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The Armed Forces (Court Martial) Rules 2009

Type Statutory-Instrument

Publication 2009-07-21

Last updated 2025-02-20

State In force

Department King's Printer of Acts of Parliament

Source legislation.gov.uk

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(3) Each exhibit must be retained with the record of proceedings, unless the judge advocate otherwise directs.

25

(1) The judge advocate must terminate any proceedings to which rule 34 (president of the board) applies if—

(a) the president of the board dies or is otherwise unable to continue to attend the proceedings; and

(b) there is no other lay member of the court who is qualified to be the president of the board.

(2) The judge advocate must terminate any proceedings with lay members if—

(a) a lay member dies or is otherwise unable to continue to attend the proceedings, or

(b) the number of lay members discharged under rule 35(4) (objections to lay members) exceeds the number of waiting members,

and the number of lay members is in consequence reduced below the minimum number required for the Court Martial to remain validly constituted.

(3) The judge advocate may terminate any proceedings if he considers it in the interests of justice to do so.

(4) The Judge Advocate General shall terminate proceedings if the judge advocate dies or is otherwise unable to continue to attend the proceedings.

(5) Where proceedings with lay members are terminated under this rule, the lay members shall be discharged.

(6) The termination of trial or appellate proceedings under this rule shall not bar further trial or appellate proceedings in relation to the same charge or charges.

(7) The termination of sentencing proceedings under this rule or rule 59(4) (change of plea) shall not bar further sentencing proceedings in relation to the same offence or offences.

(8) The termination of activation proceedings under this rule shall not bar further activation proceedings held by virtue of the same conviction.

26

Subject to any other enactment (including any other provision of these Rules), the judge advocate shall ensure that proceedings are conducted—

(a) in such a way as appears to him most closely to resemble the way in which comparable proceedings of the Crown Court would be conducted in comparable circumstances; and

(b) if he is unable to determine how comparable proceedings of the Crown Court would be conducted in comparable circumstances, in such a way as appears to him to be in the interests of justice.

27

(1) For proceedings to which this rule applies, there shall be no lay members.

(2) This rule applies to preliminary proceedings.

(3) This rule applies to sentencing proceedings where every offender who falls to be sentenced is either—

(a) a civilian offender for the purposes of Part 1 of Schedule 3 to the 2006 Act; or

(b) an offender to whom Part 2 of that Schedule (ex-servicemen etc) applies, and who was convicted of every offence for which he falls to be sentenced either—

(i) in trial proceedings for which no lay member was subject to service law; or

(ii) on a guilty plea, where the court administration officer had previously notified him in writing that, if trial proceedings were required, none of the lay members would be subject to service law.

(4) This rule applies to variation proceedings if—

(a) it applied to the proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be varied was imposed; or

(b) a direction is given under rule 120.

(5) This rule applies to activation proceedings if—

(a) the original sentence was imposed by the court, and this rule applied to the proceedings in which it was imposed; or

(b) the original sentence was imposed by the Service Civilian Court.

(6) This rule applies to ancillary proceedings.

(7) This rule applies to review of sentence proceedings if it applied to the proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed.

28

Any power of the court may be exercised by a judge advocate, except—

(a) the power to try a defendant or appellant; and

(b) the power—

(i) to sentence an offender,

(ii) to vary a sentence, ...

(iii) to make an activation order, or

(iv) to review the sentence of an offender under section 304D or 304E,

otherwise than in proceedings to which rule 27 applies.

29

(1) For proceedings to which this rule applies, the number of lay members shall be six.

(2) This rule applies to trial proceedings if—

(a) any defendant is charged with an offence listed in Schedule 2 to the 2006 Act;

(b) any defendant is aged 18 or over at the commencement of the proceedings and is charged with an offence for which he could, if convicted, be sentenced to more than two years' imprisonment; or

(c) any defendant is aged under 18 at the commencement of the proceedings and is charged with an offence for which he could, if convicted while under the age of 18, be sentenced to more than two years' detention under section 209.

(3) Subject to rule 29A, this rule applies to sentencing proceedings if any offender falls to be sentenced for—

(a) an offence listed in Schedule 2 to the 2006 Act; or

(b) an offence for which he could be sentenced to more than two years' imprisonment or more than two years' detention under section 209.

(4) Subject to rule 29A, this rule applies to variation proceedings if it applied to the proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be varied was imposed.

(5) Subject to rule 29A, this rule applies to review of sentence proceedings if it applied to the proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed.

30

(1) A judge advocate may only give a direction under section 155(2A) if the judge advocate considers it necessary to do so, having regard to the expected length and location of the proceedings.

(2) A direction may not be given under section 155(2A) after the commencement of the proceedings unless—

(a) a direction under section 155(2A) was in effect when the proceedings commenced;

(b) one or more lay members has been discharged under rule 35(4) (objections); and

(3) A judge advocate may rescind a direction under section 155(2A) at any time before the commencement of the proceedings to which it relates.

31

(1) For any proceedings with lay members where every person to whom the proceedings relate is of or below the rank or rate of warrant officer, the number prescribed for the purposes of section 155(3) (that is to say, the number of lay members who may be warrant officers or OR-7 ranks rather than officers) is —

(a) one, if there are three or four lay members; or

(b) two, if there are five or six lay members.

(1A) The number prescribed by paragraph (1) may consist of, or include no more than, one OR-7 rank if every person to whom the proceedings relate is of or below that rank or rate.

(2) For any proceedings with lay members where any person to whom the proceedings relate is an officer subject to service law, every lay member must be an officer qualified for membership under section 156 and not ineligible by virtue of section 157 or rule 32; and section 155(3) shall not apply in relation to any such proceedings.

32

(1) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any trial proceedings if, at any time since the date of the commission of any offence charged, he and any defendant were serving in the same unit.

(2) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any sentencing proceedings if, at any time since the date of the commission of any offence for which an offender falls to be sentenced, he and the offender were serving in the same unit.

(3) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any variation proceedings if he was not a member of the court for the proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be varied was imposed.

(4) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any appellate proceedings if at any time since the date of the commission of any offence to which the proceedings relate he and any appellant were serving in the same unit.

(4A) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any review of sentence proceedings if, at any time since the date of the commission of any offence for which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed, that person and the offender were serving in the same unit.

(5) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any activation proceedings if at any time since the date of the commission of the offence for which the original sentence was passed he and the offender were serving in the same unit.

(6) A person is ineligible for membership of the court for any proceedings if he was a member of the court for any previous proceedings to which any person to whom the proceedings relate was a party; but this is subject to paragraphs (7) to (9).

(7) A person is not ineligible for membership of the court for sentencing proceedings by virtue of having been a member of the court for any trial or appellate proceedings in which any offender was convicted of any offence for which he falls to be sentenced.

(8) A person is not ineligible for membership of the court for variation proceedings by virtue of having been a member of the court for—

(a) any trial or appellate proceedings in which the offender was convicted of any offence for which the sentence that falls to be varied was imposed; or

(b) the proceedings in which that sentence was imposed.

(8A) A person is not ineligible for membership of the court for review of sentence proceedings by virtue of having been a member of the court for—

(a) any trial or appellate proceedings in which the offender was convicted of any offence for which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed;

(b) any proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed or varied.

(9) For the purposes of paragraph (6) a person is not to be regarded as having been a member of the court for any previous proceedings if those proceedings were terminated under rule 25(2) by virtue of sub-paragraph (b) of that paragraph (successful objections exceeding the number of waiting members).

(10) In relation to a person who at any time was not subject to service law, references in this rule to a unit in which the person was at that time serving are to be read as references to a unit to which he was at that time attached.

(11) This rule does not apply to the judge advocate.

