The Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008

• (b) the differences between those amounts and the corresponding amounts actually shown in the balance sheet in respect of that item.

• (4) In sub-paragraph (3), references in relation to any item to the comparable amounts determined in accordance with that sub-paragraph are to—

• (a) the aggregate amount which would be required to be shown in respect of that item if the amounts to be included in respect of all the assets covered by that item were determined according to the historical cost accounting rules, and

• (b) the aggregate amount of the cumulative provisions for depreciation or diminution in value which would be permitted or required in determining those amounts according to those rules.

Reserves and provisions

59

• (1) This paragraph applies where any amount is transferred—

• (a) to or from any reserves, or

• (b) to any provision for liabilities, or

• (c) from any provision for liabilities otherwise than for the purpose for which the provision was established,

and the reserves or provisions are or would but for paragraph 4(2)(b) be shown as separate items in the company's balance sheet.

• (2) The following information must be given in respect of the aggregate of reserves or provisions included in the same item in tabular form—

• (a) the amount of the reserves or provisions as at the date of the beginning of the financial year and as at the balance sheet date respectively,

• (b) any amounts transferred to or from the reserves or provisions during that year, and

• (c) the source and application respectively of any amounts so transferred.

• (3) Particulars must be given of each provision included in the item “other provisions” in the company's balance sheet in any case where the amount of that provision is material.

Provision for taxation

60

The amount of any provision for deferred taxation must be stated separately from the amount of any provision for other taxation.

Details of indebtedness

61

• (1) For the aggregate of all items shown under “creditors” in the company's balance sheet there must be stated the aggregate of the following amounts—

• (a) the amount of any debts included under “creditors” which are payable or repayable otherwise than by instalments and fall due for payment or repayment after the end of the period of five years beginning with the day next following the end of the financial year, and

• (b) in the case of any debts so included which are payable or repayable by instalments, the amount of any instalments which fall due for payment after the end of that period.

• (2) Subject to sub-paragraph (3), in relation to each debt falling to be taken into account under sub-paragraph (1), the terms of payment or repayment and the rate of any interest payable on the debt must be stated.

• (3) If the number of debts is such that, in the opinion of the directors, compliance with sub-paragraph (2) would result in a statement of excessive length, it is sufficient to give a general indication of the terms of payment or repayment and the rates of any interest payable on the debts.

• (4) In respect of each item shown under “creditors” in the company's balance sheet there must be stated—

• (a) the aggregate amount of any debts included under that item in respect of which any security has been given by the company, and

• (b) an indication of the nature and form of the securities so given.

• (5) References above in this paragraph to an item shown under “creditors” in the company's balance sheet include references, where amounts falling due to creditors within one year and after more than one year are distinguished in the balance sheet—

• (a) in a case within sub-paragraph (1), to an item shown under the latter of those categories, and

• (b) in a case within sub-paragraph (4), to an item shown under either of those categories.

References to items shown under “creditors” include references to items which would but for paragraph 4(2)(b) be shown under that heading.

62

If any fixed cumulative dividends on the company's shares are in arrear, there must be stated—

• (a) the amount of the arrears, and

• (b) the period for which the dividends or, if there is more than one class, each class of them are in arrear.

Guarantees and other financial commitments

63

• (1) Particulars must be given of any charge on the assets of the company to secure the liabilities of any other person including the amount secured.

• (2) Particulars and the total amount of any financial commitments, guarantees and contingencies that are not included in the balance sheet must be disclosed.

• (3) An indication of the nature and form of any valuable security given by the company in respect of commitments, guarantees and contingencies within sub-paragraph (2) must be given.

• (4) The total amount of any commitments within sub-paragraph (2) concerning pensions must be separately disclosed.

• (5) Particulars must be given of pension commitments which are included in the balance sheet.

• (6) Where any commitment within sub-paragraph (4) or (5) relates wholly or partly to pensions payable to past directors of the company separate particulars must be given of that commitment.

• (7) The total amount of any commitments, guarantees and contingencies within sub-paragraph (2) which are undertaken on behalf of or for the benefit of—

• (a) any parent undertaking or fellow subsidiary undertaking of the company,

• (b) any subsidiary undertaking of the company, or

• (c) any undertaking in which the company has a participating interest

must be separately stated and those within each of paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) must also be stated separately from those within any other of those paragraphs.

Miscellaneous matters

64

• (1) Particulars must be given of any case where the purchase price or production cost of any asset is for the first time determined under paragraph 29.

• (2) Where any outstanding loans made under the authority of section 682(2)(b), (c) or (d) of the 2006 Act (various cases of financial assistance by a company for purchase of its own shares) are included under any item shown in the company's balance sheet, the aggregate amount of those loans must be disclosed for each item in question.

Information supplementing the profit and loss account

65

Paragraphs 66 to 69 require information which either supplements the information given with respect to any particular items shown in the profit and loss account or otherwise provides particulars of income or expenditure of the company or of circumstances affecting the items shown in the profit and loss account (see regulation 3(2) for exemption for companies falling within section 408 of the 2006 Act (individual profit and loss account where group accounts prepared)).

Separate statement of certain items of income and expenditure

66

• (1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), there must be stated the amount of the interest on or any similar charges in respect of bank loans and overdrafts, and loans of any other kind made to the company.

• (2) Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to interest or charges on loans to the company from group undertakings, but, with that exception, it applies to interest or charges on all loans, whether made on the security of debentures or not.

Particulars of tax

67

• (1) Particulars must be given of any special circumstances which affect liability in respect of taxation of profits, income or capital gains for the financial year or liability in respect of taxation of profits, income or capital gains for succeeding financial years.

• (2) The following amounts must be stated—

• (a) the amount of the charge for United Kingdom corporation tax,

• (b) if that amount would have been greater but for relief from double taxation, the amount which it would have been but for such relief,

• (c) the amount of the charge for United Kingdom income tax, and

• (d) the amount of the charge for taxation imposed outside the United Kingdom of profits, income and (so far as charged to revenue) capital gains.

These amounts must be stated separately in respect of each of the amounts which is or would but for paragraph 4(2)(b) be shown under the item “tax on profit or loss” in the profit and loss account.

Particulars of turnover

68

• (1) If in the course of the financial year the company has carried on business of two or more classes that, in the opinion of the directors, differ substantially from each other, the amount of the turnover attributable to each class must be stated and the class described (see regulation 4(3)(b) for exemption for medium-sized companies in accounts delivered to registrar).

