§ 2273. Policy regarding assured access to space: national security payloads

§ 2273. Policy regarding assured access to space: national security payloads

(a) Policy.— It is the policy of the United States for the President to undertake actions appropriate to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that the United States has the capabilities necessary to launch and insert United States national security payloads into space whenever such payloads are needed in space.

(b) Included Actions.— The appropriate actions referred to in subsection (a) shall include, at a minimum, providing resources and policy guidance to sustain—

(1) the availability of at least two space launch vehicles (or families of space launch vehicles) capable of delivering into space any payload designated by the Secretary of Defense or the Director of National Intelligence as a national security payload;

(2) a robust space launch infrastructure and industrial base; and

(3) the availability of rapid, responsive, and reliable space launches for national security space programs to—

(A) improve the responsiveness and flexibility of a national security space system;

(B) lower the costs of launching a national security space system; and

(C) maintain risks of mission success at acceptable levels.

(c) Coordination.— The Secretary of Defense shall, to the maximum extent practicable, pursue the attainment of the capabilities described in subsection (a) in coordination with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Director of National Intelligence.

(Added Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, § 912(a)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1565; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title IX, § 931(a)(12), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 285; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title IX, § 932(a)(11), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4576; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, § 1073(c)(10), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2475; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVI, § 1603(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2105; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XVII, § 1731(a)(34), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1814.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2273, acts Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 125; Apr. 2, 1982, Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 160(a)(4), 96 Stat. 48; Oct. 29, 1992, Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(b)(1), 106 Stat. 4516, related to right of United States to designs, rights of designers to patents, and rights to sue United States, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title VIII, § 821(a)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1704.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 116–92 inserted semicolon at end.

2018—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–232, § 1603(a)(1), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–232, § 1603(a)(2), inserted “and the Director of National Intelligence” before period at end.

2009—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–84 repealed Pub. L. 110–417, § 932(a)(11). See 2008 Amendment note below.

2008—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–181 and Pub. L. 110–417, § 932(a)(11), amended par. (1) identically, substituting “Director of National Intelligence” for “Director of Central Intelligence”. Pub. L. 110–417, § 932(a)(11), was repealed by Pub. L. 111–84.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, § 1073(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2474, provided that the amendment made by section 1073(c)(10) is effective as of Oct. 14, 2008, and as if included in Pub. L. 110–417 as enacted.

National Security Space Launch Program

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XVI, § 1606, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4044, provided that: “(a) Launch Services Agreement.—“(1) Limitation on amounts.—Except as provided by paragraph (2), in carrying out the phase two acquisition strategy, the Secretary of the Air Force may not obligate or expend a total amount for a launch services agreement that is greater than the amount specifically appropriated for the launch services agreement. “(2) Use of reprogramming and transfer authority.—The Secretary may exceed the limitation under paragraph (1) if the Secretary carries out a reprogramming or transfer for such purpose in accordance with established procedures for reprogrammings or transfers, including with respect to presenting a request for a reprogramming of funds. “(b) Reusability.—“(1) Validation.—Not later than 18 months after the date on which the Secretary determines the down-selected National Security Space Launch providers, the Secretary shall—“(A) complete all non-recurring design validation of previously flown launch hardware for National Security Space Launch providers offering such hardware for use in phase two contracts; and “(B) notify the appropriate congressional committees that such design validation has been completed. “(2) Report.—Not later than 210 days after the date on which the Secretary determines the down-selected National Security Space Launch providers, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the progress of the Secretary with respect to completing all non-recurring design validation of previously flown launch hardware described in paragraph (1), including—“(A) a justification for any deviation from the new entrant certification guide; and “(B) a description of such progress with respect to National Security Space Launch providers that are not down-selected National Security Space Launch providers, if applicable. “(c) Funding and Strategy for Technology Development for Certification, Infrastructure, and Innovation.—“(1) Authority.—Pursuant to section 2371b of title 10, United States Code [now 10 U.S.C. 4022], not later than September 30, 2021, the Secretary of the Air Force shall enter into agreements described in paragraph (3) with potential phase three National Security Space Launch providers—“(A) to maintain competition in order to maximize the likelihood of at least three National Security Space Launch providers competing for phase three contracts; and “(B) to support innovation for national security launches, including innovative technologies and systems to further advance launch capability associated with the insertion of national security payloads into relevant classes of orbits. “(2) Competitive procedures.—The Secretary shall carry out paragraph (1) by conducting a full and open competition among all National Security Space Launch providers that plan to submit bids for a phase three contract. “(3) Agreements.—An agreement described in this paragraph is an agreement that could provide value or technical advances to phase three of the National Security Space Launch program and that includes not more than $90,000,000 in fiscal year 2021, subject to the availability of appropriations for such purpose, for the provider to conduct either or both of the following activities:“(A) Develop enabling technologies to meet the certification and infrastructure requirements that are—“(i) unique to national security space missions; and “(ii) support the likely requirements of a phase three contract. “(B) Develop transformational technologies in support of the national security space launch capability for phase three contracts (such as technologies regarding launch, maneuver, and transport capabilities for enhanced resiliency and security technologies, technologies to support progress toward phase three national security space launches, or technologies to inform the National Security Launch Architecture study of the Space Force). “(4) Technology development investment strategy.—Not later than March 15, 2021, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a strategy to support investments in technologies for phase three pursuant to paragraph (1) that includes—“(A) the funding requirements for such strategy during fiscal years 2022 through 2026; “(B) a schedule for investments toward phase three; “(C) associated milestones; and “(D) a planned schedule for awarding phase three contracts. “(5) Report.—Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary enters into an agreement under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report explaining which enabling technologies are funded under such agreement. “(d) Briefing.—Not later than March 15, 2021, and quarterly thereafter through September 30, 2023, the Secretary shall provide to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a briefing on the progress made by the Secretary in ensuring that full and open competition exists for phase three contracts, including—“(1) a description of progress made to establish the requirements for phase three contracts, including such requirements that the Secretary determines cannot be met by the commercial market; “(2) whether the Secretary determines that additional development funding will be necessary for such phase; “(3) a description of the estimated costs for the development described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (c)(3); and “(4) how the Secretary will—“(A) ensure full and open competition for technology development for phase three contracts; and “(B) maintain competition. “(e) Rule of Construction.—Nothing in this section may be construed to delay the award of phase two contracts. “(f) Definitions.—In this section:“(1) The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—“(A) the congressional defense committees; and “(B) the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate. “(2) The term ‘down-selected National Security Space Launch provider’ means a National Security Space Launch provider that the Secretary of the Air Force selected to be awarded phase two contracts. “(3) The term ‘phase three contract’ means a contract awarded using competitive procedures for launch services under the National Security Space Launch program after fiscal year 2024. “(4) The term ‘phase two acquisition strategy’ means the process by which the Secretary of the Air Force enters into phase two contracts during fiscal year 2020, orders launch missions during fiscal years 2020 through 2024, and carries out such launches under the National Security Space Launch program. “(5) The term ‘phase two contract’ means a contract awarded during fiscal year 2020 using competitive procedures for launch missions ordered under the National Security Space Launch program during fiscal years 2020 through 2024.”