33

(1) For proceedings to which this rule applies, each of the lay members must be either—

(a) a person not subject to service law who is qualified for membership under paragraph (2) and not ineligible by virtue of rule 32; or

(b) an officer or warrant officer who would be qualified for membership under section 156, and not ineligible by virtue of section 157 or rule 32, if this rule did not apply;

and section 155(3) shall not apply in relation to the proceedings.

(2) For proceedings to which this rule applies, a person not subject to service law is qualified for membership of the court unless—

(a) he is aged under 18, or has reached the age of 70, at the commencement of the proceedings;

(b) he is not a United Kingdom national;

(d) he is disqualified for jury service;

(e) he is a member of the Military Court Service; or

(f) he is on the staff of the Service Prosecuting Authority.

(3) In paragraph (2), “United Kingdom national” has the same meaning as in paragraph 11 of Schedule 15 to the 2006 Act.

(4) For the purposes of paragraph (2)—

(a) a person is a mentally disordered person if he is one of those listed in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Juries Act 1974 ; and

(b) a person is disqualified for jury service if he is one of those listed in Part 2 of that Schedule.

(5) This rule applies to—

(a) trial proceedings, if any defendant is not subject to service law at the commencement of the proceedings;

(b) sentencing proceedings with lay members, if any offender who falls to be sentenced was not subject to service law when convicted;

(c) variation proceedings with lay members, if this rule applied to the sentencing proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be varied was imposed;

(d) appellate proceedings; ...

(e) activation proceedings with lay members, if the offender is not subject to service law at the commencement of the proceedings ; and

(f) review of sentence proceedings with lay members if this rule applied to the sentencing proceedings in which the sentence that falls to be reviewed was imposed.

(6) Where this rule applies to any proceedings and any person to whom the proceedings relate is an officer not subject to service law, paragraph (1) has effect as if the words “or warrant officer” in sub-paragraph (b) were omitted.

34

(1) For proceedings to which this rule applies, at least one lay member must be an officer who is qualified to be the president of the board.

(2) This rule applies to any proceedings with lay members, except proceedings for which (by virtue of rule 33) no lay member is subject to service law.

(3) An officer (“A”) is qualified to be the president of the board if—

(a) A is of or above the rank of lieutenant commander, major or squadron leader;

(b) A is subject to service law; and

(c) where any person to whom the proceedings relate (“B”) is subject to service law, A satisfies the requirements set out in paragraphs (4) and (4A).

(4) Where B is of rank OF-6 or above, A must be of rank OF-6 or above.

(4A) Where B is of rank OF-5 or below, A must be of superior rank to B.

(5) In paragraphs (3) and (4), “rank” means substantive rank.

(5A) In this rule—

“OF-5” means any of the following—captain, Royal Navy;colonel;group captain;

“OF-6” means any of the following—commodore;brigadier;air commodore.

(6) Where one lay member is qualified to be the president of the board, he shall be the president of the board.

(7) Where two or more lay members are so qualified, the most senior of them shall be the president of the board.

(8) Paragraph (9) applies where—

(a) the president of the board is discharged under rule 35(4) (objections);

(b) the proceedings are not terminated under rule 25(2) (lay members reduced below minimum number);

(d) no waiting member is so qualified.

(9) Where this paragraph applies—

(a) the proceedings shall be adjourned;

(b) the court administration officer shall specify as a lay member another officer who is qualified to be the president of the board;

(d) rule 35 (objections) shall apply on the resumption of the proceedings as it applies on the commencement of the proceedings.

(10) Notwithstanding anything in this rule, in any proceedings with lay members the judge advocate shall preside over the court.

35

(1) At the commencement of any proceedings to which this rule applies, the names of the lay members and waiting members shall be read out.

(2) Any party to the proceedings may object to any lay member, on any reasonable ground.

(3) The judge advocate shall rule on any objection to a lay member before the lay member is sworn.

(4) If an objection to a lay member is upheld, the judge advocate shall discharge him.

(5) This rule applies to any proceedings with lay members except—

(a) sentencing proceedings, where every offender who falls to be sentenced was convicted in trial or appellate proceedings of at least one offence for which he falls to be sentenced; ...

(b) variation proceedings ; and

36

(1) When the court administration officer specifies the lay members for any proceedings to which rule 35 applies, he shall at the same time specify a person (referred to in these Rules as a “waiting member”) to take the place of any lay member who may be discharged under rule 35(4).

(2) Where a lay member is discharged under rule 35(4), and rule 34(9) (no member qualified to be president of the board) does not apply, the waiting member shall become a lay member.

(3) Where the court administration officer specifies a waiting member, he shall specify a second waiting member if a judge advocate so directs.

(4) A second waiting member may be specified at any time before the commencement of the proceedings.

(5) Where two waiting members have been specified and paragraph (2) applies, the reference in that paragraph to the waiting member is to the senior waiting member.

(6) Where—

(a) two waiting members have been specified,

(b) two lay members are discharged under rule 35(4), and

both the waiting members shall become lay members.

(7) Rule 35(2) to (4) (objections) apply in relation to a waiting member who becomes a lay member by virtue of this rule.

37

At the commencement of any proceedings to which rule 35 applies, an oath shall be administered—

(a) subject to that rule, to each of the lay members; and

(b) to any person in attendance for instruction.

38

In any proceedings with lay members, the judge advocate may direct the lay members to withdraw while he hears submissions or gives a ruling on any question of law, practice or procedure.

39

(1) A party to proceedings may appoint a legal representative to act for him in relation to the proceedings.

(2) A person may not be appointed as a legal representative unless—

(a) he has a general qualification within the meaning of section 71 of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 ;

(b) he is an advocate or a solicitor in Scotland;

(d) he is a person having in any of the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, a Commonwealth country or a British overseas territory rights and duties similar to those of a barrister or solicitor in England and Wales, and subject to punishment or disability for breach of professional rules.

(3) Any right conferred on a party to proceedings by these Rules may be exercised, and any duty imposed on him by these Rules (except pleading to a charge) discharged, by his legal representative on his behalf.

(4) A party who appoints a legal representative shall notify the court administration officer of the legal representative's name and address.

40

(1) This rule applies where a person to whom proceedings relate (“the young person”)—

(a) is under the age of 18 years at the commencement of the proceedings; and

(b) is not subject to service law.

(2) Where a party to the proceedings or the court administration officer is required to serve any document on the young person under these Rules, he must also serve it on the young person's parent or guardian.

(3) Where the young person has not appointed a legal representative—

(a) any right conferred on a party to proceedings by these Rules may be exercised, and any duty imposed on him by these Rules (except pleading to a charge) discharged, by his parent or guardian on his behalf; and

(b) the judge advocate may give leave for his parent or guardian to represent him in any proceedings.

41

Where—

(a) a charge is allocated for Court Martial trial, and

(b) the defendant has not been arraigned before the court,

section 111 shall apply as if the defendant had been so arraigned and proceedings before the court had not concluded.

42

(1) Where a judge advocate has power to direct the arrest of a defendant under section 111 (including that section as applied by rule 41), he also has power to issue a warrant for the defendant's arrest.

(2) A warrant issued under this rule—

(a) must be addressed to one or more officers of a civilian police force;

(b) must state the offence with which the defendant is charged; and

(3) Where a defendant is arrested under a warrant issued under this rule and is transferred to service custody, subsection (4) of section 111 shall apply as if he had been arrested under that section.

43

(1) Where a charge is allocated for Court Martial trial, the Director must, as soon as is practicable—

(a) serve advance information in relation to all defendants on the court administration officer; and

(b) serve advance information in relation to each defendant on—

(i) that defendant; and

(ii) that defendant's legal representative (if any).

