitute a reportable occurrence for the purposes of this article.

• (3) Subject to sub-paragraph (1)(f)(ii), nothing in this article shall require a person to report any occurrence which he has reason to believe has been or will be reported by another person to the Authority in accordance with this article.

• (4) A person shall not make any report under this article if he knows or has reasons to believe that the report is false in any particular.

• (5)

• (a) Without prejudice to article 45(2), (4) and (5) and subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order and sub-paragraph (b), the operator of an aircraft shall, if he has reason to believe that a report has been or will be made in pursuance of this article, preserve any data from a flight data recorder or a combined cockpit voice recorder/flight data recorder relevant to the reportable occurrence for 14 days from the date on which a report of that occurrence is made to the Authority or for such longer period as the Authority may in a particular case direct.

• (b) The record referred to in sub-paragraph (a) may be erased if the aircraft is outside the United Kingdom and it is not reasonably practicable to preserve the record until the aircraft reaches the United Kingdom.

Power to prevent aircraft flying

107

• (1) If it appears to the Authority or an authorised person that any aircraft is intended or likely to be flown:

• (a) in such circumstances that any provision of article 3, 5, 6, 8, 20, 21, 31, 45, 51 or 52 of this Order would be contravened in relation to the flight;

• (b) in such circumstances that the flight would be in contravention of any other provision of this Order, of any regulations made thereunder or of JAR 145 and be a cause of danger to any person or property whether or not in the aircraft; or

• (c) while in a condition unfit for the flight, whether or not the flight would otherwise be in contravention of any provision of this Order, of any regulation made thereunder or of JAR 145;

the Authority or that authorised person may direct the operator or the commander of the aircraft that he is not to permit the aircraft to make the particular flight or any other flight of such description as may be specified in the direction, until the direction has been revoked by the Authority or by an authorised person, and the Authority or that authorised person may take such steps as are necessary to detain the aircraft.

• (2) For the purposes of paragraph (1) the Authority or any authorised person may enter upon and inspect any aircraft.

• (3) If it appears to the Secretary of State or an authorised person that any aircraft is intended or likely to be flown in such circumstances that any provision of article 102, 104 or 105 of this Order would be contravened in relation to the flight, the Secretary of State or that authorised person may direct the operator or the commander of the aircraft that he is not to permit the aircraft to make a particular flight or any other flight of such description as may be specified in the direction until the direction has been revoked by the Secretary of State or by an authorised person, and the Secretary of State or any authorised person may take such steps as are necessary to detain the aircraft.

• (4) For the purposes of paragraph (3) the Secretary of State or any authorised person may enter upon any aerodrome and may enter upon and inspect any aircraft.

Right of access to aerodromes and other places

108

• (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the Authority and any authorised person shall have the right of access at all reasonable times:

• (i) to any aerodrome, for the purpose of inspecting the aerodrome;

• (ii) to any aerodrome for the purpose of inspecting any aircraft on the aerodrome or any document which it or he has power to demand under this Order, or for the purpose of detaining any aircraft under the provisions of this Order; and

• (iii) to any place where an aircraft has landed, for the purpose of inspecting the aircraft or any document which it or he has power to demand under this Order and for the purpose of detaining the aircraft under the provisions of this Order.

• (b) Access to a Government aerodrome or aerodrome owned or managed by the Authority shall only be obtained with the permission of the person in charge of the aerodrome.

Obstruction of persons

109

A person shall not intentionally obstruct or impede any person acting in the exercise of his powers or the performance of his duties under this Order.

Enforcement of directions

110

Any person who without reasonable excuse fails to comply with any direction given to him under any provision of this Order or any regulations made thereunder shall be deemed for the purposes of this Order to have contravened that provision.

Penalties

111

• (1) If any provision of this Order, of any regulations made thereunder or of JAR 145 is contravened in relation to an aircraft, the operator of that aircraft and the commander thereof shall (without prejudice to the liability of any other person for that contravention) be deemed for the purposes of the following provisions of this article to have contravened that provision unless he proves that the contravention occurred without his consent or connivance and that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the contravention.

