Legalize / European Union / Regulation

Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1832 of 5 November 2018 amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 for the purpose of improving the emission type approval tests and procedures for light passenger and commercial vehicles, including those for in-service conformity and real-driving emissions and introducing devices for monitoring the consumption of fuel and electric energy (Text with EEA relevance.)

Type Regulation

Publication 2018-11-05

Last updated 2018-11-27

State In force

Department GROW, European Commission

Source EUR-Lex

articles 4

Reform history JSON API

5.1 The OBFCM device shall provide for standardised and unrestricted access of the information specified in point 3, and shall conform to the standards referred to in points 6.5.3.1 (a) and 6.5.3.2 (a) of Paragraph 6.5.3. of Appendix 1 to Annex 11 to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, understood as set out in Point 2.8. of Appendix 1 to Annex XI to this Regulation.

5.2. By way of exemption from the reset conditions specified in the standards referred to in point 5.1 and notwithstanding points 5.3. and 5.4., once the vehicle has entered into service the values of the lifetime counters shall be preserved.

5.3 The values of the lifetime counters may be reset only for those vehicles for which the memory type of the engine control unit is unable to preserve data when not powered by electricity. For those vehicles the values may be reset simultaneously only in the case the battery is disconnected from the vehicle. The obligation to preserve the values of the lifetime counters shall in this case apply for new type approvals at the latest from 1 January 2022 and for new vehicles from 1 January 2023.

5.4. In the case of malfunctioning affecting the values of the lifetime counters, or replacement of the engine control unit, the counters may be reset simultaneously to ensure that the values remain fully synchronised.’

ANNEX XI

Annexes I, III, VIII and IX to Directive 2007/46/EC are amended as follows:

(1) Annex I is amended as follows: (a) the following points 0.2.2.1. to 0.2.3.9. are inserted: ‘0.2.2.1. Allowed Parameter Values for multistage type approval to use the base vehicle emission values (insert range if applicable) (^y): Final Vehicle mass in running order (in kg): … Frontal area for final vehicle (in cm²): … Rolling resistance (kg/t): … Cross-sectional area of air entrance of the front grille (in cm²): … 0.2.3. Identifiers (^y): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier 0.2.3.4.1. Roadload family of VH: … 0.2.3.4.2. Roadload family of VL: … 0.2.3.4.3. Roadload families applicable in the interpolation family: … 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier: … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: … 0.2.3.8. OBD family's identifier: … 0.2.3.9. other family's identifier: …’; (b) the following point 2.6.3. is inserted: ‘2.6.3.Rotational mass (^y): 3 % of the sum of mass in running order and 25 kg or value, per axle (kg): …’; (c) point 3.2.2.1. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.2.1.Diesel/Petrol/LPG/NG or Biomethane/Ethanol (E 85)/Biodiesel/Hydrogen (¹) (⁶)’; (d) the following point 3.2.12.0. is inserted: ‘3.2.12.0.Emission character of type approval (^y)’; (e) point 3.2.12.2.5.5. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.12.2.5.5.Schematic drawing of the fuel tank (petrol and ethanol engines only): …’; (f) after point 3.2.12.2.5.5. the following points are inserted: ‘3.2.12.2.5.5.1. Fuel tank system capacity, material and construction: … 3.2.12.2.5.5.2. Description of vapour hose material, fuel line material and connection technique of the fuel system: … 3.2.12.2.5.5.3. Sealed tank system: yes/no 3.2.12.2.5.5.4. Description of fuel tank relief valve setting (air ingestion and relief): … 3.2.12.2.5.5.5. Description of the purge control system: …’; (g) the following point 3.2.12.2.5.7. is inserted: ‘3.2.12.2.5.7.Permeability factor: …’; (h) the following point 3.2.12.2.5.12. is inserted: ‘3.2.12.2.12.Water injection: yes/no (¹)’; (i) point 3.2.19.4.1. is deleted; (j) point 3.2.20. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.20.Heat storage information (^y)’; (k) point 3.2.20.1. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.20.1.Active heat storage device: yes/no (¹)’; (l) point 3.2.20.2. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.20.2.Insulation materials: yes/no (¹)’; (m) the following points 3.2.20.2.5. to 3.2.20.2.6. are inserted: ‘3.2.20.2.5. Worst case approach vehicle cool down: yes/no (¹) 3.2.20.2.5.1. (not worst case approach) Minimum soaking time, tsoak_ATCT (hours): … 3.2.20.2.5.2. (not worst case approach) Location of the engine temperature measurement: … 3.2.20.2.6. Single interpolation family within the ATCT family approach: yes/no (¹)’; (n) points 3.5.7.1. and 3.5.7.1.1. are replaced by the following: ‘3.5.7.1. Test vehicle parameters (^y) Vehicle Vehicle Low (VL) if existing Vehicle High (VH) VM if existing V representative (only for road load matrix family) (^*1) Default values Vehicle bodywork type (variant/version)