(2) “Advance information”, in relation to any defendant, means—

(a) copies of the statements of those witnesses on whom the Director intends to rely against the defendant;

(b) a list of all exhibits which the Director intends to adduce in evidence against the defendant, and a statement of where any non-documentary exhibits are held; and

(3) Where, after the Director has served advance information on a defendant, he intends to adduce against the defendant any evidence not included in the advance information, he must as soon as is practicable serve on the defendant and the court administration officer such documents as he would have been required to include in the advance information if he had had that intention at the time when he served advance information.

(4) Where paragraph (3) applies in the course of trial proceedings, the reference in that paragraph to the court administration officer is to be read as a reference to the judge advocate.

(5) Where the Director no longer intends to call a witness whose statement he has served under this rule, he must as soon as is practicable give notice of that fact to every defendant.

44

(1) Where a charge is such that, if a defendant to the charge were convicted of it by the court, the court would have power to make an activation order, the advance information in relation to the defendant must include a notice that the court would have that power if he were convicted.

(2) Where a defendant—

(a) has been conditionally discharged by virtue of Schedule 3 to the 2006 Act, and

(b) is charged with an offence committed during the period of conditional discharge,

the advance information in relation to him must include a notice that, if he were convicted of the offence, the court would have power to deal with him under section 186(2) for the offence for which he was conditionally discharged.

(3) Where an overseas community order is in force in respect of a defendant, the advance information in relation to him must include a notice that, if he were convicted of the offence while the overseas community order is in force, the court would have the powers conferred by paragraph 25 of Schedule 10 to the Sentencing Code.

45

On receipt of the advance information in relation to a charge, the court administration officer must—

(a) forward it to the Judge Advocate General and request him to specify a judge advocate for preliminary proceedings in relation to the charge; and

(b) appoint a time and place for the commencement of the preliminary proceedings.

46

(1) The court administration officer must appoint a time and place for further preliminary proceedings if so directed by—

(a) the judge advocate for any preliminary proceedings; or

(b) the Judge Advocate General.

(2) The judge advocate for any preliminary proceedings may give a direction under this rule—

(a) on the oral application of the Director or a defendant; or

(b) of his own motion.

(3) The Judge Advocate General may give a direction under this rule on the written application of the Director or a defendant.

(4) A written application for a direction under this rule—

(a) must be made to the court administration officer;

(b) must specify the reason for which further preliminary proceedings are required;

(d) subject to rule 47 (preliminary proceedings in chambers without notice), must be served on every other party to the proposed trial proceedings.

47

On application by the Director, the judge advocate for any preliminary proceedings may direct that the proceedings are, or that any part of the proceedings is—

(a) where there is one defendant, to be held in his absence and without notice to him;

(b) where there are two or more defendants, to be held in the absence of both or all of them and without notice to any of them.

48

A judge advocate may direct the Director to serve on each defendant and the court administration officer, before any preliminary proceedings, an outline of the prosecution case.

49

(1) In preliminary proceedings the judge advocate may give such directions as appear to him to be necessary to secure the proper and efficient management of the case.

(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1), the judge advocate may make an order or ruling on—

(a) any question as to the admissibility of evidence;

(b) any question as to the joinder or severance of charges; or

(3) Any direction given in preliminary proceedings shall have effect throughout any related proceedings unless varied or discharged by—

(a) the judge advocate who gave it; or

(b) the judge advocate for any related proceedings.

(4) Any order or ruling made in preliminary proceedings shall have effect throughout any related proceedings unless varied or discharged—

(a) by the judge advocate who made it;

(b) by the judge advocate for any related proceedings; or

(5) Section 166 (fitness to stand trial) applies in preliminary proceedings as it applies on a trial by the court.

50

(1) The Appeal Court shall have jurisdiction to hear an appeal against any order or ruling made in preliminary proceedings.

(2) An appeal under this rule may be brought only with leave of the Appeal Court.

(3) A judge advocate may continue preliminary proceedings notwithstanding that leave to appeal has been granted under paragraph (2), but related proceedings (other than further preliminary proceedings) may not commence until the appeal has been determined or abandoned.

51

(1) The court may try two or more charges together, if they are included in the same charge sheet.

(2) Where in accordance with regulations made under section 128 the charges in two or more charge sheets could have been included in the same charge sheet, the Director may consolidate both or all the charge sheets into one.

(3) Where the Director consolidates two or more charge sheets into one, he must immediately serve the new charge sheet on the court administration officer and each defendant.

52

Where a defendant is charged with more than one offence in the same charge sheet, a judge advocate may direct, before the commencement of trial proceedings in relation to the charge sheet, that the charges be divided between two or more charge sheets.

53

Where two or more defendants are charged in a single charge, a judge advocate may direct, before the commencement of trial proceedings in relation to the charge, that the charge be replaced with charges against the defendants separately and in separate charge sheets.

54

(1) Where in preliminary proceedings (whether before or after arraignment) or trial proceedings it appears to the judge advocate that the charge sheet or any charge is defective, he shall make such order for the amendment of the charge sheet or charge (as the case may be) as appears necessary to meet the circumstances of the case.

(2) But the judge advocate may not make an order under this rule if, in all the circumstances, the required amendments cannot be made without injustice.

(3) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (2), in relation to a proposed amendment in preliminary proceedings the circumstances relevant for the purposes of that paragraph include (in particular) whether the defendant has been arraigned.

(4) Where an order is made under this rule, the Director shall serve the amended charge sheet on every defendant in the way that would be required by regulations made under section 128—

(a) if the amendment had been made otherwise than in accordance with an order made under this rule; and

(b) where the amendment is made after arraignment, if it had been made before arraignment.

55

(1) Where in preliminary proceedings the judge advocate is of opinion that, in consequence of the exercise of any power of the court under this Part, it is in the interests of justice—

(a) that the commencement of the trial proceedings be postponed, or

(b) that a defendant be arraigned or re-arraigned on any charge,

the judge advocate shall make such order or give such direction as appears necessary.

(2) Where in trial proceedings the judge advocate is of opinion that in consequence of the exercise of any power of the court under this Part it is in the interests of justice—

(a) that the proceedings be adjourned,

(b) that the lay members be discharged, or

the judge advocate shall make such order or give such direction as appears necessary.

56

(1) A defendant shall be arraigned in preliminary proceedings on each charge brought against him, but need not be arraigned on every charge at the same time.

(2) A defendant shall be required to plead separately to each charge on which he is arraigned.

(3) Where a defendant pleads guilty to a charge, the judge advocate may accept the plea if satisfied that the defendant understands—

(a) the nature of the charge;

(b) the general effect of the plea; and

(4) Where the judge advocate accepts a plea of guilty to a charge—

(a) the defendant shall stand convicted of the charge; and

(b) unless there is a further charge against him to which he has not pleaded guilty (or as respects which a plea of guilty has not been accepted by the judge advocate), the court administration officer shall appoint a time and place for sentencing proceedings.

(5) Where—

(a) a plea of guilty is not accepted by the judge advocate, or

(b) the defendant does not plead (or does not plead intelligibly) to the charge,

the judge advocate shall record a plea of not guilty.

57

Where the judge advocate accepts a plea of guilty to any charge, the judge advocate may (with the Director's consent) order that any other charge—

(a) to which the defendant has not pleaded,

(b) to which the defendant has pleaded not guilty, or

is to lie on the file, not to be proceeded with without the leave of the court or the Appeal Court.

58

(1) Where—

(a) a defendant has pleaded not guilty to a charge, or the judge advocate has recorded a plea of not guilty to the charge under rule 56(5), and

(b) the Director indicates that he intends to offer no evidence on the charge,

the judge advocate shall record a finding of not guilty in respect of the charge.

(2) A finding of not guilty recorded under this rule shall have effect for all purposes as an acquittal by the court.

59

(1) At any time before the lay members withdraw to deliberate on their finding on a charge, a defendant who has pleaded not guilty to the charge may withdraw his plea and substitute a plea of guilty.