Policy To Ensure Launch of Small-Class Payloads

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XVI, § 1608, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4047, provided that: “(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a small launch and satellite policy to ensure responsive and reliable access to space through the processing and launch of Department of Defense small-class payloads. “(b) Policy.—The policy under subsection (a) shall include, at a minimum, providing resources and policy guidance to sustain—“(1) the availability of small-class payload launch service providers using launch vehicles capable of delivering into space small payloads designated by the Secretary of Defense as a national security payload; “(2) a robust small-class payload space launch infrastructure and industrial base, including small launch systems and small satellite rideshare opportunities; “(3) the availability of rapid, responsive, and reliable space launches for national security space programs to—“(A) improve the responsiveness and flexibility of a national security space system; “(B) lower the costs of launching a national security space system; and “(C) maintain risks to mission success at acceptable levels; “(4) a minimum number of dedicated launches each year; and “(5) full and open competition, including small launch providers and rideshare opportunities.”

Program To Enhance and Improve Launch Support and Infrastructure

Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XVI, § 1609, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1727, provided that: “(a) In General.—In support of the policy described in section 2273(a) of title 10, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, may carry out a program to enhance infrastructure and improve support activities for the processing and launch of Department of Defense small-class and medium-class payloads. “(b) Program.—The program under subsection (a) shall include improvements to operations at launch ranges and Federal Aviation Administration-licensed spaceports that are consistent with, and necessary to permit, the use of such launch ranges and spaceports by the Department. “(c) Consultation.—In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary may consult with current and anticipated users of launch ranges and Federal Aviation Administration-licensed spaceports, including the Space Rapid Capabilities Office. “(d) Cooperation.—In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into a contract or agreement under section 2276 of title 10, United States Code. “(e) Report.—Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report describing a plan for the program under subsection (a). “(f) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means—“(1) the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]; “(2) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; and “(3) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.”

Use of Reusable Launch Vehicles

Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVI, § 1603, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2105, provided that: “(a) Assured Access to Space.— [Amended this section.] “(b) Reusability of Launch Vehicles.—“(1) Designation.—Effective March 1, 2019, the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program of the Department of Defense shall be known as the ‘National Security Space Launch program’. Any reference in Federal law, regulations, guidance, instructions, or other documents of the Federal Government to the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program shall be deemed to be a reference to the National Security Space Launch program. “(2) Requirement.—In carrying out the National Security Space Launch program, the Secretary of Defense shall provide for consideration of both reusable and expendable launch vehicles with respect to any solicitation occurring on or after March 1, 2019, for which the use of a reusable launch vehicle is technically capable and maintains risk at acceptable levels. “(3) Notification of solicitations for non-reusable launch vehicles.—Beginning March 1, 2019, if the Secretary proposes to issue a solicitation for a contract for space launch services for which the use of reusable launch vehicles is not eligible for the award of the contract, the Secretary shall notify in writing the appropriate congressional committees of such proposed solicitation, including justifications for such ineligibility, by not later than 10 days after issuing such solicitation. “(c) Risk and Cost Impact Analysis.—“(1) In general.—The Secretary shall conduct a risk and cost impact analysis with respect to launch services that use reusable launch vehicles. Such analysis shall include—“(A) an assessment of how the inspection and certification regime of the Air Force for previously flown launch vehicles will ensure increased responsiveness and operational flexibility while maintaining acceptable risk; and “(B) an assessment of the anticipated cost savings to the Department of Defense realized by using a previously flown launch vehicle or components. “(2) Submission.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018], the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees the analysis conducted under paragraph (1). “(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the following:“(1) The congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]. “(2) The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.”

Launch Support and Infrastructure Modernization