• (2) If it is proved that an act or omission of any person which would otherwise have been a contravention by that person of a provision of this Order or of any regulations made thereunder or of JAR 145 was due to any cause not avoidable by the exercise of reasonable care by that person the act or omission shall be deemed not to be a contravention by that person of that provision.

• (3) Where a person is charged with contravening a provision of this Order or of any regulations made thereunder by reason of his having been a member of the flight crew of an aircraft on a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work the flight shall be treated (without prejudice to the liability of any other person under this Order) as not having been for that purpose if he proves that he neither knew nor suspected that the flight was for that purpose.

• (4) If any person contravenes any provision of this Order, of any regulations made thereunder or of JAR 145 not being a provision referred to in paragraphs (5) or (6), he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction in Great Britain to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the Standard Scale, or in Northern Ireland to a fine not exceeding £1000.

• (5) If any person contravenes any provision specified in Part A of Schedule 12 to this Order he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction in Great Britain to a fine not exceeding level 4 on the Standard Scale, or in Northern Ireland to a fine not exceeding £2000.

• (6) If any person contravenes any provisions specified in Part B of the said Schedule he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction in Great Britain to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or in Northern Ireland to a fine not exceeding £2000 and on conviction on indictment to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or both.

Extra-territorial effect of the Order

112

• (1) Except where the context otherwise requires, the provisions of this Order:

• (a) in so far as they apply (whether by express reference or otherwise) to aircraft registered in the United Kingdom, shall apply to such aircraft wherever they may be;

• (b) in so far as they apply as aforesaid to other aircraft shall apply to such other aircraft when they are within the United Kingdom or on or in the neighbourhood of an offshore installation;

• (c) in so far as they prohibit, require or regulate (whether by express reference or otherwise) the doing of anything by persons of anything by persons in, or by any of the crew of, any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom, shall apply to such persons and crew, wherever they may be;

• (d) in so far as they prohibit, require or regulate as aforesaid the doing of anything in relation to any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom by other persons shall, where such persons are Commonwealth citizens, British protected persons or citizens of the Republic of Ireland, apply to them wherever they may be; and

• (e) in so far as they prohibit, require or regulate as aforesaid the doing of anything in relation to any aircraft on or in the neighbourhood of an offshore installation, shall apply to every person irrespective of his nationality or, in the case of a body corporate, of the law under which it was incorporated and wherever that person or body may be.

• (2) Nothing in this article shall be considered as extending to make any person guilty of an offence in any case in which it is provided by section 3(1) of the British Nationality Act 1948[^f00019] (which limits the criminal liability of certain persons who are not citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies) that that person shall not be guilty of an offence.

Aircraft in transit over certain United Kingdom territorial waters

113

• (1) Where an aircraft, not being an aircraft registerered in the United Kingdom, is flying over the territorial waters adjacent to the United Kingdom within part of a strait referred to in paragraph (4) solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait, only the following articles of and Schedules to this Order shall apply to that aircraft:

• article 15 and Schedule 5, to the extent necessary for the monitoring of the appropriate distress radio frequency, article 74(1)(a), (b) and (e), article 74(2), (3) and (4), together with the regulations made thereunder, article 116 and Part A of Schedule 12.

• (2) The powers conferred by the provisions referred to in paragraph (1) shall not be exercised in a way which would hamper the transit of the strait by an aircraft not registered in the United Kingdom, but without prejudice to action needed to secure the safety of aircraft.

• (3) In this article “transit of the strait” means overflight of the strait from an area of high seas at one end of the strait to an area of high seas at the other end, or flight to or from an area of high seas over some part of the strait for the purpose of entering, leaving or returning from a State bordering the strait and “an area of high seas” means any area outside the territorial waters of any State.

• (4) The parts of the straits to which this article applies are specified in Schedule 13 to this Order.

