Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 (repealed 6.4.1992)

• (6) The amount of any income payable subject to deduction of income tax at the standard rate shall be taken for the purposes of subsection (4) above as the amount before deduction of that tax.

• (7) References in this section to connected persons shall be construed in accordance with section 533 of this Act.

PART XVIII — Double Taxation Relief

CHAPTER I — The Principal Reliefs

Relief by agreement with other countries

497

• (1) If Her Majesty by Order in Council declares that arrangements specified in the Order have been made with the government of any territory outside the United Kingdom with a view to affording relief from double taxation in relation to income tax or corporation tax and any taxes of a similar character imposed by the laws of that territory, and that it is expedient that those arrangements should have effect, then, subject to the provisions of this Part of this Act, the arrangements shall, notwithstanding anything in any enactment, have effect in relation to income tax and corporation tax in so far as they provide—

• (a) for relief from income tax, or from corporation tax in respect of income, or

• (b) for charging the income arising from sources in the United Kingdom to persons not resident in the United Kingdom, or

• (c) for determining the income to be attributed—

• (i) to persons not resident in the United Kingdom and their agencies, branches or establishments in the United Kingdom, or

• (ii) to persons resident in the United Kingdom who have special relationships with persons not so resident.

• (2) The provisions of Chapter IT below shall apply where arrangements which have effect by virtue of this section provide that tax payable under the laws of the territory concerned shall be allowed as a credit against tax payable in the United Kingdom.

• (3) For the purposes of this section and, subject to section 503(3) below, of the said Chapter II in its application to relief under this section, any amount of tax which would have been payable under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom but for a relief to which this subsection applies given under the law of that territory shall be treated as having been payable; and references in this section and that Chapter to double taxation, to tax payable or chargeable, or to tax not chargeable directly or by deduction shall be construed accordingly.

This subsection applies to any relief given with a view to promoting industrial, commercial, scientific, educational or other development in a territory outside the United Kingdom, being a relief with respect to which provision is made in the arrangements in question for double taxation relief.

• (4) Except in the case of a claim for an allowance by way of credit in accordance with Chapter II below, a claim for relief under subsection (1)(a) above shall be made to the Board.

• (5) Where, under any arrangements which have effect by Kingdom or in the territory with the government of which the virtue of this section, relief may be given, either in the United arrangements are made, in respect of any income, and it appears that the assessment to income tax or corporation tax made in respect of the income is not made in respect of the full amount thereof, or is incorrect having regard to the credit, if any, which falls to be given under the arrangements, any such assessments may be made as are necessary to ensure that the total amount of the income is assessed, and the proper credit, if any, is given in respect thereof, and, where the income is entrusted to any person in the United Kingdom for payment, any such assessment may be made on the recipient of the income under Case VI of Schedule D.

• (6) Any arrangements to which effect is given under this section may include provision for relief from tax for periods before the passing of this Act, or before the making of the arrangements, and provisions as to income which is not itself subject to double taxation, and the preceding provisions of this section shall have effect accordingly.

• (7) Any Order in Council made under this section may be revoked by a subsequent Order in Council, and any such revoking Order may contain such transitional provisions as appear to Her Majesty to be necessary or expedient.

• (8) Before any Order proposed to be made under this section is submitted to Her Majesty in Council, a draft thereof shall be laid before the House of Commons, and the Order shall not be so submitted unless an Address is presented to Her Majesty by that House praying that the Order be made.

• (9) Notwithstanding section 501(2) below, any arrangements made in relation to the profits tax under section 347 of the Income Tax Act 1952 (which this section re-enacts) or any earlier enactment corresponding to the said section 347 shall, except in so far as arrangements made after the passing of the Finance Act 1965 provide otherwise, have effect in relation to corporation tax and income chargeable thereto as they are expressed to have effect in relation to the profits tax and profits chargeable thereto (with the substitution of accounting periods for chargeable accounting periods), and not as they have effect in relation to income tax.

Unilateral relief

498

• (1) To the extent appearing from the following provisions of this section, relief from income tax and corporation tax in respect of income shall be given in respect of tax payable under the law of any territory outside the United Kingdom by allowing the last-mentioned tax as a credit against income tax or corporation tax, notwithstanding that there are not for the time being in force any arrangements under section 497 above providing for such relief:

Provided that the said relief shall not be given in respect of tax payable under the law of the Republic of Ireland.

