The Working Time Regulations 1998

Made: 30th July 1998

Laid before Parliament: 30th July 1998

Coming into force: 1st October 1998

The Secretary of State, being a Minister designated for the purposes of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 in relation to measures relating to the organization of working time and measures relating to the employment of children and young persons, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by that provision hereby makes the following Regulations—

PART I — GENERAL

Citation, commencement and extent

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• (1) These Regulations may be cited as the Working Time Regulations 1998 and shall come into force on 1st October 1998.

• (2) These Regulations extend to Great Britain only.

Interpretation

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• (1) In these Regulations—

• “the 1996 Act" means the Employment Rights Act 1996 ;

• “adult worker" means a worker who has attained the age of 18;

• “the armed forces" means any of the naval, military and air forces of the Crown;

• “calendar year" means the period of twelve months beginning with 1st January in any year;

• “the civil protection services" includes the police, fire brigades and ambulance services, the security and intelligence services, customs and immigration officers, the prison service, the coastguard, and lifeboat crew and other voluntary rescue services;

• “collective agreement" means a collective agreement within the meaning of section 178 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 , the trade union parties to which are independent trade unions within the meaning of section 5 of that Act;

• “day" means a period of 24 hours beginning at midnight;

• “employer", in relation to a worker, means the person by whom the worker is (or, where the employment has ceased, was) employed;

• “employment", in relation to a worker, means employment under his contract, and “employed" shall be construed accordingly;

• “fishing vessel” has the same meaning as in section 313 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995;

• “irregular hours worker” has the meaning given by regulation 15F(1);

• “mobile worker” means any worker employed as a member of travelling or flying personnel by an undertaking which operates transport services for passengers or goods by road or air;

• “night time", in relation to a worker, means a period—the duration of which is not less than seven hours, andwhich includes the period between midnight and 5 a.m.,which is determined for the purposes of these Regulations by a relevant agreement, or, in default of such a determination, the period between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m.;

• “night work" means work during night time;

• “night worker" means a worker—who, as a normal course, works at least three hours of his daily working time during night time, orwho is likely, during night time, to work at least such proportion of his annual working time as may be specified for the purposes of these Regulations in a collective agreement or a workforce agreement;and, for the purpose of paragraph (a) of this definition, a person works hours as a normal course (without prejudice to the generality of that expression) if he works such hours on the majority of days on which he works;

• “offshore work” means work performed mainly on or from offshore installations (including drilling rigs), directly or indirectly in connection with the exploration, extraction or exploitation of mineral resources, including hydrocarbons, and diving in connection with such activities, whether performed from an offshore installation or a vessel , including any such work performed in the territorial waters of the United Kingdom adjacent to Great Britain or in any area (except one or part of one in which the law of Northern Ireland applies) designated under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964;

• “part-year worker” has the meaning given by regulation 15F(1)(b);

• “relevant agreement", in relation to a worker, means a workforce agreement which applies to him, any provision of a collective agreement which forms part of a contract between him and his employer, or any other agreement in writing which is legally enforceable as between the worker and his employer;

• “relevant training" means work experience provided pursuant to a training course or programme, training for employment, or both, other than work experience or training—the immediate provider of which is an educational institution or a person whose main business is the provision of training, andwhich is provided on a course run by that institution or person;

• “rest period", in relation to a worker, means a period which is not working time, other than a rest break or leave to which the worker is entitled under these Regulations;

• “the restricted period”, in relation to a worker, means the period between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or, where the worker’s contract provides for him to work after 10 p.m., the period between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m.

• “ship” has the same meaning as in section 313 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995;

• “sick leave” means absence from work due to sickness or injury;

• “statutory leave” means leave provided for in Part 8 and Part 8B of the 1996 Act;

• “worker" means an individual who has entered into or works under (or, where the employment has ceased, worked under)—a contract of employment; orany other contract, whether express or implied and (if it is express) whether oral or in writing, whereby the individual undertakes to do or perform personally any work or services for another party to the contract whose status is not by virtue of the contract that of a client or customer of any profession or business undertaking carried on by the individual;and any reference to a worker’s contract shall be construed accordingly;

• “worker employed in agriculture" means, in relation to Wales, an agricultural worker within the meaning of section 18 of the Agricultural Sector (Wales) Act 2014 and otherwise has the same meaning as in the Agricultural Wages Act 1948 or the Agricultural Wages (Scotland) Act 1949 , and a reference to a worker partly employed in agriculture is to a worker employed in agriculture whose employer also employs him for non-agricultural purposes;