Application of Order to British-controlled aircraft not registered in the United Kingdom

114

The Authority may direct that such of the provisions of this Order and of any regulations made or having effect thereunder as may be specified in the direction shall have effect as if reference in those provisions to aircraft registered in the United Kingdom included references to the aircraft specified in the direction, being an aircraft not so registered but for the time being under the management of a person who, or of persons each of whom, is qualified to hold a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom.

Application of Order to the Crown and visiting forces, etc.

115

• (1)

• (a) Subject to the following provisions of this article, the provisions of this Order shall apply to or in relation to aircraft belonging to or exclusively employed in the service of Her Majesty, as they apply to or in relation to other aircraft and for the purposes of such application the Department or other authority for the time being responsible on behalf of Her Majesty for the management of the aircraft shall be deemed to be the operator of the aircraft and in the case of an aircraft belonging to Her Majesty, to be the owner of the interest of Her Majesty in the aircraft.

• (b) Nothing in this article shall render liable to any penalty any Department or other authority responsible on behalf of Her Majesty for the management of any aircraft.

• (2) Save as otherwise expressly provided the naval, military and air force authorities and members of any visiting force and any international headquarters and the members thereof and property held or used for the purpose of such a force or headquarters shall be exempt from the provisions of this Order and of any regulations made thereunder to the same extent as if that force or headquarters formed part of the forces of Her Majesty raised in the United Kingdom and for the time being serving there.

• (3) Save as otherwise provided by paragraph (4), article 61(4) and (8), article 74(1)(a) and article 97 of this Order, nothing in this Order shall apply to or in relation to any military aircraft.

• (4) Where a military aircraft is flown by a civilian pilot and is not commanded by a person who is acting in the course of his duty as a member of any of Her Majesty’s naval, military or air forces or as a member of a visiting force or international headquarters, the following provisions of this Order shall apply on the occasion of that flight, that is to say, articles 55, 56, 57 and 75 and in addition article 74 (so far as applicable) shall apply unless the aircraft is flown in compliance with Military Flying Regulations (Joint Service Publication 318) or Flying Orders to Contractors (Aviation Publication 67) issued by the Secretary of State.

Exemption from Order

116

The Authority may exempt from any of the provisions of this Order (other than articles 72, 102, 103, 104, 105 or 117 thereof) or any regulations made thereunder, any aircraft or persons or classes of aircraft or persons, either absolutely or subject to such conditions as it thinks fit.

Appeal to County Court or Sheriff’s Court

117

• (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), an appeal shall lie to a county court from any decision of the Authority that a person is not a fit person to hold a licence to act as an aircraft maintenance engineer, member of the flight crew of an aircraft, air traffic controller, student air traffic controller or aerodrome flight information service officer, and if the court is satisfield that on the evidence submitted to the Authority it was wrong in so deciding, the court may reverse the Authority’s decision and the Authority shall give effect to the court’s determination.

• (2) An appeal shall not lie from a decision of the Authority that a person is not qualified to hold the licence by reason of a deficiency in his knowledge, experience, competence, skill, physical or mental fitness.

• (3)

• (a) If the appellant resides or has his registered or principal office in Scotland the appeal shall lie to the sheriff within whose jurisdication he resides and the appeal shall be brought within 21 days from the date of the Authority’s decision or within such further period as the sheriff may in his discretion allow.

• (b) Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in rules governing appeals to a county court in Northern Ireland, if the appellant resides or has his registered or principal office in Northern Ireland the appeal shall lie to the county court held under the County Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1980[^f00020]

• (4) The Authority shall be a respondent to any appeal under this article.

• (5) For the purposes of any provision relating to the time within which an appeal may be brought, the Authority’s decision shall be deemed to have been taken on the date on which the Authority furnished a statement of its reasons for the decision to the applicant for the licence, or as the case may be, the holder or former holder of it.