• (2) The said relief (hereafter referred to as " unilateral relief ") shall be such relief as would fall to be given under Chapter II below if arrangements with the government of the territory in question containing the provisions specified in subsections (3) and (4) below were in force by virtue of the said section 497, but subject to any particular provision made with respect to unilateral relief in that Chapter; and any expression in that Chapter which imports a reference to relief under arrangements for the time being having effect by virtue of the said section 497 shall be deemed to import also a reference to unilateral relief.

• (3) Credit for tax paid under the law of the territory outside the United Kingdom and computed by reference to income arising in that territory shall be allowed against any United Kingdom income tax or corporation tax computed by reference to that income (profits from, or remuneration for, personal or professional services performed in that territory being deemed for this purpose to be income arising in that territory):

Provided that—

• (a) where the territory is the Isle of Man or any of the Channel Islands, the limitation to income arising in the territory shall not apply,

• (b) where arrangements with the government of the territory are for the time being in force by virtue of section 497 above, credit for tax paid under the law of the territory shall not be allowed by virtue of this subsection in the case of any income if any credit for that tax is allowable under those arrangements in respect of that income, and

• (c) credit shall not be allowed by virtue of this subsection for overseas tax on a dividend paid by a company resident in the territory unless—

• (i) the overseas tax is directly charged on the dividend, whether by charge to tax, deduction of tax at source or otherwise, and the whole of it represents tax which neither the company nor the recipient would have borne if the dividend had not been paid, or

• (ii) the dividend is paid to a company within subsection (4) below, or

• (iii) the dividend is paid to a company to which section 509(1) below applies, and is a dividend of the kind described in that subsection.

• (4) Where a dividend paid by a company resident in the territory is paid to a company resident in the United Kingdom which either—

• (a) controls directly or indirectly, or

• (b) is a subsidiary of a company which controls directly or indirectly,

not less than 25 per cent. of the voting power in the company paying the dividend, or not less than 10 per cent. of the voting power if the territory is one of the Commonwealth territories, any tax in respect of its profits paid under the law of the territory by the company paying the dividend shall be taken into account in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed in respect of the dividend.

In this subsection references to the Commonwealth territories, and to one company being a subsidiary of another, are to be construed in accordance with section 500 below.

• (5) Where unilateral relief may be given in respect of any income, and it appears that the assessment to income tax or corporation tax made in respect of the income is not made in respect of the full amount thereof, or is incorrect having regard to the credit, if any, which falls to be given by way of unilateral relief, any such assessments may be made as are necessary to ensure that the total amount of the income is assessed, and the proper credit, if any, is given in respect thereof, and, where the income is entrusted to any person in the United Kingdom for payment, any such assessment may be made on the recipient of the income under Case VI of Schedule D.

• (6) In this section, and in Chapter II below in its application to unilateral relief, references to tax payable or paid under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom include only references to taxes which are charged on income and correspond to income tax or corporation tax in the United Kingdom, but, for this purpose, tax under the law of any such territory shall not be treated as not corresponding to income tax or corporation tax by reason only that it is payable under the law of a province, state or other part of a country, or is levied by or on behalf of a municipality or other local body.

Application to corporation tax on chargeable gains

499

The provisions of this Chapter and of Chapter II below, so far as they are applicable to capital gains tax by virtue of section 39(1) of the Finance Act 1965, shall have effect in relation to corporation tax in respect of chargeable gains as they have effect in relation to capital gains tax.

CHAPTER II — Rules Governing Relief by way of Credit

General

Interpretation of credit code

500

• (1) In this Chapter, except where the context otherwise requires—

• " arrangements " means any arrangements having effect by virtue of section 497 above,

• " Commonwealth territory " means any of Her Majesty's dominions, any other country for the time being mentioned in section 1(3) of the British Nationality Act 1948, any British protectorate or protected state, and any trust territory administered by the government of any part of Her Majesty's dominions,

• " foreign tax " means, in relation to any territory arrangements with the government of which have effect by virtue of section 497 above, any tax chargeable under the laws of that territory for which credit may be allowed under the arrangements,

• " the United Kingdom taxes " means income tax and corporation tax,

• " underlying tax " means, in relation to any dividend, tax which is not chargeable in respect thereof directly or by deduction, and

• " unilateral relief " means relief under section 498 above.

• (2) For the purposes of this Chapter one company is a subsidiary of another if the other company controls, directly or indirectly, not less than 50 per cent. of the voting power in the first company.

• (3) Any reference in this Chapter to foreign tax shall be construed in relation to credit to be allowed under any arrangements as a reference only to tax chargeable under the laws of the territory with the government of which the arrangements were made.