— Road load method used (measurement or calculation by road load family)

— — Road load information: Tyres make and type, if measurement

— Tyre dimensions (front/rear), if measurement

— Tyre rolling resistance (front/rear) (kg/t) Tyre pressure (front/rear) (kPa), if measurement Delta CD × A of vehicle L compared to vehicle H (IP_H minus IP_L) —

— — Delta CD × A compared to road load family vehicle L (IP_H/L minus RL_L), if calculation by road load family

— — Vehicle test mass (kg) Road load coefficients f0 (N) f1 (N/(km/h)) f2 (N/(km/h)²) Frontal area m² (0,000 m²) — — — Cycle Energy Demand (J) (¹)Representative vehicle is tested for the road load matrix family. 3.5.7.1.1. Fuel used for the Type 1 test and selected for the measurement of the net power in accordance with Annex XX to this Regulation (for LPG or NG vehicles only): …’; (o) points 3.5.7.1.1.1. to 3.5.7.1.3.2.3. are deleted; (p) point 3.5.7.2.1. to 3.5.7.2.1.2.0. are replaced by the following: ‘3.5.7.2.1. CO2 mass emission for pure ICE vehicles and NOVC-HEVs 3.5.7.2.1.0. Minimum and maximum CO2 values within the interpolation family 3.5.7.2.1.1. Vehicle high: … g/km 3.5.7.2.1.1.0. Vehicle high (NEDC): … g/km 3.5.7.2.1.2. Vehicle low (if applicable): … g/km 3.5.7.2.1.2.0. Vehicle low (if applicable) (NEDC): … g/km 3.5.7.2.1.3. Vehicle M (if applicable): … g/km 3.5.7.2.1.3.0. Vehicle M (if applicable) (NEDC): … g/km’; (r) points 3.5.7.2.2. to 3.5.7.2.2.3.0. are replaced by the following: ‘3.5.7.2.2. Charge-Sustaining CO2 mass emission for OVC-HEVs 3.5.7.2.2.1. Charge Sustaining CO2 mass emission vehicle high: g/km 3.5.7.2.2.1.0. Combined CO2 mass emission vehicle high (NEDC Condition B): g/km 3.5.7.2.2.2. Charge Sustaining CO2 mass emission vehicle low (if applicable): g/km 3.5.7.2.2.2.0. Combined CO2 mass emission vehicle low (if applicable) (NEDC Condition B): g/km 3.5.7.2.2.3. Charge Sustaining CO2 mass emission vehicle M (if applicable): g/km 3.5.7.2.2.3.0. Combined CO2 mass emission vehicle M (if applicable) (NEDC Condition B): g/km’; (s) points 3.5.7.2.3. to 3.5.7.2.3.3.0. are replaced with the following: ‘3.5.7.2.3. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission and weighted CO2 mass emission for OVC-HEVs 3.5.7.2.3.1. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle high: … g/km 3.5.7.2.3.1.0. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle high (NEDC Condition A): … g/km 3.5.7.2.3.2. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle low (if applicable): … g/km 3.5.7.2.3.2.0. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle low (if applicable) (NEDC Condition A): … g/km 3.5.7.2.3.3. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle M (if applicable): … g/km 3.5.7.2.3.3.0. Charge Depleting CO2 mass emission of Vehicle M (if applicable) (NEDC Condition A): … g/km’; (s) the following point 3.5.7.2.3.4. is added: ‘3.5.7.2.3.4.Minimum and maximum weighted CO2 values within the OVC interpolation family’; (t) point 3.5.7.4.3. is deleted; (u) Point 3.5.8.3. and table are replaced by the following: ‘3.5.8.3. Emissions data related to the use of eco-innovations (repeat the table for each reference fuel tested) (w¹)* Decision approving the eco-innovation (^w2) Code of the eco-innovation (^w3)

CO2 emissions of the baseline vehicle (g/km)

CO2 emissions of the eco-innovation vehicle (g/km)