• (6) In the case of an appeal to the sheriff:

• (a) the sheriff may, if he thinks fit, and shall on the application of any party, appoint one or more persons of skill and experience in the matter to which the proceedings relate to act as assessor, but where it is proposed to appoint any person as an assessor objection to him either personally or in respect of his qualification may be stated by any party to the appeal and shall be considered and disposed of by the sheriff;

• (b) the assessors for each sheriffdom shall be appointed from a list of persons approved for the purposes by the sheriff principal and such a list shall be published in such manner as the sheriff principal shall direct and shall be in force for 3 years only, but persons entered in any such list may be again approved in any subsequent list; it shall be lawful for the sheriff principal to defer the preparation of such a list until application has been made to appoint an assessor in an appeal in one of the courts in his sheriffdom;

• (c) the sheriff before whom an appeal is heard with the assistance of an assessor shall make a note of any question submitted by him to such assessor and of the answer thereto;

• (d) an appeal shall lie on a point of law from any decision of a sheriff under this article to the Court of Session.

Interpretation

118

• (1) In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires:

• “Aerial work” has the meaning assigned to it by article 119 of this Order;

• “Aerial work aircraft” means an aircraft (other than a public transport aircraft) flying, or intended by the operator to fly, for the purpose of aerial work;

• “Aerial work undertaking” means an undertaking whose business includes the performance of aerial work;

• “Aerobatic manoeuvres” includes loops, spins, rolls, bunts, stall turns, inverted flying and any other similar manoeuvre;

• “Aerodrome” means any area of land or water designed, equipped, set apart or commonly used for affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircraft and includes any area or space, whether on the ground, on the roof of a building or elsewhere, which is designed, equipped or set apart for affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircraft capable of descending or climbing vertically, but shall not include any area the use of which for affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircraft has been abandoned and has not been resumed;

• “Aerodrome control service” means an air traffic control service for any aircraft on the manoeuvring area or apron of the aerodrome in respect of which the service is being provided or which is flying in, or in the vicinity of the aerodrome traffic zone of that aerodrome by visual reference to the surface;

• “Aerodrome flight information unit” means a person appointed by the Authority or by any other person maintaining an aerodrome to give information by means of radio signals to aircraft flying or intending to fly within the aerodrome traffic zone of that aerodrome and “aerodrome flight information service” shall be construed accordingly;

• “Aerodrome operating minima” in relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means the cloud ceiling and runway visual range for take-off, and the decision height or minimum descent height, runway visual range and visual reference for landing, which are the minimum for the operation of that aircraft at that aerodrome;

• “Aerodrome traffic zone” means the airspace specified below, being airspace in the vicinity of an aerodrome which is notified for the purposes of rule 39 of the Rules of the Air Regulations 1991[^f00021]: in relation to such an aerodrome other than one which is on an offshore installation: at which the length of the longest runway is notified as 1850 metres or less: subject to sub-paragraph (bb), the airspace extending from the surface to a height of 2000 feet above the level of the aerodrome within the area bounded by a circle centred on the notified mid-point of the longest runway and having a radius of 2 nautical miles; where such an aerodrome traffic zone would extend less than 1½ nautical miles beyond the end of any runway at the aerodrome and this sub-paragraph is notified as being applicable, sub-paragraph (ii) shall apply as though the length of the longest runway is notified as greater than 1850 metres; at which the length of the longest runway is notified as greater than 1850 metres, the airspace extending from the surface to a height of 2000 feet above the level of the aerodrome within the area bounded by a circle centred on the notified mid-point of the longest runway and having a radius of 2½ nautical miles; in relation to such an aerodrome which is on an offshore installation, the airspace extending from mean sea level to 2000 feet above mean sea level and within 1½ nautical miles of the offshore installation; except any part of that airspace which is within the aerodrome traffic zone of another aerodrome which is notified for the purposes of this Order as being the controlling aerodrome;

• “Aeronautical beacon” means an aeronautical ground light which is visible either continuously or intermittently to designate a particular point on the surface of the earth;

• “Aeronautical ground light” means any light specifically provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed on an aircraft;