(2) But a judge advocate may not accept a plea of guilty substituted under paragraph (1) unless satisfied that the defendant understands the matters mentioned in rule 56(3).

(3) At any time before the court begins to deliberate on its sentence for an offence, a defendant who has pleaded guilty to the charge of the offence may, with the leave of a judge advocate, withdraw his plea and substitute a plea of not guilty.

(4) Where a defendant changes his plea under paragraph (3)—

(a) in the course of sentencing proceedings in relation to the offence, or

(b) in the course of trial proceedings in relation to another charge,

the judge advocate shall terminate the proceedings.

60

(1) After a defendant has been arraigned on a charge, the Director may not exercise any of the powers under section 125(2) in relation to him without the leave of the court.

(2) Where—

(a) section 130(2) prohibits the Director from referring a charge to the defendant's commanding officer without the written consent of the defendant, and

(b) the defendant gives his written consent to such a referral,

this rule does not require leave for the referral.

(3) Where a defendant has been arraigned and the Director (with leave) exercises any of the powers under section 125(2)(a) to (c) in relation to him, the Director shall serve the amended charge sheet on every defendant in the way that would be required by regulations made under section 128 if the power had been exercised before arraignment.

61

(1) This rule applies where the Appeal Court quashes a conviction and makes an order under section 19 of the 1968 Act authorising the appellant to be retried.

(2) Rule 56 (arraignment) applies, but rule 60 applies whether or not the defendant has been re-arraigned.

(3) Rule 60(1) does not require leave of the court for anything authorised by the order of the Appeal Court (including any direction by that court under section 19(4) of the 1968 Act).

(4) The Director may not refer any charge to the defendant's commanding officer, or allocate it for trial by the Service Civilian Court.

(5) The Director may not discontinue proceedings on any charge, unless at the same time he makes a direction under section 127(2) (direction barring further service or civilian proceedings) in relation to the charge.

62

(1) Where any person is required to give evidence in any proceedings, the person must be notified of the time and place at which they are required to attend by—

(a) the Director, if the person is required to give evidence by the Director; or

(b) the court administration officer.

(2) When the court administration officer gives notice of any proceedings to a party to the proceedings other than the Director, he shall offer to notify any person whom the party may require to give evidence.

(3) Where a witness summons is issued under rule 63 or 65, the court administration officer shall serve it on the person to whom it is directed.

(4) Where the Director is required to notify a person under this rule and in the opinion of the Director it is not reasonably practicable to do so, the Director must give notice of that fact to the judge advocate.

(5) Where the court administration officer is required to notify a person under this rule or serve a witness summons on a person and in the opinion of the court administration officer it is not reasonably practicable to do so, the court administration officer must give notice of that fact to the judge advocate and the party who wishes the person to attend.

63

(1) This rule applies where a judge advocate is satisfied that—

(a) a person is likely to be able to give evidence likely to be material evidence, or produce any document or thing likely to be material evidence, for the purpose of any proceedings before the Court Martial; and

(b) it is in the interests of justice to issue a witness summons under this rule to secure the attendance of that person to give evidence or to produce the document or thing.

(2) In such a case, the judge advocate shall, subject to the following provisions of this rule, issue a witness summons directed to the person concerned and requiring him to—

(a) attend before the court at the time and place stated in the witness summons; and

(b) give the evidence or produce the document or thing.

(3) A witness summons may be issued under this rule only on an application; and the judge advocate may refuse to issue the witness summons if any requirement relating to the application is not fulfilled.

(4) An application for a witness summons must be made as soon as is practicable after the applicant becomes aware of the grounds for making it.

(5) The application must—

(a) identify the proposed witness;

(b) explain—

(i) what evidence the proposed witness can give or produce;

(ii) why it is likely to be material evidence; and

(iii) why it would be in the interests of justice to issue a witness summons.

(6) The application may be made orally unless the judge advocate otherwise directs.

(7) An application in writing must contain a declaration that the facts stated in it are true to the best of the applicant's knowledge and belief.

(8) An application in writing must be served on the court administration officer and as directed by the judge advocate.

(9) A witness summons issued under this rule which requires a person to attend before the court and produce a document or thing may also require him to produce the document or thing—

(a) at a place stated in the witness summons, and

(b) at a time so stated, before the time at which the summons requires him to attend before the court,

for inspection by the applicant.

(10) A witness summons issued under this rule must state that failure to comply with the summons may result in the issue of a warrant for the arrest of the person to whom the summons is addressed.

64

(1) This rule applies where a person served with an application for a witness summons requiring the proposed witness to produce in evidence a document or thing objects to its production on the grounds that—

(a) it is not likely to be material evidence; or

(b) even if it is likely to be material evidence, the duties or rights (including rights of confidentiality) of the proposed witness or of any person to whom the document or thing relates outweigh the reasons for issuing a witness summons.

(2) A judge advocate may require the proposed witness to make the document or thing available for the objection to be assessed.

(3) The judge advocate may invite—

(a) the proposed witness or any representative of the proposed witness, or

(b) a person to whom the document or thing relates or any representative of such a person,

to help the judge advocate assess the objection.

65

(1) For the purpose of any proceedings, a judge advocate may of his own motion issue a witness summons directed to a person and requiring him to—

(a) attend before the court at the time and place stated in the witness summons; and

(b) give evidence, or produce any document or thing specified in the witness summons.

(2) A witness summons issued under this rule must state that failure to comply with the summons may result in the issue of a warrant for the arrest of the person to whom the summons is addressed.

(3) A judge advocate may withdraw a witness summons issued under this rule if he no longer considers it necessary or if one of the following applies for it to be withdrawn—

(a) the witness, on the grounds that—

(i) he cannot give or produce evidence likely to be material evidence; or

(ii) even if he can, his duties or rights (including rights of confidentiality) or those of any person to whom the evidence relates outweigh the reasons for the issue of the witness summons; or

(b) any person to whom the proposed evidence relates, on the grounds that—

(i) that evidence is not likely to be material evidence; or

(ii) even if it is, his duties or rights (including rights of confidentiality) or those of the witness outweigh the reasons for the issue of the witness summons.

66

(1) A judge advocate may withdraw a witness summons if an application is made under this rule.

(2) An application under this rule may be made by the party who applied for the witness summons, on the ground that it is no longer needed.

(3) An application under this rule may also be made by the witness, on the grounds that—

(a) he was not aware of any application for it; and

(b) either—

(i) he cannot give or produce evidence likely to be material evidence; or

(ii) even if he can, his duties or rights (including rights of confidentiality) or those of any person to whom the evidence relates outweigh the reasons for the issue of the witness summons.

(4) An application under this rule may also be made by any person to whom the proposed evidence relates, on the grounds that—

(a) he was not aware of any application for it; and

(b) either—

(i) that evidence is not likely to be material evidence; or

(ii) even if it is, his duties or rights (including rights of confidentiality) or those of the witness outweigh the reasons for the issue of the witness summons.

(5) An application under this rule—

(a) must be made in writing to the court administration officer;

(b) must be made as soon as is practicable after the applicant becomes aware of the grounds for making it; and

(6) An application under this rule must be served on—

(a) the witness (where he is not the applicant);

(b) the party who applied for the witness summons (where he is not the applicant); and

(7) Where—

(a) a witness summons requires the proposed witness to produce in evidence a document or other thing, and

(b) a person other than the party who applied for the witness summons makes an application under this rule,

rule 64(2) and (3) apply, with references to “the objection” read as references to the matters mentioned in paragraph (3)(b) or (4)(b) (as the case may be).

67

(1) Where a rule or direction requires an application under this Part to be in writing, the application may be made orally with the leave of the judge advocate.