CO2 emissions of the baseline vehicle under type 1 test-cycle (^w4)

CO2 emissions of the eco-innovation vehicle under type 1 test-cycle

Usage factor (UF), i.e. temporal share of technology usage in normal operation conditions

CO2 emissions savings ((1 – 2) – (3 – 4)) * 5 xxxx/201x

Total NEDC CO2 emissions saving (g/km) (^w5) Total WLTP CO2 emissions saving (g/km) (^w5)’ (v) the following point 3.8.5. is inserted: ‘3.8.5.Lubricant specification: … W …’; (w) points 4.5.1.1. to 4.5.1.3. are deleted; (x) in point 4.6., at the bottom of the first column of the table, the word ‘Reverse’ is deleted; (y) the following points 4.6.1. to 4.6.1.7.1. are inserted: ‘4.6.1. Gearshift (^y) 4.6.1.1. Gear 1 excluded: yes/no (¹) 4.6.1.2. n_95_high for each gear: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.3. nmin_drive 4.6.1.3.1. 1^st gear: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.3.2. 1^st gear to 2nd:… min^{– 1} 4.6.1.3.3. 2^nd gear to standstill: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.3.4. 2^nd gear: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.3.5. 3^rd gear and beyond: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.4. n_min_drive_set for acceleration/constant speed phases (n_min_drive_up): … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.5. n_min_drive_set for deceleration phases (nmin_drive_down): 4.6.1.6. initial period of time 4.6.1.6.1. t_start_phase: … s 4.6.1.6.2. n_min_drive_start: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.6.3. n_min_drive_up_start: … min^{– 1} 4.6.1.7. use of ASM: yes/no (¹) 4.6.1.7.1. ASM values: …’; (z) the following point 4.12. is added: ‘4.12.Gearbox lubricant: … W …’; (aa) the following points 12.8. to 12.8.3.2. are inserted: ‘12.8. Devices or systems with driver selectable modes which influence CO2 emissions and/or criteria emissions and do not have a predominant mode: yes/no (¹) 12.8.1. Charge sustaining test (if applicable) (state for each device or system) 12.8.1.1. Best case mode: … 12.8.1.2. Worst case mode: … 12.8.2. Charge depleting test (if applicable) (state for each device or system) 12.8.2.1. Best case mode: … 12.8.2.2. Worst case mode: … 12.8.3. Type 1 test (if applicable) (state for each device or system) 12.8.3.1. Best case mode: … 12.8.3.2. Worst case mode: …’; (ab) in the Explanatory notes, the following footnote (y) is added: ‘(^y)Only for the approval under Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and its amendments.’;

(2) Annex III is amended as follows: (a) the following point 0.2.2.1. is inserted: ‘0.2.2.1.Allowed Parameter Values for multistage type approval to use the base vehicle emission values (insert range if applicable) (^y): Final Vehicle mass (in kg): … Frontal area for final vehicle (in cm²): … Rolling resistance (kg/t): … Cross-sectional area of air entrance of the front grille (in cm²): …’; (b) point 3.2.2.1. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.2.1.Diesel/Petrol/LPG/NG or Biomethane/Ethanol (E 85)/Biodiesel/Hydrogen (¹) (⁶)’; (c) the following point 3.2.12.2.8.2.2. is inserted: ‘3.2.12.2.8.2.2.Activation of the creep mode ‘disable after restart’/‘disable after fuelling‘/‘disable after parking’ (⁷)’; (d) point 3.2.12.8.8.1. is replaced by the following: ‘3.2.12.2.8.8.1.List of components on-board the vehicle of the systems ensuring the correct operation of NOx control measures’;

(3) Annex VIII is amended as follows: (a) in point 2.1.1. the line: ‘Number of particles (PN) (#/km) (¹)’ is replaced by the following: ‘Number of particles (PN) (#/km) (if applicable)’ (b) in point 2.1.5. the line: ‘Number of particles (PN) (¹)’ is replaced by the following: ‘Number of particles (PN) (if applicable)’ (c) in point 3.1., in the third table, the last seven rows are replaced by the following: ‘f0 (N) … … … f1 (N/(km/h)) … … … f2 (N/(km/h)²) … … … RR (kg/t) … … … Delta Cd * A (for VL if applicable compared to VH) (m²) … … … Test Mass (kg) … … … Frontal area (m²) (for road load matrix family vehicles only)’ (d) in point 3.2., in the third table, the last seven rows are replaced by the following: ‘f0 (N) …