• “Aeronautical radio station” means a radio station on the surface, which transmits or receives signals for the purpose of assisting aircraft;

• “Air Traffic Control Centre” means an air traffic control unit established to provide an area control service to aircraft flying within a notified flight information region which are not receiving an aerodrome control service or an approach control service;

• “Air traffic control unit” means a person appointed by the Authority or by any other person maintaining an aerodrome or place to give instructions or advice or both instructions and advice by means of radio signals to aircraft in the interests of safety but does not include a person so appointed solely to give information to aircraft, and “Air traffic control service” shall be construed accordingly;

• “Air transport undertaking” means an undertaking whose business includes the carriage by air of passengers or cargo for valuable consideration;

• “Annual costs” in relation to the operation of an aircraft means the best estimate reasonably practicable at the time of a particular flight in respect of the year commencing on the first day of January preceding the date of the flight, of the costs of keeping and maintaining and the indirect costs of operating the aircraft, such costs in either case excluding direct costs and being those actually and necessarily incurred without a view to profit;

• “Annual flying hours” means the best estimate reasonably practicable at the time of a particular flight by an aircraft of the hours flown or to be flown by the aircraft in respect of the year commencing on the first day of January preceding the date of the flight;

• “Approach control service” means an air traffic control service for any aircraft which is not receiving an aerodrome control service, which is flying in, or in the vicinity of the aerodrome traffic zone of the aerodrome in respect of which the service is being provided, whether or not the aircraft is flying by visual reference to the surface;

• “Approach to landing” means that portion of the flight of the aircraft, when approaching to land, in which it is descending below a height of 1000 feet above the relevant specified decision height or minimum descent height;

• “Appropriate aeronautical radio station” means in relation to an aircraft an aeronautical radio station serving the area in which the aircraft is for the time being;

• “Appropriate air traffic control unit” means in relation to an aircraft either the air traffic control unit serving the area in which the aircraft is for the time being or the air traffic control unit serving the area which the aircraft intends to enter and with which unit the aircraft is required to communicate prior to entering that area, as the case may be;

• “Apron” means the part of an aerodrome provided for the stationing of aircraft for the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, for loading and unloading of cargo and for parking;

• “Area control service” means an air traffic control service for any aircraft which is flying neither in nor in the vicinity of an aerodrome traffic zone except for an aerodrome traffic zone which has been notified as being subject to an area control service;

• “Area navigation equipment” means equipment carried on board an aircraft which enables the aircraft to navigate on any desired flight path within the coverage of appropriate ground based navigation aids or within the limits of that on-board equipment or a combination of the two;

• “Authorised person” means: any constable; in article 107(3) and (4) any person authorised by the Secretary of State (whether by name, or by class or description) either generally or in relation to a particular case or class of cases; and in article 107(1) and (2) and in any article other than article 107, any person authorised by the Authority (whether by name or by class or description) either generally or in relation to a particular case or class of cases;

• “the Authority” means the Civil Aviation Authority;

• “Beneficial interest” has the same meaning as in section 57 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894[^f00022];

• “Cabin attendant” in relation to an aircraft means a person on a flight for the purpose of public transport carried for the purpose of performing in the interests of the safety of passengers duties to be assigned by the operator or the commander of the aircraft but who shall not act as a member of the flight crew;

• “Captive balloon” means a balloon which when in flight is attached by a restraining device to the surface;

• “Captive flight” means flight by an uncontrollable balloon during which it is attached to the surface by a restraining device;

• “Cargo” includes mail and animals;

• “Certificate of airworthiness” includes any validation thereof and any flight manual, performance schedule or other document, whatever its title, incorporated by reference in that certificate relating to the certificate of airworthiness;

• “Certificate of maintenance review” has the meaning assigned to it by article 10(1) of this Order;

• “Certificate of release to service issued under JAR 145” means a certificate of release to service issued in accordance with JAR 145;

• “Certificate of release to service issued under the Order” has the meaning assigned to it by article 12(5) of this Order;