• (2) If in the course of the financial year the company has supplied markets that, in the opinion of the directors, differ substantially from each other, the amount of the turnover attributable to each such market must also be stated. In this paragraph “market” means a market delimited by geographical bounds.

• (3) In analysing for the purposes of this paragraph the source (in terms of business or in terms of market) of turnover, the directors of the company must have regard to the manner in which the company's activities are organised.

• (4) For the purposes of this paragraph—

• (a) classes of business which, in the opinion of the directors, do not differ substantially from each other must be treated as one class, and

• (b) markets which, in the opinion of the directors, do not differ substantially from each other must be treated as one market,

and any amounts properly attributable to one class of business or (as the case may be) to one market which are not material may be included in the amount stated in respect of another.

• (5) Where in the opinion of the directors the disclosure of any information required by this paragraph would be seriously prejudicial to the interests of the company, that information need not be disclosed, but the fact that any such information has not been disclosed must be stated.

Miscellaneous matters

69

• (1) Where any amount relating to any preceding financial year is included in any item in the profit and loss account, the effect must be stated.

• (2) The amount, nature and effect of any individual items of income or expenditure which are of exceptional size or incidence must be stated.

Sums denominated in foreign currencies

70

Where any sums originally denominated in foreign currencies have been brought into account under any items shown in the balance sheet format or profit and loss account formats, the basis on which those sums have been translated into sterling (or the currency in which the accounts are drawn up) must be stated.

Dormant companies acting as agents

71

Where the directors of a company take advantage of the exemption conferred by section 480 of the 2006 Act (dormant companies: exemption from audit), and the company has during the financial year in question acted as an agent for any person, the fact that it has so acted must be stated.

Related party transactions

72

• (1) Particulars may be given of transactions which the company has entered into with related parties, and must be given if such transactions are material and have not been concluded under normal market conditions (see regulation 4(2B) for a modification for medium-sized companies).

• (2) The particulars of transactions required to be disclosed by sub-paragraph (1) must include—

• (a) the amount of such transactions,

• (b) the nature of the related party relationship, and

• (c) other information about the transactions necessary for an understanding of the financial position of the company.

• (3) Information about individual transactions may be aggregated according to their nature, except where separate information is necessary for an understanding of the effects of related party transactions on the financial position of the company.

• (4) Particulars need not be given of transactions entered into between two or more members of a group, provided that any subsidiary undertaking which is a party to the transaction is wholly-owned by such a member.

• (5) In this paragraph, “related party” has the same meaning as in UK-adopted international accounting standards.

PART 4 — SPECIAL PROVISION WHERE COMPANY IS A PARENT COMPANY OR SUBSIDIARY UNDERTAKING

Company's own accounts: guarantees and other financial commitments in favour of group undertakings

73

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART 5 — SPECIAL PROVISIONS WHERE THE COMPANY IS AN INVESTMENT COMPANY

74

• (1) Paragraph 35 does not apply to the amount of any profit or loss arising from a determination of the value of any investments of an investment company on any basis mentioned in paragraph 32(3).

• (2) Any provisions made by virtue of paragraph 19(1) or (2) in the case of an investment company in respect of any fixed asset investments need not be charged to the company's profit and loss account provided they are either—

• (a) charged against any reserve account to which any amount excluded by sub-paragraph (1) from the requirements of paragraph 35 has been credited, or

• (b) shown as a separate item in the company's balance sheet under the sub-heading “other reserves”.

• (3) For the purposes of this paragraph, as it applies in relation to any company, “fixed asset investment” means any asset falling to be included under any item shown in the company's balance sheet under the subdivision “investments” under the general item “fixed assets”.

75

• (1) Any distribution made by an investment company which reduces the amount of its net assets to less than the aggregate of its called-up share capital and undistributable reserves shall be disclosed in a note to the company's accounts.

• (2) For purposes of this paragraph, a company's net assets are the aggregate of its assets less the aggregate of its liabilities (including any provision for liabilities within paragraph 2 of Schedule 9 to these Regulations that is made in Companies Act accounts and any provision that is made in IAS accounts); and “undistributable reserves” has the meaning given by section 831(4) of the 2006 Act.

• (3) A company shall be treated as an investment company for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule in relation to any financial year of the company if—

• (a) during the whole of that year it was an investment company as defined by section 833 of the 2006 Act, and

• (b) it was not at any time during that year prohibited from making a distribution by virtue of section 832 of the 2006 Act due to either or both of the conditions specified in section 832(5)(a) or (b) (no distribution where capital profits have been distributed etc) not being met.

SCHEDULE 2 — BANKING COMPANIES: COMPANIES ACT INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS

PART 1 — GENERAL RULES AND FORMATS

SECTION A — GENERAL RULES

1

Subject to the following provisions of this Part of this Schedule—

• (a) every balance sheet of a company must show the items listed in the balance sheet format set out in Section B of this Part, and

• (b) every profit and loss account must show the items listed in either of the profit and loss account formats in Section B.

2

• (1) References in this Part of this Schedule to the items listed in any of the formats set out in Section B, are to those items read together with any of the notes following the formats which apply to those items.

• (2) The items must be shown in the order and under the headings and sub-headings given in the particular format used, but—

• (a) the notes to the formats may permit alternative positions for any particular items,

• (b) the heading or sub-heading for any item does not have to be distinguished by any letter or number assigned to that item in the format used, and

• (c) where the heading of an item in the format used contains any wording in square brackets, that wording may be omitted if not applicable to the company.

3

• (1) Where in accordance with paragraph 1 a company’s profit and loss account for any financial year has been prepared by reference to one of the formats in Section B, the company’s directors must use the same format in preparing the profit and loss account for subsequent financial years, unless in their opinion there are special reasons for a change.

• (2) Particulars of any change must be given in a note to the accounts in which the new format is first used, and the reasons for the change must be explained.

4

• (1) Any item required to be shown in a company’s balance sheet or profit and loss account may be shown in greater detail than required by the particular format used.

• (2) The balance sheet or profit and loss account may include an item representing or covering the amount of any asset or liability, income or expenditure not specifically covered by any of the items listed in the format used, save that none of the following may be treated as assets in any balance sheet—

• (a) preliminary expenses,

• (b) expenses of, and commission on, any issue of shares or debentures, and

• (c) costs of research.

5

• (1) Items to which lower case letters are assigned in any of the formats in Section B may be combined in a company’s accounts for any financial year if—

• (a) their individual amounts are not material for the purpose of giving a true and fair view, or

• (b) the combination facilitates the assessment of the state of affairs or profit or loss of the company for that year.