Relief to be given by reducing U.K. taxes by amount of credit due

501

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, where under any arrangements credit is to be allowed against any of the United Kingdom taxes chargeable in respect of any income, the amount of the United Kingdom taxes so chargeable shall be reduced by the amount of the credit.

• (2) Nothing in subsection (1) above authorises the allowance of credit against any United Kingdom tax against which credit is not allowable under the arrangements.

Requirement as to residence

502

Credit shall not be allowed under any arrangements against any of the United Kingdom taxes for any chargeable period unless the person in respect of whose income the United Kingdom tax is chargeable is resident in the United Kingdom for that period:

Computation, for purposes of U.K. taxes, of income subject to foreign tax

503

• (1) Where credit for foreign tax falls under any arrangements to be allowed in respect of any income, and income tax or corporation tax is payable by reference to the amount received in the United Kingdom, the amount received shall be treated for the purposes of income tax or corporation tax as increased by the amount of the foreign tax in respect of the income, including, in the case of a dividend, any underlying tax which, under the arrangements, is to be taken into account in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed in respect of the dividend.

• (2) Where credit for foreign tax falls under any arrangements to be allowed in respect of any income, and subsection (1) above does not apply, then, in computing the amount of the income for the purposes of income tax or corporation tax—

• (a) no deduction shall be made for foreign tax, whether in respect of the same or any other income, and

• (b) the amount of the income shall, in the case of a dividend, be treated as increased by any underlying tax which, under the arrangements, is to be taken into account in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed in respect of the dividend.

• (3) The amount of any income shall not be treated as increased under this section by reference to any foreign tax which, although not payable, falls to be taken into account for the purposes of credit by virtue of section 497(3) above.

Limits on credit: income tax

504

• (1) The amount of the credit for foreign tax which, under any arrangements, is to be allowed to a person against income tax for any year of assessment shall not exceed the difference between the amounts of income tax which would be borne by him for the year (no credit being allowed for foreign tax)—

• (a) if he were charged to tax on his total income for the year, computed in accordance with section 503 above, and

• (b) if he were charged to tax on the same income, computed in the same way, but excluding the income in respect of which the credit is to be allowed.

• (2) Where credit for foreign tax is to be allowed in respect of income from more than one source, subsection (1) above shall be applied successively to the income from each source, but so that, on each successive application, paragraph (a) shall apply to the total income exclusive of the income to which the subsection has already been applied.

• (3) Without prejudice to subsections (1) and (2) above, the total credit for foreign tax to be allowed to a person against income tax for any year of assessment under all arrangements having effect by virtue of section 497 above shall not exceed the total income tax payable by him for that year of assessment, less any income tax which he is entitled to charge against any other person.

Limit on credit: corporation tax

505

The amount of the credit for foreign tax which, under any arrangements, is to be allowed against corporation tax in respect of any income shall not exceed the corporation tax attributable to that income.

Underlying tax on dividends

Computation of underlying tax

506

• (1) Where, in the case of any dividend, arrangements provide for underlying tax to be taken into account in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed against the United Kingdom taxes in respect of the dividend, the tax to be taken into account by virtue of that provision shall be so much of the foreign tax borne on the relevant profits by the body corporate paying the dividend as is properly attributable to the proportion of the relevant profits represented by the dividend.

• (2) For the purposes of subsection (1) above, the relevant profits are—

• (a) if the dividend is paid for a specified period, the profits of that period,

• (b) if the dividend is not paid for a specified period, but is paid out of specified profits, those profits, and

• (c) if the dividend is paid neither for a specified period nor out of specified profits, the profits of the last period for which accounts of the body corporate were made up which ended before the dividend became payable:

Provided that if, in a case falling under paragraph (a) or (c) above, the total dividend exceeds the profits available for distribution of the period mentioned in the said paragraph (a) or (c), as the case may be, the relevant profits shall be the profits of that period plus so much of the profits available for distribution of preceding periods (other than profits previously distributed or previously treated as relevant for the purposes of this section) as is equal to the excess; and for the purposes of this proviso, the profits of the most recent preceding period shall first be taken into account, then the profits of the next most recent preceding period, and so on.

• (3) Profits treated as relevant for the purposes of paragraph 9 of Schedule 16 to the Income Tax Act 1952 (which this section re-enacts), and profits deemed by virtue of that paragraph to be profits previously so treated, shall be deemed for the purposes of this section to be profits previously treated as relevant for the purposes of this section.