• “Certificated for single pilot operation” means an aircraft which is not required to carry more than one pilot by virtue of any one or more of the following: the certificate of airworthiness duly issued or rendered valid under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered; if no certificate of airworthiness is required to be in force, the certificate of airworthiness, if any, last in force in respect of the aircraft; if no certificate of airworthiness is or has previously been in force but the aircraft is identical in design with an aircraft in respect of which such a certificate is or has been in force, the certificate of airworthiness which is or has been in force in respect of such an identical aircraft; or in the case of an aircraft flying in accordance with the conditions of a permit to fly issued by the Authority, that permit to fly;

• “Chief Officer of Police for any area of the United Kingdom” means, in relation to Scotland, the Chief Constable for any area and, in relation to Northern Ireland, the Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary;

• “Class A airspace”, “Class B airspace”, “Class C airspace”, “Class D airspace” and “Class E airspace” mean airspace respectively notified as such;

• “Cloud ceiling” in relation to an aerodrome means the vertical distance from the elevation of the aerodrome to the lowest part of any cloud visible from the aerodrome which is sufficient to obscure more than one-half of the sky so visible;

• “Commander” in relation to an aircraft means the member of the flight crew designated as commander of that aircraft by the operator thereof, or, failing such a person, the person who is for the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft;

• “the Commonwealth” means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the countries mentioned in Schedule 3 to the British Nationality Act 1981[^f00023] and all other territories forming part of Her Majesty’s dominions or in which Her Majesty has jurisdiction;

• “Competent authority” means in relation to the United Kingdom, the Authority, and in relation to any other country the authority responsible under the law of that country for promoting the safety of civil aviation;

• “Conditional sale agreement” has the same meaning as in section 189 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974[^f00024];

• “Congested area” in relation to a city, town or settlement, means any area which is substantially used for residential, industrial, commercial or recreational purposes;

• “Contracting State” means any State (including the United Kingdom) which is party to the Convention on International Civil Aviation signed on behalf of the Government of the United Kingdom at Chicago on the 7th December 1944;

• “Controllable balloon” means a balloon, not being a small balloon, which is capable of free controlled flight;

• “Controlled airspace” means airspace which has been notified as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D or Class E airspace;

• “Control area” means controlled airspace which has been further notified as a control area and which extends upwards from a notified altitude or flight level;

• “Control zone” means controlled airspace which has been further notified as a control zone and which extends upwards from the surface;

• “Co-pilot” in relation to an aircraft means a pilot who in performing his duties as such is subject to the direction of another pilot carried in the aircraft;

• “Country” includes a territory;

• “Crew” means a member of the flight crew, a person carried on the flight deck who is appointed by the operator of the aircraft to give or to supervise the training, experience, practice and periodical tests required in respect of the flight crew under article 30(2) of this Order or a cabin attendant;

• “Danger area” shall mean airspace which has been notified as such within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may take place or exist at such times as may be notified;

• “Day” means the time from half an hour before sunrise until half an hour after sunset (both times exclusive), sunset and sunrise being determined at surface level;

• “Decision height” in relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means the height in a precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue that approach has not been established;

• “Declared distances” has the meaning which has been notified;

• “Direct costs” means, in respect of a flight, the costs actually and necessarily incurred in connection with that flight without a view to profit but excluding any remuneration payabe to the pilot for his services as such;

• “Director” has the same meaning as in section 53(1) of the Companies Act 1989[^f00025];

• “EEA agreement” means the Agreement on the European Economic Area signed at Oporto on 2nd May 1992 as adjusted by the Protocol signed at Brussels on 17th March 1993;

• “EEA State” means a State which is a contracting party to the EEA Agreement but until the EEA Agreement comes into force in relation to Liechtenstein does not include the State of Liechtenstein;

• “Flight” and “to fly” have the meanings respectively assigned to them by paragraph (2);