• (2) Where sub-paragraph (1)(b) applies, the individual amounts of any items so combined must be disclosed in a note to the accounts and any notes required by this Schedule to the items so combined must, notwithstanding the combination, be given.

6

• (1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), the directors must not include a heading or sub-heading corresponding to an item in the balance sheet or profit and loss account format used if there is no amount to be shown for that item for the financial year to which the balance sheet or profit and loss account relates.

• (2) Where an amount can be shown for the item in question for the immediately preceding financial year, that amount must be shown under the heading or sub-heading required by the format for that item.

7

• (1) For every item shown in the balance sheet or profit and loss account the corresponding amount for the immediately preceding financial year must also be shown.

• (2) Where that corresponding amount is not comparable with the amount to be shown for the item in question in respect of the financial year to which the balance sheet or profit and loss account relates, the former amount may be adjusted, and particulars of the non-comparability and of any adjustment must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

8

• (1) Subject to the following provisions of this paragraph and without prejudice to note (6) to the balance sheet format, amounts in respect of items representing assets or income may not be set off against amounts in respect of items representing liabilities or expenditure (as the case may be), or vice versa.

• (2) Charges required to be included in profit and loss account format 1, items 11(a) and 11(b) or format 2, items A7(a) and A7(b) may be set off against income required to be included in format 1, items 12(a) and 12(b) or format 2, items B5(a) and B5(b) and the resulting figure shown as a single item (in format 2 at position A7 if negative and at position B5 if positive).

• (3) Charges required to be included in profit and loss account format 1, item 13 or format 2, item A8 may also be set off against income required to be included in format 1, item 14 or format 2, item B6 and the resulting figure shown as a single item (in format 2 at position A8 if negative and at position B6 if positive).

9

• (1) Assets must be shown under the relevant balance sheet headings even where the company has pledged them as security for its own liabilities or for those of third parties or has otherwise assigned them as security to third parties.

• (2) A company may not include in its balance sheet assets pledged or otherwise assigned to it as security unless such assets are in the form of cash in the hands of the company.

• (3) Assets acquired in the name of and on behalf of third parties must not be shown in the balance sheet.

10

The company’s directors must, in determining how amounts are presented within items in the profit and loss account and balance sheet, have regard to the substance of the reported transaction or arrangement, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or practice.

SECTION B — THE REQUIRED FORMATS

Balance sheet format	Balance sheet format	Balance sheet format	Balance sheet format
ASSETS	ASSETS	ASSETS	ASSETS
1.	Cash and balances at central [or post office] banks (1)	Cash and balances at central [or post office] banks (1)	Cash and balances at central [or post office] banks (1)
2.	Treasury bills and other eligible bills (20)	Treasury bills and other eligible bills (20)	Treasury bills and other eligible bills (20)
		(a)	Treasury bills and similar securities (2)
		(b)	Other eligible bills (3)
3.	Loans and advances to banks (4), (20)	Loans and advances to banks (4), (20)	Loans and advances to banks (4), (20)
		(a)	Repayable on demand
		(b)	Other loans and advances
4.	Loans and advances to customers (5), (20)	Loans and advances to customers (5), (20)	Loans and advances to customers (5), (20)
5.	Debt securities [and other fixed-income securities] (6), (20)	Debt securities [and other fixed-income securities] (6), (20)	Debt securities [and other fixed-income securities] (6), (20)
		(a)	Issued by public bodies
		(b)	Issued by other issuers
6.	Equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]	Equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]	Equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]
7.	Participating interests	Participating interests	Participating interests
8.	Shares in group undertakings	Shares in group undertakings	Shares in group undertakings
9.	Intangible fixed assets (7)	Intangible fixed assets (7)	Intangible fixed assets (7)
10.	Tangible fixed assets (8)	Tangible fixed assets (8)	Tangible fixed assets (8)
11.	Called up capital not paid (9)	Called up capital not paid (9)	Called up capital not paid (9)
12.	Own shares (10)	Own shares (10)	Own shares (10)
13.	Other assets	Other assets	Other assets
14.	Called up capital not paid (9)	Called up capital not paid (9)	Called up capital not paid (9)
15.	Prepayments and accrued income	Prepayments and accrued income	Prepayments and accrued income
Total assets	Total assets	Total assets	Total assets
LIABILITIES	LIABILITIES	LIABILITIES	LIABILITIES
1.	Deposits by banks (11), (20)	Deposits by banks (11), (20)	Deposits by banks (11), (20)
		(a)	Repayable on demand
		(b)	With agreed maturity dates or periods of notice
2.	Customer accounts (12), (20)	Customer accounts (12), (20)	Customer accounts (12), (20)
		(a)	Repayable on demand
		(b)	With agreed maturity dates or periods of notice
3.	Debt securities in issue (13), (20)	Debt securities in issue (13), (20)	Debt securities in issue (13), (20)
		(a)	Bonds and medium term notes
		(b)	Others
4.	Other liabilities	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
5.	Accruals and deferred income	Accruals and deferred income	Accruals and deferred income
6.	Provisions for liabilities	Provisions for liabilities	Provisions for liabilities
		(a)	Provisions for pensions and similar obligations
		(b)	Provisions for tax
		(c)	Other provisions
7.	Subordinated liabilities (14), (20)	Subordinated liabilities (14), (20)	Subordinated liabilities (14), (20)
8.	Called up share capital (15)	Called up share capital (15)	Called up share capital (15)
9.	Share premium account	Share premium account	Share premium account
10.	Reserves	Reserves	Reserves
		(a)	Capital redemption reserve
		(b)	Reserve for own shares
		(c)	Reserves provided for by the articles of association
		(d)	Other reserves
11.	Revaluation reserve	Revaluation reserve	Revaluation reserve
12.	Profit and loss account	Profit and loss account	Profit and loss account
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	Total liabilities	Total liabilities
MEMORANDUM ITEMS	MEMORANDUM ITEMS	MEMORANDUM ITEMS	MEMORANDUM ITEMS
1.	Contingent liabilities (16)	Contingent liabilities (16)	Contingent liabilities (16)
		(1)	Acceptances and endorsements
		(2)	Guarantees and assets pledged as collateral security (17)
		(3)	Other contingent liabilities
2.	Commitments (18)	Commitments (18)	Commitments (18)
		(1)	Commitments arising out of sale and option to resell transactions (19)
		(2)	Other commitments

Notes on the balance sheet format and memorandum items

(1)	Cash and balances at central [or post office] banks

(Assets item 1.)