• “workforce agreement" means an agreement between an employer and workers employed by him or their representatives in respect of which the conditions set out in Schedule 1 to these Regulations are satisfied;

• “working time", in relation to a worker, means—any period during which he is working, at his employer’s disposal and carrying out his activity or duties,any period during which he is receiving relevant training, andany additional period which is to be treated as working time for the purpose of these Regulations under a relevant agreement;and “work" shall be construed accordingly;

• “Working Time Directive" means Council Directive 93/104/EC of 23rd November 1993 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time ;

• “young worker" means a worker who has attained the age of 15 but not the age of 18 and who, as respects England and Wales, is over compulsory school age (construed in accordance with section 8 of the Education Act 1996) and, as respects Scotland, is over school age (construed in accordance with section 31 of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980) , and

• “Young Workers Directive" means Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22nd June 1994 on the protection of young people at work .

• (2) In the absence of a definition in these Regulations, words and expressions used in particular provisions which are also used in corresponding provisions of the Working Time Directive or the Young Workers Directive have the same meaning as they have in those corresponding provisions.

• (3) In these Regulations—

• (a) a reference to a numbered regulation is to the regulation in these Regulations bearing that number;

• (b) a reference in a regulation to a numbered paragraph is to the paragraph in that regulation bearing that number; and

• (c) a reference in a paragraph to a lettered sub-paragraph is to the sub-paragraph in that paragraph bearing that letter.

PART II — RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING WORKING TIME

General

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• (1) The provisions of this Part have effect subject to the exceptions provided for in Part III of these Regulations.

• (2) Where, in this Part, separate provision is made as respects the same matter in relation to workers generally and to young workers, the provision relating to workers generally applies only to adult workers and those young workers to whom, by virtue of any exception in Part 3, the provision relating to young workers does not apply.

Maximum weekly working time

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• (1) Unless his employer has first obtained the worker’s agreement in writing to perform such work, a worker’s working time, including overtime, in any reference period which is applicable in his case shall not exceed an average of 48 hours for each seven days.

• (2) An employer shall take all reasonable steps, in keeping with the need to protect the health and safety of workers, to ensure that the limit specified in paragraph (1) is complied with in the case of each worker employed by him in relation to whom it applies and shall keep up-to-date records of all workers who carry out work to which it does not apply by reason of the fact that the employer has obtained the worker’s agreement as mentioned in paragraph (1).

• (3) Subject to paragraphs (4) and (5) and any agreement under regulation 23(b), the reference periods which apply in the case of a worker are—

• (a) where a relevant agreement provides for the application of this regulation in relation to successive periods of 17 weeks, each such period, or

• (b) in any other case, any period of 17 weeks in the course of his employment.

• (4) Where a worker has worked for his employer for less than 17 weeks, the reference period applicable in his case is the period that has elapsed since he started work for his employer.

• (5) Paragraphs (3) and (4) shall apply to a worker who is excluded from the scope of certain provisions of these Regulations by regulation 21 as if for each reference to 17 weeks there were substituted a reference to 26 weeks.

• (6) For the purposes of this regulation, a worker’s average working time for each seven days during a reference period shall be determined according to the formula—

$$A+BC$where—A is the aggregate number of hours comprised in the worker’s working time during the course of the reference period;B is the aggregate number of hours comprised in his working time during the course of the period beginning immediately after the end of the reference period and ending when the number of days in that subsequent period on which he has worked equals the number of excluded days during the reference period; andC> is the number of weeks in the reference period.$

• (7) In paragraph (6), “excluded days" means days comprised in—

• (a) any period of annual leave taken by the worker in exercise of his entitlement under regulation 13 , 13A or 15B;

• (b) any period of sick leave taken by the worker;

• (c) any period of maternity paternity, adoption or parental leave taken by the worker; and

• (d) any period in respect of which the limit specified in paragraph (1) did not apply in relation to the worker by reason of the fact that the employer has obtained the worker’s agreement as mentioned in paragraph (1).

Agreement to exclude the maximum

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• (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• (2) An agreement for the purposes of regulation 4—

• (a) may either relate to a specified period or apply indefinitely; and

• (b) subject to any provision in the agreement for a different period of notice, shall be terminable by the worker by giving not less than seven days’ notice to his employer in writing.

• (3) Where an agreement for the purposes of regulation 4 makes provision for the termination of the agreement after a period of notice, the notice period provided for shall not exceed three months.