… f1 (N/(km/h)) …

… f2 (N/(km/h)²) …

… RR (kg/t) …

… Delta CD × A (for VL or VM compared to VH) (m²) …

… Test Mass (kg) …

… Frontal area (m²) (for road load matrix family vehicles only)’ (e) in point 3.3., in the third table, the last seven rows are replaced by the following: ‘f0 (N) … … f1 (N/(km/h)) … … f2 (N/(km/h)²) … … RR (kg/t) … … Delta CD × A (for VL compared to VH) (m²) … … Test Mass (kg) … … Frontal area (m²) (for road load matrix family vehicles only)’ (f) in point 3.4. the second table is replaced by the following: ‘Variant/Version: Variant/Version: Fuel Consumption (Combined) (kg/100 km) … … f0 (N) … … f1 (N/(km/h)) … … f2 (N/(km/h)²) … … RR (kg/t) … … Test Mass (kg) …’ (g) the title of point 3.5. is replaced by the following: ‘Output report(s) from the correlation tool in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/1152 and/or 2017/1153 and final NEDC values’ (h) the following points 3.5.3. and 3.5.4. are inserted: ‘3.5.3. Internal combustion engines, including not externally chargeable hybrid electric vehicles (NOVC) (¹) (²) Final correlated NEDC values Interpolation family identifier VH VL (if applicable) CO2 mass emission (urban conditions) (g/km) CO2 mass emission (extra-urban conditions) (g/km) CO2 mass emission (combined) (g/km) Fuel consumption (urban conditions) (l/100 km) (¹) Fuel consumption (extra-urban conditions) (l/100 km) (¹) Fuel consumption (combined) (l/100 km) (¹) 3.5.4. Externally chargeable hybrid electric vehicles (OVC) (¹) Final correlated NEDC values Interpolation family identifier VH VL (if applicable) CO2 mass emission (weighted, combined) (g/km) … … Fuel consumption (weighted, combined) (l/100 km) (^g) … …’

(4) Annex IX is amended as follows: (a) Part I is amended as follows: (i) in model A1 – side 1 of the certificate of conformity for complete vehicles, the following new points are inserted: ‘0.2.3. Identifiers (if applicable) (^r): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier: … 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier (if applicable): … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: …’; (ii) in model A2 – side 1 of the certificate of conformity for complete vehicles type-approved in small series, the following points are inserted: ‘0.2.3. Identifiers (if applicable) (^r): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier: … 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier (if applicable): … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: …’; (iii) in model B – side 1 of the certificate of conformity for completed vehicles, the following new points are inserted: ‘0.2.3. Identifiers (if applicable) (^r): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier: … 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier (if applicable): … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: …’; (iv) Side 2 of the certificate of conformity for category M1 vehicles (complete and completed vehicles) is amended as follows: — the following points 28 to 28.1.2. are inserted: ‘28. Gearbox (type): … 28.1. Gearbox ratios (to complete for vehicles with manual shift transmissions) (^r)

1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear 7th gear 8th gear … 28.1.1. Final drive ratio (if applicable): … 28.1.2. Final drive ratios (to complete if and where applicable)

1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear 7th gear 8th gear …’ — point 35 is replaced by the following: ‘35.Fitted tyre/wheel combination/ energy efficiency class of rolling resistance coefficients (RRC) and tyre category used for CO2 determination (if applicable) (^h) (^r): …’; — point 47.1. is replaced by the following: ‘47.1.Parameters for emission testing of Vind (^r)’; — point 47.1.2. is replaced by the following: ‘47.1.2.Frontal area, m² (^t): …’; — the following point 47.1.2.1 is inserted: ‘47.1.2.1.Projected frontal area of air entrance of the front grille (if applicable), cm²: …’; — the following points 47.2. to 47.2.3. are inserted: ‘47.2. Driving cycle (^r) 47.2.1. Driving Cycle class: 1/2/3a/3b 47.2.2. Downscaling factor (fdsc): … 47.2.3. Capped speed: yes/no’; — in point 49, in sub-point 1, the legend of the table is replaced by the following: ‘NEDC values CO2 emissions Fuel consumption’ — in point 49, in sub-point 1, in the table, the following row is added: ‘Verification factor (if applicable) ‘1’ or ‘0’’ (vii) Side 2 of the certificate of conformity for category N2 vehicles (complete and completed vehicles) is amended as follows: — point 7. is replaced by the following: ‘7.Height (^r): … mm’ — the following points 28.1, 28.1.1. and 28.1.2. are inserted: ‘28.1. Gearbox ratios (to complete for vehicles with manual shift transmissions) (^r)