Cash is to comprise all currency including foreign notes and coins.

Only those balances which may be withdrawn without notice and which are deposited with central or post office banks of the country or countries in which the company is established may be included in this item. All other claims on central or post office banks must be shown under assets items 3 or 4.

(2)	Treasury bills and other eligible bills: Treasury bills and similar securities

(Assets item 2.(a).)

Treasury bills and similar securities are to comprise treasury bills and similar debt instruments issued by public bodies which are eligible for refinancing with central banks of the country or countries in which the company is established. Any treasury bills or similar debt instruments not so eligible must be included under assets item 5(a).

(3)	Treasury bills and other eligible bills: Other eligible bills

(Assets item 2.(b).)

Other eligible bills are to comprise all bills purchased to the extent that they are eligible, under national law, for refinancing with the central banks of the country or countries in which the company is established.

(4)	Loans and advances to banks

(Assets item 3.)

Loans and advances to banks are to comprise all loans and advances to domestic or foreign credit institutions made by the company arising out of banking transactions. However loans and advances to credit institutions represented by debt securities or other fixed-income securities must be included under assets item 5 and not this item.

(5)	Loans and advances to customers

(Assets item 4.)

Loans and advances to customers are to comprise all types of assets in the form of claims on domestic and foreign customers other than credit institutions. However loans and advances represented by debt securities or other fixed-income securities must be included under assets item 5 and not this item.

(6)	Debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]

(Assets item 5.)

This item is to comprise transferable debt securities and any other transferable fixed-income securities issued by credit institutions, other undertakings or public bodies. Debt securities and other fixed-income securities issued by public bodies are, however, only to be included in this item if they may not be shown under assets item 2.

Where a company holds its own debt securities these must not be included under this item but must be deducted from liabilities item 3.(a) or (b), as appropriate.

Securities bearing interest rates that vary in accordance with specific factors, for example the interest rate on the inter-bank market or on the Euromarket, are also to be regarded as fixed- income securities to be included under this item.

(7)	Intangible fixed assets

(Assets item 9.)

This item is to comprise—

• (a) development costs,

• (b) concessions, patents, licences, trade marks and similar rights and assets,

• (c) goodwill, and

• (d) payments on account.

Amounts are, however, to be included in respect of (b) only if the assets were acquired for valuable consideration or the assets in question were created by the company itself.

Amounts representing goodwill are only to be included to the extent that the goodwill was acquired for valuable consideration.

The amount of any goodwill included in this item must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

(8)	Tangible fixed assets

(Assets item 10.)

This item is to comprise—

• (a) land and buildings,

• (b) plant and machinery,

• (c) fixtures and fittings, tools and equipment, and

• (d) payments on account and assets in the course of construction.

The amount included in this item with respect to land and buildings occupied by the company for its own activities must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

(9)	Called up capital not paid

(Assets items 11 and 14.)

The two positions shown for this item are alternatives.

(10)	Own shares

(Assets item 12.)

The nominal value of the shares held must be shown separately under this item.

(11)	Deposits by banks

(Liabilities item 1.)

Deposits by banks are to comprise all amounts arising out of banking transactions owed to other domestic or foreign credit institutions by the company. However liabilities in the form of debt securities and any liabilities for which transferable certificates have been issued must be included under liabilities item 3 and not this item.

(12)	Customer accounts

(Liabilities item 2.)

This item is to comprise all amounts owed to creditors that are not credit institutions. However liabilities in the form of debt securities and any liabilities for which transferable certificates have been issued must be shown under liabilities item 3 and not this item.

(13)	Debt securities in issue

(Liabilities item 3.)

This item is to include both debt securities and debts for which transferable certificates have been issued, including liabilities arising out of own acceptances and promissory notes. (Only acceptances which a company has issued for its own refinancing and in respect of which it is the first party liable are to be treated as own acceptances.)

(14)	Subordinated liabilities

(Liabilities item 7.)

This item is to comprise all liabilities in respect of which there is a contractual obligation that, in the event of winding up or bankruptcy, they are to be repaid only after the claims of other creditors have been met.

This item must include all subordinated liabilities, whether or not a ranking has been agreed between the subordinated creditors concerned.

(15)	Called up share capital

(Liabilities item 8.)

The amount of allotted share capital and the amount of called up share capital which has been paid up must be shown separately.

(16)	Contingent liabilities

(Memorandum item 1.)

This item is to include all transactions whereby the company has underwritten the obligations of a third party.

Liabilities arising out of the endorsement of rediscounted bills must be included in this item. Acceptances other than own acceptances must also be included.

(17)	Contingent liabilities: Guarantees and assets pledged as collateral security

(Memorandum item 1(2).)

This item is to include all guarantee obligations incurred and assets pledged as collateral security on behalf of third parties, particularly in respect of sureties and irrevocable letters of credit.

(18)	Commitments

(Memorandum item 2.)

This item is to include every irrevocable commitment which could give rise to a credit risk.

(19)	Commitments: Commitments arising out of sale and option to resell transactions

(Memorandum item 2(1).)

This item is to comprise commitments entered into by the company in the context of sale and option to resell transactions.

(20)	Claims on, and liabilities to, undertakings in which a participating interest is held or group undertakings

(Assets items 2 to 5, liabilities items 1 to 3 and 7.)

The following information must be given either by way of subdivision of the relevant items or by way of notes to the accounts.

The amount of the following must be shown for each of assets items 2 to 5—

• (a) claims on group undertakings included therein, and

• (b) claims on undertakings in which the company has a participating interest included therein.

The amount of the following must be shown for each of liabilities items 1, 2, 3 and 7—

• (i) liabilities to group undertakings included therein, and

• (ii) liabilities to undertakings in which the company has a participating interest included therein.

Special rules

Subordinated assets

11

• (1) The amount of any assets that are subordinated must be shown either as a subdivision of any relevant asset item or in the notes to the accounts; in the latter case disclosure must be by reference to the relevant asset item or items in which the assets are included.

• (2) In the case of assets items 2 to 5 in the balance sheet format, the amounts required to be shown by note (20) to the format as sub-items of those items must be further subdivided so as to show the amount of any claims included therein that are subordinated.

• (3) For this purpose, assets are subordinated if there is a contractual obligation to the effect that, in the event of winding up or bankruptcy, they are to be repaid only after the claims of other creditors have been met, whether or not a ranking has been agreed between the subordinated creditors concerned.