(2) A party who seeks leave to make such an application orally must—

(a) give as much notice as the urgency of his application permits to those on whom he would otherwise have served an application in writing; and

(b) in doing so, explain the reasons for—

(i) the application; and

(ii) seeking leave to make the application orally.

68

(1) If the judge advocate is satisfied by evidence on oath that—

(a) a person is likely to be able to give material evidence or produce any document or other thing likely to be material evidence in the proceedings,

(b) that it is in the interests of justice that the person should attend to give evidence or to produce the document or thing, and

the judge advocate may, instead of issuing a witness summons, issue a warrant to arrest that person and bring him before the court.

(2) Where—

(a) any person has failed to attend before the court in answer to a witness summons issued under rule 63 or 65,

(b) the judge advocate is satisfied by evidence on oath that—

(i) the person is likely to be able to give evidence likely to be material evidence or produce any document or other thing likely to be material evidence in the proceedings, and

(ii) the person has been duly served with the witness summons and that a reasonable sum has been paid or tendered to him for costs and expenses, and

the judge advocate may issue a warrant to arrest the person and bring him before the court.

(3) Subject to paragraph (4), a warrant issued under this rule shall be addressed to—

(a) one or more service policemen; or

(b) one or more officers of a civilian police force.

(4) A warrant issued under this rule may not be addressed to a service policeman unless it appears to the judge advocate that the person for whose arrest it is issued is subject to service law or is a civilian subject to service discipline.

(5) Where a person has been arrested by an officer of a civilian police force under a warrant issued under this rule, he must be transferred to service custody as soon as is practicable.

(6) Where a person has been arrested under a warrant issued under this rule and is in service custody—

(a) he must as soon as is practicable be brought before a judge advocate for a review of whether he should continue to be kept in service custody until he can be brought before the court; and

(b) if he has not been brought before a judge advocate for such a review within 48 hours of the arrest he must be released.

69

(1) Paragraphs (2) to (5) apply where—

(a) a person is brought before a judge advocate under rule 68(6); or

(b) the keeping of a person in service custody has been authorised by an order under paragraph (2) and he is brought before a judge advocate before the expiry of the period for which it was so authorised.

(2) The judge advocate may by order authorise the keeping (or further keeping) of the person in service custody if he is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released from service custody, the person would fail to attend the court as required.

(3) The period for which the judge advocate may, by an order under paragraph (2), authorise the keeping of the person in service custody is such period, ending not later than 8 days after the day on which the order is made, as he considers appropriate in all the circumstances.

(4) If the judge advocate makes no order under paragraph (2), the person must be released from service custody without delay; but this is subject to paragraph (5).

(5) The judge advocate may require the person to comply, before release or later, with such requirements as appear necessary to secure his attendance before the court.

(6) Where the keeping of the person in service custody is authorised by an order under paragraph (2), he must be released on the expiry of the period for which it was so authorised unless a judge advocate has made a further order under that paragraph.

(7) Any requirement imposed by virtue of paragraph (5) may be varied or discharged by a judge advocate on application by the person or the Director.

(8) Section 107(5) shall apply in relation to a requirement imposed by virtue of paragraph (5) as it applies in relation to a requirement imposed by virtue of section 107(3)(a).

(9) A person guilty of an offence under section 107(5) by virtue of paragraph (8) shall be liable to a fine not exceeding level 4 on the standard scale.

70

(1) Where any person is—

(a) notified under rule 62 of the requirement to give evidence in any proceedings, or

(b) served with a witness summons issued under rule 63 or 65,

there shall be paid or tendered to him at that time any expenses in respect of his attendance.

(2) For the purpose of this rule—

(a) the tender of a warrant or voucher entitling a person to travel free of charge shall constitute tender of his expenses in respect of any travelling required; and

(b) the tender of a written undertaking by the court administration officer to defray any other expenses payable under these Rules shall constitute tender in respect of those expenses.

71

The powers conferred by section 7 of the Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879 (orders for the inspection of bankers' books) may be exercised by a judge advocate, in relation to any proceedings of the court, on the application of any party to the proceedings.

72

(1) The provisions of this Part apply in relation to any proceedings in which an issue of fact falls to be determined, unless otherwise stated.

(2) In relation to any proceedings other than trial proceedings, references in this Part to a defendant are to be read as references to a person to whom the proceedings relate.

73

(1) The rules of evidence applicable in a trial on indictment in England and Wales shall apply, to the extent that they—

(a) are capable of applying; and

(b) are not applied, with or without modifications, by any other enactment or subordinate legislation (whenever passed or made).

(2) In this rule, “rules of evidence” includes rules conferring or restricting any discretion to exclude admissible evidence.

(3) No person may be required—

(a) to answer any question which he could not be required to answer in a trial on indictment in England and Wales; or

(b) to produce any document which he could not be required to produce in such a trial.

(4) The court may take judicial notice of—

(a) matters of which judicial notice could be taken in a trial on indictment in England and Wales; and

(b) matters within the general service knowledge of the court.

74

(1) Oral testimony shall be given on oath.

(2) This rule is subject to—

(a) section 5 of the Oaths Act 1978 (affirmation);

(b) section 31 of the 1999 Act (evidence admitted under a special measures direction); and

75

(1) Without prejudice to rule 73, section 9 of the 1967 Act (proof by written statement) shall apply, as modified by paragraph (2), in relation to a statement made—

(a) in the United Kingdom by any person, or

(b) outside the United Kingdom by a person subject to service law or a civilian subject to service discipline,

as it applies in criminal proceedings in relation to a statement made in the United Kingdom.

(2) In its application by virtue of this rule, section 9 of the 1967 Act shall have effect as if—

(a) subsection (2)(c) required service of the statement on the court administration officer (as well as each of the other parties to the proceedings);

(b) in subsection (2)(d), the reference to the parties' solicitors were to their legal representatives;

(d) in subsection (6), the references to the court were to the judge advocate.

(3) An application to the court under section 9(4)(b) of the 1967 Act—

(a) may be made in preliminary proceedings; and

(b) if made in trial proceedings, shall be determined by the judge advocate.

(4) Section 89 of the 1967 Act (offence of making a false statement tendered in evidence) shall apply in relation to a statement tendered in evidence in proceedings of the court by virtue of section 9 of that Act, wherever made, as it applies in relation to a statement tendered in evidence in criminal proceedings by virtue of that section.

76

(1) Without prejudice to rule 73, section 10 of the 1967 Act (proof by formal admission) shall apply, as modified by paragraph (2), as it applies in relation to criminal proceedings.

(2) In its application by virtue of this rule, section 10 of the 1967 Act shall have effect as if—

(a) in subsection (1), the reference to the prosecutor were to the Director; and

(b) in subsection (2), references to a defendant's counsel or solicitor were to his legal representative.

77

(1) A person giving oral evidence about any matter may, at any stage in the course of doing so, refresh his memory of it from a document made or verified by him at an earlier time if—

(a) he states in his oral evidence that the document records his recollection of that matter at that earlier time; and

(b) his recollection of the matter is likely to have been significantly better at that time than it is at the time of his oral evidence.

(2) Where—

(a) a person giving oral evidence about any matter has previously given an oral account, of which a sound recording was made, and he states in that evidence that the account represented his recollection of the matter at that time,

(b) his recollection of the matter is likely to have been significantly better at the time of the previous account than it is at the time of his oral evidence, and

he may, at any stage in the course of giving his evidence, refresh his memory of the matter from that transcript.

78

(1) Where, in trial proceedings—

(a) the Director intends to adduce evidence of a defendant's bad character, or

(b) a defendant intends to adduce evidence of another defendant's bad character, or to cross-examine a witness with a view to eliciting such evidence,

he must serve on the court administration officer and all other parties to the proceedings a notice of that intention.