• “Flight crew” in relation to an aircraft means those members of the crew of the aircraft who respectively undertake to act as pilot, flight navigator, flight engineer and flight radio operator of the aircraft;

• “Flight level” means one of a series of levels of equal atmospheric pressure, separated by notified intervals and each expressed as the number of hundreds of feet which would be indicated at that level on a pressure altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Intenational Standard Atmosphere and set to 1013.2 millibars;

• “Flight plan” means such information as may be notified in respect of an air traffic control service unit being information provided or to be provided to that unit, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft;

• “Flight recording system” means a system comprising either a flight data recorder or a cockpit voice recorder or both;

• “Flight simulator” means apparatus by means of which flight conditions in an aircraft are simulated on the ground;

• “Flight visibility” means the visibility forward from the flight deck of an aircraft in flight;

• “Foreign country” shall, for the purposes of articles 102 and 104, include Hong Kong;

• “Free balloon” means a balloon which when in flight is not attached by any form of restraining device to the surface;

• “Free controlled flight” means flight during which a balloon is not attached to the surface by any form of restraining device (othe than a tether not exceeding 5 metres in length which may be used as part of the take-off procedure) and during which the height of the balloon is controllable by means of a device attached to the balloon and operated by the commander of the balloon or by remote control;

• “General lighthouse authority” has the same meaning as in section 634 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894[^f00026];

• “Government aerodrome” means any aerodrome in the United Kingdom which is in the occupation of any Government Department or visiting force;

• “Hire-purchase agreement” has the same meaning as in section 189 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974[^f00027];

• “Instrument Flight Rules” means Instrument Flight Rules prescribed under article 74(1) of this Order;

• “Instrument Meteorological Conditions” means weather precluding flight in compliance with the Visual Flight Rules;

• “International headquarters” means an international headquarters designated by Order in Council under section 1 of the International Headquarters and Defence Organisations Act 1964[^f00028];

• “JAA” means the Joint Aviation Authorities, an associated body of the European Civil Aviation Conference;

• “JAR” means a joint aviation requirement of the JAA as it has effect under the Technical Harmonisation Regulation and reference to a numbered JAR is a reference to such a requirement bearing that number;

• “to land” in relation to aircraft includes alighting on the water;

• “Legal personal representative” has the same meaning as in section 742 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894[^f00026];

• “Licence” includes any certificate of competency or certificate of validity issued with the licence or required to be held in connection with the licence by the law of the country in which the licence is granted;

• “Licence for public use” has the meaning assigned to it by article 92(3) of this Order;

• “Licensed aerodrome” means an aerodrome licensed under this Order;

• “Lifejacket” includes any device designed to support a person individually in or on the water;

• “Log book” in the case of an aircraft log book, engine log book or variable pitch propeller log book, or personal flying log book, includes a record kept either in a book, or by any other means approved by the Authority in the particular case;

• “Manoeuvring area” means the part of an aerodrome provided for the take-off and landing of aircraft and for the movement of aircraft on the surface, excluding the apron and any part of the aerodrome provided for the maintenance of aircraft;

• “Maximum total weight authorised” in relation to an aircraft means the maximum total weight of the aircraft and its contents at which the aircraft may take off anywhere in the world, in the most favourable circumstances in accordance with the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft;

• “Medical attendant” means a person carried on a flight for the purpose of attending to any person in the aircraft in need of medical attention, or to be available to attend to such a person;

• “Microlight aeroplane” means an aeroplane having a maximum total weight authorised not exceeding 390 kg, a wing loading at the maximum total weight authorised not exceeding 25 kg per square metre, a maximum fuel capacity not execeeding 50 litres and which has been designed to carry not more than 2 persons;

• “Military aircraft” means the naval, military or air force aircraft of any country and: any aircraft being constructed for the naval, military or air force of any country under a contract entered into by the Secretary of State; and any aircraft in respect of which there is in force a certificate issued by the Secretary of State that the aircraft is to be treated for the purposes of this Order as a military aircraft;