Syndicated loans

12

• (1) Where a company is a party to a syndicated loan transaction the company must include only that part of the total loan which it itself has funded.

• (2) Where a company is a party to a syndicated loan transaction and has agreed to reimburse (in whole or in part) any other party to the syndicate any funds advanced by that party or any interest thereon upon the occurrence of any event, including the default of the borrower, any additional liability by reason of such a guarantee must be included as a contingent liability in Memorandum item 1(2).

Sale and repurchase transactions

13

• (1) The following rules apply where a company is a party to a sale and repurchase transaction.

• (2) Where the company is the transferor of the assets under the transaction—

• (a) the assets transferred must, notwithstanding the transfer, be included in its balance sheet,

• (b) the purchase price received by it must be included in its balance sheet as an amount owed to the transferee, and

• (c) the value of the assets transferred must be disclosed in a note to its accounts.

• (3) Where the company is the transferee of the assets under the transaction, it must not include the assets transferred in its balance sheet but the purchase price paid by it to the transferor must be so included as an amount owed by the transferor.

Sale and option to resell transactions

14

• (1) The following rules apply where a company is a party to a sale and option to resell transaction.

• (2) Where the company is the transferor of the assets under the transaction, it must not include in its balance sheet the assets transferred but it must enter under Memorandum item 2 an amount equal to the price agreed in the event of repurchase.

• (3) Where the company is the transferee of the assets under the transaction it must include those assets in its balance sheet.

Managed funds

15

• (1) For the purposes of this paragraph, “managed funds” are funds which the company administers in its own name but on behalf of others and to which it has legal title.

• (2) The company must, in any case where claims and obligations arising in respect of managed funds fall to be treated as claims and obligations of the company, adopt the following accounting treatment.

• (3) Claims and obligations representing managed funds are to be included in the company’s balance sheet, with the notes to the accounts disclosing the total amount included with respect to such assets and liabilities in the balance sheet and showing the amount included under each relevant balance sheet item in respect of such assets or (as the case may be) liabilities.

Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats
Format 1	Format 1	Format 1	Format 1	Format 1	Format 1	Format 1
Vertical layout	Vertical layout	Vertical layout	Vertical layout	Vertical layout	Vertical layout	Vertical layout
	1.	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)
			(1)	Interest receivable and similar income arising from debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]	Interest receivable and similar income arising from debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]	Interest receivable and similar income arising from debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]
			(2)	Other interest receivable and similar income	Other interest receivable and similar income	Other interest receivable and similar income
	2.	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)
	3.	Dividend income	Dividend income	Dividend income	Dividend income	Dividend income
			(a)	Income from equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]	Income from equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]	Income from equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]
			(b)	Income from participating interests	Income from participating interests	Income from participating interests
			(c)	Income from shares in group undertakings	Income from shares in group undertakings	Income from shares in group undertakings
	4.	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)
	5.	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)
	6.	Dealing [profits] [losses] (5)	Dealing [profits] [losses] (5)	Dealing [profits] [losses] (5)	Dealing [profits] [losses] (5)	Dealing [profits] [losses] (5)
	7.	Other operating income	Other operating income	Other operating income	Other operating income	Other operating income
	8.	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses
			(a)	Staff costs	Staff costs	Staff costs
					(i)	Wages and salaries
					(ii)	Social security costs
					(iii)	Other pension costs
			(b)	Other administrative expenses	Other administrative expenses	Other administrative expenses
	9.	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)
	10.	Other operating charges	Other operating charges	Other operating charges	Other operating charges	Other operating charges
	11.	Provisions	Provisions	Provisions	Provisions	Provisions
			(a)	Provisions for bad and doubtful debts (7)	Provisions for bad and doubtful debts (7)	Provisions for bad and doubtful debts (7)
			(b)	Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (8)	Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (8)	Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (8)
	12.	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions
			(a)	Adjustments to provisions for bad and doubtful debts (9)	Adjustments to provisions for bad and doubtful debts (9)	Adjustments to provisions for bad and doubtful debts (9)
			(b)	Adjustments to provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (10)	Adjustments to provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (10)	Adjustments to provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (10)
	13.	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)
	14.	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)
	15.	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities before tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities before tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities before tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities before tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities before tax
	16.	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities
	17.	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities after tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities after tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities after tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities after tax	[Profit] [loss] on ordinary activities after tax
	18.	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income
	19.	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges
	20.	Extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Extraordinary [profit] [loss]
	21.	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]
	22.	Extraordinary [profit] [loss] after tax	Extraordinary [profit] [loss] after tax	Extraordinary [profit] [loss] after tax	Extraordinary [profit] [loss] after tax	Extraordinary [profit] [loss] after tax
	23.	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items
	24.	[Profit] [loss] for the financial year	[Profit] [loss] for the financial year	[Profit] [loss] for the financial year	[Profit] [loss] for the financial year	[Profit] [loss] for the financial year
Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats	Profit and loss account formats
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Format 2	Format 2	Format 2	Format 2	Format 2	Format 2	Format 2
Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout	Horizontal layout
A.	Charges	Charges	Charges	Charges	Charges	Charges
		1.	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)	Interest payable (2)
		2.	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)	Fees and commissions payable (4)
		3.	Dealing losses (5)	Dealing losses (5)	Dealing losses (5)	Dealing losses (5)
		4.	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses	Administrative expenses
				(a)	Staff costs	Staff costs
						(i)
						(ii)
						(iii)
				(b)	Other administrative expenses	Other administrative expenses
		5.	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)	Depreciation and amortisation (6)
		6.	Other operating charges	Other operating charges	Other operating charges	Other operating charges
		7.	Provisions	Provisions	Provisions	Provisions
				(a)	Provisions for bad and doubtful debts (7)	Provisions for bad and doubtful debts (7)
				(b)	Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (8)	Provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (8)
		8.	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)	Amounts written off fixed asset investments (11)
		9.	Profit on ordinary activities before tax	Profit on ordinary activities before tax	Profit on ordinary activities before tax	Profit on ordinary activities before tax
		10.	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities	Tax on [profit] [loss] on ordinary activities
		11.	Profit on ordinary activities after tax	Profit on ordinary activities after tax	Profit on ordinary activities after tax	Profit on ordinary activities after tax
		12.	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges	Extraordinary charges
		13.	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]	Tax on extraordinary [profit] [loss]
		14.	Extraordinary loss after tax	Extraordinary loss after tax	Extraordinary loss after tax	Extraordinary loss after tax
		15.	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items	Other taxes not shown under the preceding items
		16.	Profit for the financial year	Profit for the financial year	Profit for the financial year	Profit for the financial year
B.	Income	Income	Income	Income	Income	Income
		1.	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)	Interest receivable (1)
				(1)	Interest receivable and similar income arising from debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]	Interest receivable and similar income arising from debt securities [and other fixed-income securities]
				(2)	Other interest receivable and similar income	Other interest receivable and similar income
		2.	Dividend income	Dividend income	Dividend income	Dividend income
				(a)	Income from equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]	Income from equity shares [and other variable-yield securities]
				(b)	Income from participating interests	Income from participating interests
				(c)	Income from shares in group undertakings	Income from shares in group undertakings
		3.	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)	Fees and commissions receivable (3)
		4.	Dealing profits (5)	Dealing profits (5)	Dealing profits (5)	Dealing profits (5)
		5.	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions	Adjustments to provisions
				(a)	Adjustments to provisions for bad and doubtful debts (9)	Adjustments to provisions for bad and doubtful debts (9)
				(b)	Adjustments to provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (10)	Adjustments to provisions for contingent liabilities and commitments (10)
		6.	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)	Adjustments to amounts written off fixed asset investments (12)
		7.	Other operating income	Other operating income	Other operating income	Other operating income
		8.	Loss on ordinary activities before tax	Loss on ordinary activities before tax	Loss on ordinary activities before tax	Loss on ordinary activities before tax
		9.	Loss on ordinary activities after tax	Loss on ordinary activities after tax	Loss on ordinary activities after tax	Loss on ordinary activities after tax
		10.	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income	Extraordinary income
		11.	Extraordinary profit after tax	Extraordinary profit after tax	Extraordinary profit after tax	Extraordinary profit after tax
		12.	Loss for the financial year	Loss for the financial year	Loss for the financial year	Loss for the financial year