(2) A notice under this rule—

(a) must describe the misconduct to which the evidence relates;

(b) must state what evidence of the misconduct the party serving the notice intends to adduce or elicit;

(d) identify the paragraph or paragraphs of section 101(1) of the 2003 Act which the party serving the notice asserts to be applicable to the evidence.

(3) If served by the Director, a notice under this rule must be served not more than 14 days after the Director serves advance information in respect of the charge to which the evidence relates.

(4) If served by a defendant, a notice under this rule must be served not more than 14 days after—

(a) the date on which the Director complies or purports to comply with article 4 of the CPIA Order; or,

(b) if later, the date on which the Director discloses to the defendant the previous convictions of the co-defendant to whose misconduct the notice relates.

(5) If it is not reasonably practicable to serve a notice under this rule within the time prescribed by paragraph (3) or (4) (as the case may be), the notice must be served as soon as it is reasonably practicable to do so.

(6) The court may dispense with the requirement to serve a notice under this rule if satisfied that no injustice would result.

79

(1) An application under section 101(3) of the 2003 Act to exclude evidence of a defendant's bad character in trial proceedings must be made in writing to the court administration officer and served on all other parties to the proceedings, unless a judge advocate gives leave for the application to be made orally.

(2) If made in writing, the application—

(a) must state whether a notice under rule 78 has been served on the applicant in relation to the evidence, and if so on what date; and

(b) must be made and served not more than 14 days after that date (if any), unless paragraph (3) applies.

(3) Where—

(a) the court dispenses with the requirement to serve a notice under rule 78, or

(b) such a notice is served but it is not reasonably practicable to make the application within 14 days of the service of the notice,

the application must be made as soon as is reasonably practicable.

80

(1) An application for leave to give evidence in trial proceedings of the bad character of a person other than a defendant must be made in writing to the court administration officer and served on all other parties to the proceedings, unless a judge advocate gives leave for the application to be made orally.

(2) If made in writing, such an application—

(a) must describe the misconduct to which the evidence relates;

(b) must state what evidence of the misconduct the applicant seeks to adduce or elicit;

(d) must state the grounds on which the applicant asserts that the evidence is admissible.

(3) If made by the Director, an application under this rule must be made not more than 14 days after the Director serves advance information in respect of the charge to which the evidence relates.

(4) If made by a defendant, an application under this rule must be made not more than 14 days after—

(a) the date on which the Director complies or purports to comply with article 4 of the CPIA Order; or,

(b) if later, the date on which the Director discloses to the defendant the previous convictions of the person to whose misconduct the application relates.

(5) If it is not reasonably practicable to make an application under this rule within the time prescribed by paragraph (3) or (4) (as the case may be), the application must be made as soon as it is reasonably practicable to do so.

81

(1) Where a party to trial proceedings proposes to adduce a hearsay statement, or (in the case of a defendant) to cross-examine a witness with a view to eliciting evidence of such a statement, on the basis that the statement is admissible by virtue of—

(a) section 114(1)(d) of the 2003 Act (interests of justice),

(b) section 116 of that Act (maker of statement unavailable to give oral evidence), or

he must serve on the court administration officer and all other parties to the proceedings a notice to that effect.

(2) A notice under this rule—

(a) must give details of the statement that the party serving the notice proposes to tender in evidence;

(b) where the statement is contained in a document which has not already been served on all the other parties, must include a copy of the document;

(c) where the notice is served by the Director and oral evidence of the statement is to be given, must identify any witness who is to give it;

(d) must specify whether the party serving the notice proposes to tender the statement by virtue of section 114(1)(d), 116 or 117 of the 2003 Act;

(e) where he proposes to tender the statement by virtue of section 114(1)(d) of that Act, must specify which of the factors mentioned in section 114(2) of that Act he considers to be relevant, and how they are relevant; and

(f) where the statement is evidence that an earlier hearsay statement was made, must specify whether he proposes to tender it by virtue of section 121(1)(a), (b) or (c) of that Act.

(3) Where a notice under this rule is served by the Director, it must be served not more than 14 days after the Director serves advance information in respect of the charge to which the evidence relates.

(4) Where a notice under this rule is served by a defendant, it must be served not more than 14 days after the Director complies or purports to comply with article 4 of the CPIA Order.

(5) Where—

(a) a notice has been served under this rule in relation to a hearsay statement, and

(b) no counter-notice has been served in accordance with rule 82 in relation to the statement,

the statement is to be treated as admissible by agreement of the parties.

(6) In this rule “hearsay statement” means a statement which—

(a) is not made in oral evidence in the proceedings; and

(b) is relied on as evidence of a matter stated in it.

82

(1) Where a party serves a notice under rule 81 in relation to a statement, any other party may serve a counter-notice objecting to the admission of the statement.

(2) A counter-notice served under this rule must state—

(a) the date on which the party serving it was served with the notice under rule 81;

(b) whether he objects to the admission of the whole or only part of the statement, and if only part which part; and

(3) A counter-notice served under this rule must be served on the court administration officer and all other parties to the proceedings not more than 14 days after service of the notice under rule 81.

83

(1) A document purporting to be an enlistment paper used to enlist a person in accordance with regulations made under section 328 shall be evidence that—

(a) that person was enlisted, on the date on which the declaration in the enlistment paper purports to have been signed by him, and on the terms set out in the document; and

(b) anything recorded in the document as the answer given by him to a question in the document was given by him in answer to that question when it was put to him by or on the direction of the recruiting officer who enlisted him.

(2) A document purporting to be a copy of such a document as is mentioned in paragraph (1) and purporting to be certified to be a true copy by a person stated in the certificate to have custody of the document shall be evidence of the matters mentioned in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of that paragraph.

84

A document stating that a person—

(a) was or was not serving at any specified time or during any specified period in any part of Her Majesty's forces,

(b) was discharged from any of Her Majesty's forces at or before any specified time,

(d) had at or before any specified time been attached, posted or transferred to any part of Her Majesty's forces,

(e) at any specified time or during any specified period was or was not serving or held or did not hold any rank, rate or appointment in any particular country or place, or

(f) was or was not at any specified time authorised to use or wear any decoration, badge or emblem,

shall, if it purports to be issued by or on behalf of the Defence Council or by a person authorised by them, be evidence of the matters stated in the document.

85

(1) A record purporting to be—

(a) made in any service record in pursuance of any Act or of Queen's Regulations, or otherwise in pursuance of naval, military or air force duty, and

(b) signed by the commanding officer of the person to whom the record relates or by a person whose duty it was to make or keep the record,

shall be evidence of the matters stated in the record.

(2) A document purporting to be a copy of such a record (including the signature) as is mentioned in paragraph (1) and purporting to be certified to be a true copy by a person stated in the certificate to have custody of the record shall be evidence of the matters stated in the document.

86

(1) A document purporting to be issued by order of the Defence Council and to contain instructions or regulations given or made by the Defence Council shall be evidence of the giving of the instructions or the making of the regulations and their contents.

(2) A certificate purporting to be issued by or on behalf of the Defence Council or by a person authorised by them and stating—

(a) that a decoration of a description specified in, or as annexed to, the certificate is or is not a naval, military or air force decoration, or

(b) that a badge or emblem of a description specified in, or as annexed to, the certificate is or is not one supplied or authorised by the Defence Council,

shall be evidence of the matters stated in the certificate.

87

A certificate purporting to be signed by a person's commanding officer or an officer authorised by the commanding officer to give the certificate, and stating the contents of, or of any part of, standing orders, or other routine orders of a continuing nature, of any of Her Majesty's forces, made for—

(a) any part of Her Majesty's forces,

(b) any area or place, or

shall be evidence of the matters stated in the certificate.