• “Minimum descent height” in relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome means the height in a non-precision approach below which descent may not be made without the required visual reference;

• “Nautical mile” means the International Nautical Mile, that is to say, a distance of 1852 metres;

• “Night” means the time from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise (both times inclusive), sunset and sunrise being determined at surface level;

• “Non-precision approach” means an instrument approach using non-visual aids for guidance in azimuth or elevation but which is not a precision approach;

• “Notified” means set forth in a document published by the Authority and entitled “United Kingdom Notam” or “United Kingdom Air Pilot” and for the time being in force;

• “Obstacle limitation surfaces” has the same meaning as in “CAP 168 Licensing of aerodromes” [^f00029];

• “Offshore installation” has the same meaning as in section 1 of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971[^f00030];

• “Operator” has the meaning assigned to it by paragraph (3);

• “Parascending parachute” means a parachute which is towed by cable in such a manner as to cause it to ascend;

• “Passenger” means a person other than a member of the crew;

• “Period of duty” means the period between the commencement and end of a shift during which an air traffic controller performs, or could be called upon to perform, any of the functions specified in respect of a rating included in his licence;

• “Pilot in command” in relation to an aircraft means a person who for the time being is in charge of the piloting of the aircraft without being under the direction of any other pilot in the aircraft;

• “Police Officer” means any person who is a member of a Police Force or of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the Royal Ulster Constabulary Reserve), and any Special Constable;

• “Precision approach” means an instrument approach using Instrument Landing System, Microwave Landing System or Precision Approach Radar for guidance in both azimuth and elevation;

• “Prescribed” means prescribed by regulations made by the Secretary of State under this Order, and the expression “prescribe” shall be construed accordingly;

• “Pressurised aircraft” means an aircraft provided with means of maintaining in any compartment a pressure greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere;

• “Private flight” means a flight which is neither for the purpose of aerial work nor public transport;

• “Public transport” has the meaning assigned to it by article 119 of this Order;

• “Public transport aircraft” means an aircraft flying, or intended by the operator of the aircraft to fly, for the purpose of public transport;

• “Record” has the same meaning as in section 73 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982[^f00031];

• “Released flight” means flight by an uncontrollable balloon during which it is not attached to the surface by any form of restraining device;

• “Relevant overseas territory” means any colony and any country or place outside Her Majesty’s dominions in which for the time being Her Majesty has jurisdiction;

• “Replacement” in relation to any part of an aircraft or its equipment includes the removal and replacement of that part whether or not by the same part, and whether or not any work is done on it; but does not include the removal and replacement of a part which is designed to be removable solely for the purpose of enabling another part to be inspected, repaired, removed or replaced or cargo to be loaded;

• “Rules of the Air” has the meaning assigned to it by article 74(1) of this Order;

• “Runway visual range” in relation to a runway means the distance in the direction of take-off or landing over which the runway lights or surface markings may be seen from the touchdown zone as calculated by either human observation or instruments in the vicinity of the touchdown zone or where this is not reasonably practicable in the vicinity of and mid-point of the runway; and the distance, if any, communicated to the commander of an aircraft by or on behalf of the person in charge of the aerodrome as being the runway visual range shall be taken to be the runway visual range for the time being;

• “Scheduled journey” means one of a series of journeys which are undertaken between the same two places and which together amount to a systematic service;

• “Seaplane” has the same meaning as for the purpose of section 97 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982;

• “Sector” means airspace of specified dimensions described in the Manual of Air Traffic Services in respect of a particular place;

• “Small balloon” means a balloon not exceeding 2 metres in any linear dimension at any stage of its flight, including any basket or other equipment attached to the balloon;

• “Special VFR flight” means a flight which is a special VFR flight for the purposes of the rules prescribed under article 74(1) of this Order;

• “Specified minimum weather provisions” has the meaning assigned to it by paragraph (4);

• “Technical Harmonisation Regulation” means Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91[^f00032] on the harmonisation of technical requirements and administrative procedures in the field of civil aviation;