Notes on the profit and loss account formats

(1)	Interest receivable

(Format 1, item 1; format 2, item B1.)

PART 2 — ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND RULES

SECTION A — ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES

Preliminary

16

• (1) The amounts to be included in respect of all items shown in a company’s accounts must be determined in accordance with the principles set out in this Section.

• (2) But if it appears to the company’s directors that there are special reasons for departing from any of those principles in preparing the company’s accounts in respect of any financial year they may do so, in which case particulars of the departure, the reasons for it and its effect must be given in a note to the accounts.

Accounting principles

17

The company is presumed to be carrying on business as a going concern.

18

Accounting policies must be applied consistently within the same accounts and from one financial year to the next.

19

The amount of any item must be determined on a prudent basis, and in particular—

• (a) only profits realised at the balance sheet date are to be included in the profit and loss account, and

• (b) all liabilities which have arisen in respect of the financial year to which the accounts relate or a previous financial year must be taken into account, including those which only become apparent between the balance sheet date and the date on which it is signed on behalf of the board of directors in accordance with section 414 of the 2006 Act (approval and signing of accounts).

20

All income and charges relating to the financial year to which the accounts relate must be taken into account, without regard to the date of receipt or payment.

21

In determining the aggregate amount of any item, the amount of each individual asset or liability that falls to be taken into account must be determined separately.

SECTION B — HISTORICAL COST ACCOUNTING RULES

Preliminary

22

Subject to Sections C and D of this Part of this Schedule, the amounts to be included in respect of all items shown in a company's accounts must be determined in accordance with the rules set out in this Section.

Fixed assets

General rules

23

• (1) The amount to be included in respect of any fixed asset is its cost.

• (2) This is subject to any provision for depreciation or diminution in value made in accordance with paragraphs 24 to 26.

Rules for depreciation and diminution in value

24

In the case of any fixed asset which has a limited useful economic life, the amount of—

• (a) its cost, or

• (b) where it is estimated that any such asset will have a residual value at the end of the period of its useful economic life, its cost less that estimated residual value,

must be reduced by provisions for depreciation calculated to write off that amount systematically over the period of the asset's useful economic life.

25

• (1) Where a fixed asset investment to which sub-paragraph (2) applies has diminished in value, provisions for diminution in value may be made in respect of it and the amount to be included in respect of it may be reduced accordingly.

• (2) This sub-paragraph applies to fixed asset investments of a description falling to be included under assets item 7 (participating interests) or 8 (shares in group undertakings) in the balance sheet format, or any other holding of securities held as a financial fixed asset.

• (3) Provisions for diminution in value must be made in respect of any fixed asset which has diminished in value if the reduction in its value is expected to be permanent (whether its useful economic life is limited or not), and the amount to be included in respect of it must be reduced accordingly.

• (4) Provisions made under this paragraph must be charged to the profit and loss account and disclosed separately in a note to the accounts if they have not been shown separately in the profit and loss account.

26

• (1) Where the reasons for which any provision was made in accordance with paragraph 25 have ceased to apply to any extent, that provision must be written back to the extent that it is no longer necessary.

• (1A) But provision made in accordance with paragraph 25(3) in respect of goodwill must not be written back to any extent.

• (2) Any amounts written back under sub-paragraph (1) must be recognised in the profit and loss account and disclosed separately in a note to the accounts if not shown separately in the profit and loss account.

Development costs

27

• (1) Where this is in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or practice, development costs may be included under assets item 9 in the balance sheet format.

• (2) If any amount is included in a company's balance sheet in respect of development costs, the note on accounting policies (see paragraph 53 of this Schedule) must include the following information—

• (a) the period over which the amount of those costs originally capitalised is being or is to be written off, and

• (b) the reasons for capitalising the development costs in question.

Goodwill

28

• (1) Intangible assets must be written off over the useful economic life of the intangible asset.

• (2) Where in exceptional cases the useful life of intangible assets cannot be reliably estimated, such assets must be written off over a period chosen by the directors of the company.

• (3) The period referred to in sub-paragraph (2) must not exceed ten years.

• (4) There must be disclosed in a note to the accounts the period referred to in sub-paragraph (2) and the reasons for choosing that period.

Treatment of fixed assets

29

• (1) Assets included in assets items 9 (intangible fixed assets) and 10 (tangible fixed assets) in the balance sheet format must be valued as fixed assets.

• (2) Other assets falling to be included in the balance sheet must be valued as fixed assets where they are intended for use on a continuing basis in the company's activities.