88

(1) Expert evidence shall not be adduced without the leave of the judge advocate unless the party proposing to rely on it has served on every other party and the court administration officer, not less than 14 days before the date appointed for the commencement of the proceedings, a statement of the substance of the expert evidence.

(2) The statement referred to in paragraph (1) must be in writing unless every other party consents to its being made orally.

(3) Where more than one party wishes to introduce expert evidence, the judge advocate may direct the experts to—

(a) discuss the expert issues in the proceedings; and

(b) prepare a statement for the court of the matters on which they agree and disagree, giving their reasons.

(4) Except for the statement prepared under paragraph (3)(b), the content of the discussion under paragraph (3)(a) may not be referred to without the judge advocate's permission.

(5) Where more than one defendant wishes to introduce expert evidence on an issue, the judge advocate may direct that the evidence on that issue is to be given by one expert only.

(6) Where the defendants cannot agree who should be the expert to give evidence under paragraph (5), the judge advocate may—

(a) select the expert from a list prepared or identified by them; or

(b) direct that the expert be selected in such other manner as the judge advocate shall direct.

(7) Where the judge advocate gives a direction under paragraph (5) for a single joint expert to be used, each of the defendants may give instructions to the expert.

(8) When a defendant gives instructions to an expert under paragraph (7) he must, at the same time, send a copy of the instructions to every other defendant.

(9) Where—

(a) a statement has been prepared for the purposes of proceedings, and

(b) the person who prepared the statement had, or may reasonably be supposed to have had, personal knowledge of the matters stated,

a statement served under paragraph (1) may be accompanied by a notice, given for the purposes of section 127 of the 2003 Act (expert evidence: preparatory work), that another person will in evidence given in the proceedings (whether orally or under section 9 of the 1967 Act, as applied by rule 75) base an opinion or inference on the statement.

89

(1) In this Chapter—

“eligible witness” means a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of rule 90 or 91;

“intermediary” has the same meaning as in section 29 of the 1999 Act;

“modern slavery offence” means an offence under section 42 as respects which the corresponding offence under the law of England and Wales is—an offence under section 1 (slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour) or 2 (human trafficking) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015;an offence of attempting or conspiring to commit such an offence; oran offence under Part 2 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 (encouraging and assisting crime) where the offence (or one of the offences) which the offender intended or believed would be committed is a modern slavery offence;

“sexual offence” means an offence under section 42 as respects which the corresponding offence under the law of England and Wales is— an offence which is— ;an offence under Part 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003; ora relevant superseded offence as defined by section 62(1A) of the 1999 Act (meaning of “sexual offence” and other references to offences);an offence of attempting or conspiring to commit, or of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring or inciting the commission of, such an offence; oran offence under Part 2 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 (encouraging and assisting crime) where the offence (or one of the offences) which the offender intended or believed would be committed is an offence under Part 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003;

“special measures direction” means a direction providing for one or more of the special measures available in relation to a witness to apply to evidence given by the witness;

“the special measures provisions” means the provisions of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of the 1999 Act applied by an order under section 61(1) of that Act.

(2) In this Chapter—

(a) references to the quality of a witness's evidence are to its quality in terms of completeness, coherence and accuracy (and for this purpose “coherence” refers to a witness's ability in giving evidence to give answers which address the questions put to the witness and can be understood both individually and collectively); and

(b) references to the special measures available in relation to a witness are to be construed in accordance with rule 92.

90

(1) A witness is eligible for assistance by virtue of this rule if the witness is under the age of 18 at the time when it falls to the judge advocate to consider whether to give a special measures direction in relation to the witness.

(2) A witness is also eligible for assistance by virtue of this rule if the judge advocate considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished because the witness—

(a) suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of the Mental Health Act 1983 ;

(b) otherwise has a significant impairment of intelligence and social functioning; or

91

(1) A witness (other than a defendant) is eligible for assistance by virtue of this rule if the judge advocate is satisfied that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of fear or distress on the part of the witness in connection with testifying in the proceedings.

(2) A witness is also eligible for assistance by virtue of this rule if—

(a) the proceedings are in respect of—

(i) a sexual offence;

(ii) a modern slavery offence; or

(iii) any other offence where it is alleged that the behaviour of the defendant amounted to domestic abuse;

(b) the witness is a complainant in respect of that offence; and

92

(1) Where a witness (other than a defendant) is eligible for assistance by virtue of rule 90, the special measures available in relation to him are those for which provision is made by sections 23 and 25 to 30 of the 1999 Act.

(2) Where a witness is eligible for assistance by virtue of rule 91, the special measures available in relation to him are those for which provision is made by sections 23 and 25 to 28 of that Act.

(3) Where a defendant is eligible for assistance by virtue of rule 90, the special measures available in relation to him are those for which provision is made by sections 29 and 30 of that Act.

(4) In a domestic abuse case a special measure for which provision is made by any of sections 23 and 25 to 28 of the 1999 Act is only available under paragraph (2) if section 62 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (special measures in criminal proceedings for offences involving domestic abuse) is in force for the purposes of that section of the 1999 Act.

(5) In this rule “domestic abuse case” means proceedings falling within rule 91(2)(a) by virtue only of paragraph (iii) of that sub-paragraph.

93

(1) Subject to the special measures provisions and this Chapter, a judge advocate may give a special measures direction in relation to a witness if—

(a) the witness is an eligible witness; and

(b) any of the special measures available in relation to the witness (or any combination of them) would, in the judge advocate's opinion, be likely to improve the quality of evidence given by the witness.

(2) A special measures direction must specify particulars of the provision made by the direction in respect of each special measure which is to apply to the witness's evidence.

(3) In determining whether any special measure or measures would be likely to improve the quality of evidence given by the witness, and if so whether to give a direction providing for the measure or measures to apply, a judge advocate must consider all the circumstances of the case, including in particular—

(a) any views expressed by the witness; and

(b) whether the measure or measures might tend to inhibit such evidence being effectively tested by a party to the proceedings.

(4) Where there are two or more defendants—

(a) any reference to the defendant in the special measures provisions may be taken, in connection with the giving of a special measures direction, as a reference to all or any of the defendants, as the judge advocate may determine; and

(b) any such direction may be given on the basis of any such determination.

(5) A special measures direction may provide for one or more special measures to apply in combination with a direction under rule 18 (live links), and for the purposes of this Chapter a measure would be likely to improve the quality of the witness's evidence if, were it combined with such a direction, it would be likely to do so.

(6) A judge advocate may give a special measures direction—

(a) on an application made by a party to the proceedings; or

(b) of the judge advocate's own motion.

(7) A judge advocate who gives, or refuses an application for, a special measures direction must state in open court his reasons for doing so.

(8) Nothing in this Chapter is to be regarded as affecting any power of the court or a judge advocate to make an order or give leave of any description—

(a) in relation to a witness who is not an eligible witness; or

(b) in relation to an eligible witness, where the order is made or the leave is given otherwise than by reason of the fact that the witness is an eligible witness.

94

A special measures direction may not provide for the exclusion of persons under section 25 of the 1999 Act unless—

(a) the proceedings are in respect of—

(i) a sexual offence,

(ii) a modern slavery offence, or

(iii) any other offence where it is alleged that the behaviour of the defendant amounted to domestic abuse; or

(b) it appears to the judge advocate that there are reasonable grounds for believing that any person other than a defendant has sought, or will seek, to intimidate the witness in connection with testifying in the proceedings.

95

(1) A special measures direction may not provide for a video recording, or a part of such a recording, to be admitted under section 27 of the 1999 Act if the judge advocate is of the opinion, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, that in the interests of justice the recording, or that part of it, should not be so admitted.

(2) In considering for the purposes of paragraph (1) whether any part of a recording should not be so admitted, the judge advocate must consider whether any prejudice to a defendant which might result from that part being so admitted is outweighed by the desirability of showing the whole, or substantially the whole, of the recorded interview.