1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear 7th gear 8th gear … 28.1.1. Final drive ratio (if applicable): … 28.1.2. Final drive ratios (to complete if and where applicable)

1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear 7th gear 8th gear …’ — point 35. is replaced by the following: ‘35.Fitted tyre/wheel combination/energy efficiency class of rolling resistance coefficients (RRC) and tyre category used for CO2 determination (if applicable) (^h) (^r): …’; — point 47.1. is replaced by the following: ‘47.1.Parameters for emission testing of Vind (^r)’; — point 47.1.2. is replaced by the following: ‘47.1.2.Frontal area, m² (^t): …’; — the following point 47.1.2.1 is inserted: ‘47.1.2.1.Projected frontal area of air entrance of the front grille (if applicable), cm²: …’; — the following points 47.2. to 47.2.3. are inserted: ‘47.2. Driving cycle (^r) 47.2.1. Driving Cycle class: 1/2/3a/3b 47.2.2. Downscaling factor (fdsc): … 47.2.3. Capped speed: yes/no’; — in point 49, in sub-point 1, the legend of the table is replaced by the following: ‘NEDC values CO2 emissions Fuel consumption’ — in point 49, in sub-point 1, in the table, the following row is added: ‘Verification factor (if applicable) ‘1’ or ‘0’’ (viii) Side 2 of the certificate of conformity for category N3 vehicles (complete and completed vehicles) is amended as follows: — point 7. is deleted. (b) Part II is amended as follows: (i) in model C1 – side 1 of the certificate of conformity for incomplete vehicles, the following points 0.2.3. to 0.2.3.7. are inserted: ‘0.2.3. Identifiers (if applicable) (^r): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier: … 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier (if applicable): … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: …’; (ii) in model C2 – side 1 of the certificate of conformity for incomplete vehicles type-approved in small series the following points 0.2.3. to 0.2.3.7. are inserted: ‘0.2.3. Identifiers (if applicable) (^r): 0.2.3.1. interpolation family's identifier: … 0.2.3.2. ATCT family's identifier: … 0.2.3.3. PEMS family's identifier: … 0.2.3.4. Roadload family's identifier:… 0.2.3.5. Roadload Matrix family's identifier (if applicable): … 0.2.3.6. Periodic regeneration family's identifier: … 0.2.3.7. Evaporative test family's identifier: …’; (iii) Side 2 of the certificate of conformity for category M1 vehicles (incomplete vehicles) is amended as follows: — the following points 28 to 28.1.2. are inserted: ‘28. Gearbox (type): … 28.1. Gearbox ratios (to complete for vehicles with manual shift transmissions) (^r)

1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear 6th gear 7th gear 8th gear … 28.1.1. Final drive ratio (if applicable): … 28.1.2. Final drive ratios (to complete if and where applicable)

(5) Annex XI is amended as follows: In the Meaning of notes, note (¹) is replaced by the following: ‘(¹)For vehicles with a reference mass not exceeding 2 610 kg. At the manufacturer's request, may apply to vehicles with a reference mass not exceeding 2 840 kg or if the vehicles is a special purpose vehicle with the code SB relating to armoured vehicles also with a reference mass exceeding 2 840 kg. With regard to Access to information, for other parts (e.g. living compartment) than the base vehicle, it is sufficient that the manufacturer provides access to repair and maintenance information in a readily accessible and prompt manner.’.

(^*1) Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1832 of 5 November 2018 amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 for the purpose of improving the emission type approval tests and procedures for light passenger and commercial vehicles, including those for in-service conformity and real-driving emissions and introducing devices for monitoring the consumption of fuel and electric energy (OJ L 301, 27.11.2018, p. 1).’;

(¹) Document ECE/TRANS/WP.19/1121 found in the following webpage: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/31821

(²) Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC (OJ L 350, p. 58).

Reading this document does not replace reading the official text published in the Official Journal of the European Union. We assume no responsibility for any inaccuracies arising from the conversion of the original to this format.

This text is published under EUR-Lex's own terms of reuse, not a Legalize or public-domain licence. EUR-Lex
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
© European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu — Source: EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the European Union). Reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Only EU legislation published in the printed Official Journal of the European Union is deemed authentic; consolidated texts are reproduced here for documentation purposes and have been reformatted to Markdown.