Financial fixed assets

30

• (1) Debt securities, including fixed-income securities, held as financial fixed assets must be included in the balance sheet at an amount equal to their maturity value plus any premium, or less any discount, on their purchase, subject to the following provisions of this paragraph.

• (2) The amount included in the balance sheet with respect to such securities purchased at a premium must be reduced each financial year on a systematic basis so as to write the premium off over the period to the maturity date of the security and the amounts so written off must be charged to the profit and loss account for the relevant financial years.

• (3) The amount included in the balance sheet with respect to such securities purchased at a discount must be increased each financial year on a systematic basis so as to extinguish the discount over the period to the maturity date of the security and the amounts by which the amount is increased must be credited to the profit and loss account for the relevant years.

• (4) The notes to the accounts must disclose the amount of any unamortized premium or discount not extinguished which is included in the balance sheet by virtue of sub-paragraph (1).

• (5) For the purposes of this paragraph “premium” means any excess of the amount paid for a security over its maturity value and “discount” means any deficit of the amount paid for a security over its maturity value.

Current assets

31

The amount to be included in respect of loans and advances, debt or other fixed-income securities and equity shares or other variable yield securities not held as financial fixed assets must be their cost, subject to paragraphs 32 and 33.

32

• (1) If the net realisable value of any asset referred to in paragraph 31 is lower than its cost, the amount to be included in respect of that asset is the net realisable value.

• (2) Where the reasons for which any provision for diminution in value was made in accordance with sub-paragraph (1) have ceased to apply to any extent, that provision must be written back to the extent that it is no longer necessary.

33

• (1) Subject to paragraph 32, the amount to be included in the balance sheet in respect of transferable securities not held as financial fixed assets may be the higher of their cost or their market value at the balance sheet date.

• (2) The difference between the cost of any securities included in the balance sheet at a valuation under sub-paragraph (1) and their market value must be shown (in aggregate) in the notes to the accounts.

Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions

Excess of money owed over value received as an asset item

34

• (1) Where the amount repayable on any debt owed by a company is greater than the value of the consideration received in the transaction giving rise to the debt, the amount of the difference may be treated as an asset.

• (2) Where any such amount is so treated—

• (a) it must be written off by reasonable amounts each year and must be completely written off before repayment of the debt, and

• (b) if the current amount is not shown as a separate item in the company's balance sheet, it must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

Determination of cost

35

• (1) The cost of an asset that has been acquired by the company is to be determined by adding to the actual price paid any expenses incidental to its acquisition and then subtracting any incidental reductions in the cost of acquisition.

• (2) The cost of an asset constructed by the company is to be determined by adding to the purchase price of the raw materials and consumables used the amount of the costs incurred by the company which are directly attributable to the construction of that asset.

• (3) In addition, there may be included in the cost of an asset constructed by the company—

• (a) a reasonable proportion of the costs incurred by the company which are only indirectly attributable to the construction of that asset, but only to the extent that they relate to the period of construction, and

• (b) interest on capital borrowed to finance the construction of that asset, to the extent that it accrues in respect of the period of construction,

provided, however, in a case within paragraph (b), that the inclusion of the interest in determining the cost of that asset and the amount of the interest so included is disclosed in a note to the accounts.

36

• (1) The cost of any assets which are fungible assets (including investments), may be determined by the application of any of the methods mentioned in sub-paragraph (2) in relation to any such assets of the same class, provided that the method chosen is one which appears to the directors to be appropriate in the circumstances of the company.

• (2) Those methods are—

• (a) the method known as “first in, first out” (FIFO),

• (b) the method known as “last in, first out” (LIFO),

• (c) a weighted average price, and

• (d) any other method reflecting generally accepted best practice.

• (3) Where in the case of any company—

• (a) the cost of assets falling to be included under any item shown in the company's balance sheet has been determined by the application of any method permitted by this paragraph, and

• (b) the amount shown in respect of that item differs materially from the relevant alternative amount given below in this paragraph,

the amount of that difference must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

• (4) Subject to sub-paragraph (5), for the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(b), the relevant alternative amount, in relation to any item shown in a company's balance sheet, is the amount which would have been shown in respect of that item if assets of any class included under that item at an amount determined by any method permitted by this paragraph had instead been included at their replacement cost as at the balance sheet date.

• (5) The relevant alternative amount may be determined by reference to the most recent actual purchase price before the balance sheet date of assets of any class included under the item in question instead of by reference to their replacement cost as at that date, but only if the former appears to the directors of the company to constitute the more appropriate standard of comparison in the case of assets of that class.

Substitution of original stated amount where price or cost unknown

37

• (1) This paragraph applies where—

• (a) there is no record of the purchase price of any asset acquired by a company or of any price, expenses or costs relevant for determining its cost in accordance with paragraph 35, or

• (b) any such record cannot be obtained without unreasonable expense or delay.

• (2) In such a case, its cost is to be taken, for the purposes of paragraphs 23 to 33, to be the value ascribed to it in the earliest available record of its value made on or after its acquisition by the company.

SECTION C — ALTERNATIVE ACCOUNTING RULES

Preliminary

38

• (1) The rules set out in Section B are referred to below in this Schedule as the historical cost accounting rules.

• (2) Paragraphs 23 to 26 and 30 to 34 are referred to below in this Section as the depreciation rules; and references below in this Schedule to the historical cost accounting rules do not include the depreciation rules as they apply by virtue of paragraph 41.

39

Subject to paragraphs 41 to 43, the amounts to be included in respect of assets of any description mentioned in paragraph 40 may be determined on any basis so mentioned.

Alternative accounting rules

40

• (1) Intangible fixed assets, other than goodwill, may be included at their current cost.

• (2) Tangible fixed assets may be included at a market value determined as at the date of their last valuation or at their current cost.

• (3) Investments of any description falling to be included under assets items 7 (participating interests) or 8 (shares in group undertakings) of the balance sheet format and any other securities held as financial fixed assets may be included either—

• (a) at a market value determined as at the date of their last valuation, or

• (b) at a value determined on any basis which appears to the directors to be appropriate in the circumstances of the company.

But in the latter case particulars of the method of valuation adopted and of the reasons for adopting it must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

• (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application of the depreciation rules

41

• (1) Where the value of any asset of a company is determined in accordance with paragraph 40, that value must be, or (as the case may require) be the starting point for determining, the amount to be included in respect of that asset in the company's accounts, instead of its cost or any value previously so determined for that asset. The depreciation rules apply accordingly in relation to any such asset with the substitution for any reference to its cost of a reference to the value most recently determined for that asset in accordance with paragraph 40.