• (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Length of night work

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• (1) A night worker’s normal hours of work in any reference period which is applicable in his case shall not exceed an average of eight hours for each 24 hours.

• (2) An employer shall take all reasonable steps, in keeping with the need to protect the health and safety or workers, to ensure that the limit specified in paragraph (1) is complied with in the case of each night worker employed by him.

• (3) The reference periods which apply in the case of a night worker are—

• (a) where a relevant agreement provides for the application of this regulation in relation to successive periods of 17 weeks, each such period, or

• (b) in any other case, any period of 17 weeks in the course of his employment.

• (4) Where a worker has worked for his employer for less than 17 weeks, the reference period applicable in his case is the period that has elapsed since he started work for his employer.

• (5) For the purposes of this regulation, a night worker’s average normal hours of work for each 24 hours during a reference period shall be determined according to the formula—

$$AB-C$where—A is the number of hours during the reference period which are normal working hours for that worker;B is the number of days during the reference period, andC is the total number of hours during the reference period comprised in rest periods spent by the worker in pursuance of his entitlement under regulation 11, divided by 24.$

• (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• (7) An employer shall ensure that no night worker employed by him whose work involves special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain works for more than eight hours in any 24-hour period during which the night worker performs night work.

• (8) For the purposes of paragraph (7), the work of a night worker shall be regarded as involving special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain if—

• (a) it is identified as such in—

• (i) a collective agreement, or

• (ii) a workforce agreement,

which takes account of the specific effects and hazards of night work, or

• (b) it is recognised in a risk assessment made by the employer under regulation 3 of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 as involving a significant risk to the health or safety of workers employed by him.

Health assessment and transfer of night workers to day work

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• (1) An employer—

• (a) shall not assign an adult worker to work which is to be undertaken during periods such that the worker will become a night worker unless—

• (i) the employer has ensured that the worker will have the opportunity of a free health assessment before he takes up the assignment; or

• (ii) the worker had a health assessment before being assigned to work to be undertaken during such periods on an earlier occasion, and the employer has no reason to believe that that assessment is no longer valid, and

• (b) shall ensure that each night worker employed by him has the opportunity of a free health assessment at regular intervals of whatever duration may be appropriate in his case.

• (2) Subject to paragraph (4), an employer—

• (a) shall not assign a young worker to work during the restricted period unless—

• (i) the employer has ensured that the young worker will have the opportunity of a free assessment of his health and capacities before he takes up the assignment; or

• (ii) the young worker had an assessment of his health and capacities before being assigned to work during the restricted period on an earlier occasion, and the employer has no reason to believe that that assessment is no longer valid; and

• (b) shall ensure that each young worker employed by him and assigned to work during the restricted period has the opportunity of a free assessment of his health and capacities at regular intervals of whatever duration may be appropriate in his case.

• (3) For the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), an assessment is free if it is at no cost to the worker to whom it relates.

• (4) The requirements in paragraph (2) do not apply in a case where the work a young worker is assigned to do is of an exceptional nature.

• (5) No person shall disclose an assessment made for the purposes of this regulation to any person other than the worker to whom it relates, unless—

• (a) the worker has given his consent in writing to the disclosure, or

• (b) the disclosure is confined to a statement that the assessment shows the worker to be fit—

• (i) in a case where paragraph (1)(a)(i) or (2)(a)(i) applies, to take up an assignment, or

• (ii) in a case where paragraph (1)(b) or (2)(b) applies, to continue to undertake an assignment.

• (6) Where—

• (a) a registered medical practitioner has advised an employer that a worker employed by the employer is suffering from health problems which the practitioner considers to be connected with the fact that the worker performs night work, and

• (b) it is possible for the employer to transfer the worker to work—

• (i) to which the worker is suited, and

• (ii) which is to be undertaken during periods such that the worker will cease to be a night worker,

the employer shall transfer the worker accordingly.

Pattern of work

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Where the pattern according to which an employer organizes work is such as to put the health and safety of a worker employed by him at risk, in particular because the work is monotonous or the work-rate is predetermined, the employer shall ensure that the worker is given adequate rest breaks.

Records

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• (1) An employer shall—

• (a) keep records which are adequate to show whether the employer has complied with the limits specified in regulations 4(1), 5A(1) and 6(1) and (7) and the requirements in regulations 6A and 7(1) and (2);

• (b) retain such records for two years from the date on which they were made.