(3) Where a special measures direction provides for a recording to be admitted under section 27 of the 1999 Act, the judge advocate may nevertheless subsequently direct that it is not to be so admitted if—

(a) it appears to the judge advocate that—

(i) the witness will not be available for cross-examination (whether conducted in the ordinary way or in accordance with any such direction), and

(ii) the parties to the proceedings have not agreed that there is no need for the witness to be so available; or

(b) rule 98 has not been complied with to the satisfaction of the judge advocate.

(4) Paragraph (3) is without prejudice to rule 99 (power to vary or discharge special measures direction).

(5) Where a recording is admitted under section 27 of the 1999 Act—

(a) the witness must be called by the party tendering it in evidence, unless –

(i) a special measures direction provides for the witness’s evidence on cross-examination to be given in any recording admissible under section 28 of the 1999 Act (video recorded cross-examination or re-examination), or

(ii) the parties to the proceedings have agreed that there is no need for the witness to be called; and

(b) the witness may not give evidence in chief otherwise than by means of the recording—

(i) as to any matter which, in the opinion of the judge advocate, has been dealt with adequately in the witness's recorded testimony; or

(ii) without the leave of the judge advocate, as to any other matter which, in the opinion of the judge advocate, is dealt with in that testimony.

(6) Where a special measures direction provides for part only of a recording to be admitted under section 27 of the 1999 Act, references in paragraphs (3) and (4) to the recording or to the witness's recorded testimony are references to the part of the recording or testimony which is to be so admitted.

(7) The judge advocate may give leave for the purposes of paragraph (5)(b)(ii) if it appears to him to be in the interests of justice to do so, and may do so either—

(a) on an application by a party to the proceedings; or

(b) of his own motion.

96

(1) Any examination of a witness conducted in pursuance of a provision included in a special measures direction by virtue of section 29(1) of the 1999 Act (examination of witness through intermediary) must take place—

(a) in the presence of such persons as the direction may provide; and

(b) in circumstances in which the members of the court, and legal representatives acting in the proceedings, are able to see and hear the examination of the witness and to communicate with the intermediary (and for this purpose any impairment of eyesight or hearing is to be disregarded).

(2) Where two or more legal representatives are acting for a party to the proceedings, paragraph (1)(b) is to be regarded as satisfied in relation to those representatives if at all material times it is satisfied in relation to at least one of them.

(3) Before an intermediary begins to act, he shall make a declaration in the following form:

I solemnly, sincerely and truly declare that I will well and faithfully communicate the questions and answers and make true explanation of all matters and things as shall be required of me according to the best of my skill and understanding.

(4) In this rule “the intermediary” has the same meaning as in section 29 of the 1999 Act.

97

(1) An application for a special measures direction must be made in writing to the court administration officer, unless a judge advocate gives leave for it to be made orally.

(2) A written application must specify—

(a) unless the application is made by a defendant and does not relate to evidence in support of an alibi, the name and date of birth of the witness in relation to whom it is made;

(b) the special measure or measures sought;

(c) where the application is for a direction including provision by virtue of section 27 of the 1999 Act (video recorded evidence in chief), the information mentioned in rule 98(4);

(d) the grounds on which the applicant asserts—

(i) that the witness is an eligible witness; and

(ii) that the measure or measures will improve the quality of the witness's evidence; and

(e) the views of the witness as to the matters specified in accordance with sub-paragraph (d).

(3) In paragraph (2)(a) “evidence in support of an alibi” has the same meaning as in article 7 of the CPIA Order.

(4) A written application must be made, and a copy served on all other parties to the proceedings—

(a) where the application is made by the Director, not more than 14 days after the Director serves advance information in respect of the charge to which the proposed evidence relates;

(b) where the application is made by a defendant, not more than 14 days after the Director complies or purports to comply with article 4 of the CPIA Order.

(5) Notwithstanding paragraph (4), a judge advocate may at his discretion consider a written application made outside the period of 14 days there mentioned.

(6) Where a written application has been made, a judge advocate may—

(a) grant the application without a hearing; or

(b) direct a hearing.

(7) But the application may not be granted without a hearing unless—

(a) at least 14 days have elapsed since the application was served on each other party to the proceedings, and

(b) no other party has served notice on the court administration officer that he opposes the application.

(8) Any party to the proceedings—

(a) may attend a hearing of the application, and be heard;

(b) may, with leave of the judge advocate, adduce evidence (including expert evidence) at the hearing.

98

(1) This rule applies where an application is made for a special measures direction including provision by virtue of section 27 of the 1999 Act.

(2) The application must be accompanied by a copy of the video recording which (or part of which) it is proposed to tender in evidence.

(3) Where the application is made by the Director, he must at the same time serve on each defendant a copy of that recording.

(4) The application must include the following information—

(a) the date on which the recording was made;

(b) the times at which the recording commenced and finished, including details of any interruptions;

(d) in relation to each person present at any point during, or immediately before, the recording—

(i) the name, age and occupation of the person;

(ii) the time for which he was present; and

(iii) his relationship (if any) to the witness;

(e) in relation to the equipment used for the recording—

(i) a description of the equipment;

(ii) the number of cameras used;

(iii) whether the cameras were fixed or mobile;

(iv) the number and location of the microphones;

(v) the video format used; and

(vi) whether it offered single or multiple recording facilities and, if so, which were used; and

(f) if the recording is a copy—

(i) the location of the master recording; and

(ii) details of when and by whom the copy was made.

(5) Where the applicant is a defendant and the application is granted, the applicant must, not later than the close of the case for the prosecution, serve on each other party to the proceedings a copy of the video recording which (or part of which) it is proposed to tender in evidence under the direction.

99

(1) A judge advocate may vary or discharge a special measures direction if it appears to him to be in the interests of justice to do so.

(2) A judge advocate may exercise the power conferred by paragraph (1)—

(a) on an application made by a party to the proceedings; or

(b) of the judge advocate's own motion.

(3) An application under this rule must be made in writing to the court administration officer, unless—

(a) a judge advocate gives leave for it to be made orally; or

(b) paragraph (8) applies.

(4) A copy of a written application under this rule must be served on each other party to the proceedings.

(5) Where a written application has been made under this rule, a judge advocate may—

(a) grant the application without a hearing; or

(b) direct a hearing.

(6) But the application may not be granted without a hearing unless—

(a) at least 14 days have elapsed since the application was served on each other party to the proceedings; and

(b) no other party has served notice on the court administration officer that he opposes the application.

(7) Rule 97(8) applies in relation to a hearing of the application as it applies in relation to a hearing of an application for a special measures direction.

(8) Where the direction was made on the application of a defendant and includes provision for the admission of a video recording which had not been served on the Director, the Director may make an oral application without leave.

(9) A judge advocate who varies or discharges, or refuses an application for the variation or discharge of, a special measures direction must state in open court his reasons for doing so.

(10) In this rule, references to the variation of a special measures direction include the further variation of a direction previously varied.

100

Where in proceedings with lay members evidence has been given in accordance with a special measures direction, the judge advocate must give the lay members such warning (if any) as he considers necessary to ensure that the fact that the direction was given in relation to the witness does not prejudice any defendant.

101

Before the Director adduces any evidence in trial proceedings—

(a) the Director, and

(b) with leave of the judge advocate, any defendant,

may make an opening address.

102

(1) The judge advocate may question any witness, or put to the witness a question from a lay member.

(2) If it appears to the judge advocate to be in the interests of justice, the court may—

(a) allow the cross-examination or re-examination of a witness to be postponed;

(b) call any witness whom it has not already heard;

(d) permit any party to recall a witness;

(e) permit the Director to call a witness after the close of the case for the prosecution; or

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