• (2) The amount of any provision for depreciation required in the case of any fixed asset by paragraphs 24 to 26 as they apply by virtue of sub-paragraph (1) is referred to below in this paragraph as the adjusted amount, and the amount of any provision which would be required by any of those paragraphs in the case of that asset according to the historical cost accounting rules is referred to as the historical cost amount.

• (3) Where sub-paragraph (1) applies in the case of any fixed asset the amount of any provision for depreciation in respect of that asset included in any item shown in the profit and loss account in respect of amounts written off assets of the description in question may be the historical cost amount instead of the adjusted amount, provided that the amount of any difference between the two is shown separately in the profit and loss account or in a note to the accounts.

Additional information to be provided in case of departure from historical cost accounting rules

42

• (1) This paragraph applies where the amounts to be included in respect of assets covered by any items shown in a company's accounts have been determined in accordance with paragraph 40.

• (2) The items affected and the basis of valuation adopted in determining the amounts of the assets in question in the case of each such item must be disclosed in the note on accounting policies (see paragraph 53 of this Schedule).

• (3) In the case of each balance sheet item affected, the comparable amounts determined according to the historical cost accounting rules must be shown in a note to the accounts.

• (4) In sub-paragraph (3), references in relation to any item to the comparable amounts determined as there mentioned are references to—

• (a) the aggregate amount which would be required to be shown in respect of that item if the amounts to be included in respect of all the assets covered by that item were determined according to the historical cost accounting rules, and

• (b) the aggregate amount of the cumulative provisions for depreciation or diminution in value which would be permitted or required in determining those amounts according to those rules.

Revaluation reserve

43

• (1) With respect to any determination of the value of an asset of a company in accordance with paragraph 40, the amount of any profit or loss arising from that determination (after allowing, where appropriate, for any provisions for depreciation or diminution in value made otherwise than by reference to the value so determined and any adjustments of any such provisions made in the light of that determination) must be credited or (as the case may be) debited to a separate reserve (“the revaluation reserve”).

• (2) The amount of the revaluation reserve must be shown in the company's balance sheet under liabilities item 11 in the balance sheet format, ....

• (3) An amount may be transferred—

• (a) from the revaluation reserve—

• (i) to the profit and loss account, if the amount was previously charged to that account or represents realised profit, or

• (ii) on capitalisation,

• (b) to or from the revaluation reserve in respect of the taxation relating to any profit or loss credited or debited to the reserve.

The revaluation reserve must be reduced to the extent that the amounts transferred to it are no longer necessary for the purposes of the valuation method used.

• (4) In sub-paragraph (3)(a)(ii) “capitalisation”, in relation to an amount standing to the credit of the revaluation reserve, means applying it in wholly or partly paying up unissued shares in the company to be allotted to members of the company as fully or partly paid shares.

• (5) The revaluation reserve must not be reduced except as mentioned in this paragraph.

• (6) The treatment for taxation purposes of amounts credited or debited to the revaluation reserve must be disclosed in a note to the accounts.

SECTION D — FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING

Inclusion of financial instruments at fair value

44

• (1) Subject to sub-paragraphs (2) to (5), financial instruments (including derivatives) may be included at fair value.

• (2) Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to financial instruments that constitute liabilities unless—

• (a) they are held as part of a trading portfolio,

• (b) they are derivatives, or

• (c) they are financial instruments falling within sub-paragraph (4).

• (3) Unless they are financial instruments falling within sub-paragraph (4), sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to—

• (a) financial instruments (other than derivatives) held to maturity,

• (b) loans and receivables originated by the company and not held for trading purposes,

• (c) interests in subsidiary undertakings, associated undertakings and joint ventures,

• (d) equity instruments issued by the company,

• (e) contracts for contingent consideration in a business combination, or

• (f) other financial instruments with such special characteristics that the instruments, according to generally accepted accounting principles or practice, should be accounted for differently from other financial instruments.

• (4) Financial instruments which under UK-adopted international accounting standards may be included in accounts at fair value, may be so included, provided that the disclosures required by such accounting standards are made.

• (5) If the fair value of a financial instrument cannot be determined reliably in accordance with paragraph 45, sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to that financial instrument.

• (6) In this paragraph—

• “associated undertaking” has the meaning given by paragraph 19 of Schedule 6 to these Regulations;

• “joint venture” has the meaning given by paragraph 18 of that Schedule.

Determination of fair value

45

• (1) The fair value of a financial instrument is its value determined in accordance with this paragraph.

• (2) If a reliable market can readily be identified for the financial instrument, its fair value is determined by reference to its market value.

• (3) If a reliable market cannot readily be identified for the financial instrument but can be identified for its components or for a similar instrument, its fair value is determined by reference to the market value of its components or of the similar instrument.

• (4) If neither sub-paragraph (2) nor (3) applies, the fair value of the financial instrument is a value resulting from generally accepted valuation models and techniques.

• (5) Any valuation models and techniques used for the purposes of sub-paragraph (4) must ensure a reasonable approximation of the market value.

Hedged items

46

A company may include any assets and liabilities, or identified portions of such assets or liabilities, that qualify as hedged items under a fair value hedge accounting system at the amount required under that system.

Other assets that may be included at fair value

47

• (1) This paragraph applies to—

• (a) investment property, and

• (b) living animals and plants.

• (2) Such investment property and living animals and plants may be included at fair value, provided that, as the case may be, all such investment property or living animals and plants are so included where their fair value can be reliably determined.

• (3) In this paragraph, “fair value” means fair value determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or practice.

Accounting for changes in value

48

• (1) This paragraph applies where a financial instrument is valued in accordance with paragraph 44 or 46 or an asset is valued in accordance with paragraph 47.

• (2) Notwithstanding paragraph 19 in this Part of this Schedule, and subject to sub-paragraphs (3) and (4), a change in the value of the financial instrument or of the investment property or living animal or plant must be included in the profit and loss account.

• (3) Where—

• (a) the financial instrument accounted for is a hedging instrument under a hedge accounting system that allows some or all of the change in value not to be shown in the profit and loss account, or

• (b) the change in value relates to an exchange difference arising on a monetary item that forms part of a company's net investment in a foreign entity,

the amount of the change in value must be credited to or (as the case may be) debited from a separate reserve (“the fair value reserve”).

• (4) Where the instrument accounted for—