Extension of relief to certain dividends not covered by arrangements where paid between related companies

507

• (1) Where—

• (a) arrangements provide, in relation to dividends of some classes but not in relation to dividends of other classes, that underlying tax is to be taken into account in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed against the United Kingdom taxes in respect of the dividends, and

• (b) a dividend is paid which is not of a class in relation to which the arrangements so provide,

then, if the dividend is paid to a company which controls directly or indirectly, or is a subsidiary of a company which controls directly or indirectly, not less than 25 per cent. of the voting power in the company paying the dividend, credit shall be allowed as if the dividend were a dividend of a class in relation to which the arrangements so provide.

• (2) Where any arrangements contain a provision which.—

• (a) applies to any company which controls, directly or indirectly, not less than a stated fraction of the voting power of a company resident in a specified territory outside the United Kingdom, and

• (b) in allowing credit against United Kingdom tax on dividends paid to any such company by the company so resident, authorises account to be taken of tax payable by the company so resident in respect of the profits out of which the dividends were paid,

then, subject to subsection (3) below, credit shall be allowed under the arrangements as if the provision treated the subsidiary of a company which owns, directly or indirectly, the stated fraction of the voting power of a company resident in the specified territory as if that subsidiary also owned that fraction of the voting power of the company so resident.

• (3) Subsections (1) and (2) above have no application to unilateral relief; and credit shall not be allowable in the case of the same income both by virtue of the said subsection (2) and by way of unilateral relief.

Extension of relief to U.K. and third country taxes where dividends paid between related companies

508

• (1) Where a dividend is paid by a company resident in a territory outside the United Kingdom to a company resident in the United Kingdom which either—

• (a) controls directly or indirectly, or

• (b) is a subsidiary of a company which controls directly or indirectly,

not less than 25 per cent. of the voting power in the company paying the dividend, then, for the purpose of allowing credit under any arrangements against corporation tax in respect of the dividend, any United Kingdom income tax or corporation tax payable by the first-mentioned company in respect of its profits, and any tax so payable under the law of any territory outside the United Kingdom, shall be taken into account as if it were tax payable under the law of the first-mentioned territory.

• (2) In relation to dividends paid by a company resident in a Commonwealth territory, subsection (1) above shall have effect for the purposes of unilateral relief with the substitution of " 10 per cent. " for " 25 per cent.".

U.K. insurance companies trading overseas

509

• (1) Subject to subsection (2) below, where a company resident in the United Kingdom is charged to tax under Case I of Schedule D in respect of any insurance business carried on by it, and that business or any part of it is carried on through a branch or agency in a territory outside the United Kingdom, then, in respect of dividends referable to that business which are paid to the company by companies resident in that territory, any tax payable by those companies in respect of their profits under the law of that or any other territory outside the United Kingdom, and any United Kingdom income tax or corporation tax so payable, shall, in considering whether any, and if so what, credit is to be allowed under any arrangements, be taken into account as tax so payable under the law of the first-mentioned territory is taken into account in a case falling within section 506 above.

• (2) Credit shall not be allowed to a company by virtue of subsection (1) above for any financial year in respect of a greater amount of dividends paid by companies resident in any overseas territory than is equal to any excess of the relevant fraction of the company's total income in that year from investments (including franked investment income and group income) so far as referable to the said business over the amount of the dividends so referable which are paid to it in the year by companies resident in that territory and in respect of which credit may, apart from the said subsection (1), be allowed to it for underlying tax.

• (3) For the purposes of subsection (2) above "the relevant fraction " is, in relation to any overseas territory, the fraction of which the numerator is the company's local, and the denominator the company's total, premium income in the financial year so far as referable to the said business, and premium income shall be deemed to be local premium income in so far as it consists of premiums under contracts entered into at or through a branch or agency in that territory by persons not resident in the United Kingdom.

Miscellaneous rules

Relief against income tax in respect of income arising in years of commencement

510

• (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, credit for overseas tax paid in respect of any income arising in the years of commencement shall be allowed under this Part of this Act against United Kingdom income tax chargeable for any year of assessment in respect of that income if it would have been so allowed but for the fact that credit for that overseas tax had been allowed against the United Kingdom income tax chargeable in respect of that income for a previous year of assessment.

• (2) The amount of credit to be allowed in respect of any income by virtue of this section for any year of assessment shall not exceed the difference between—

• (a) the total credit allowable against income tax in respect of that income under this Part of this Act (including this section) for all years of assessment for which credit is so allowable, and

• (b) the amount of credit which was in fact so allowed in respect of that income for any earlier year or years of assessment.

• (3) The total credit allowable as aforesaid in respect of any income for all those years of assessment shall be taken to be the amount of the overseas tax charged on that income, adjusted where the number of the United Kingdom periods of assessment exceeds the number of the foreign periods of assessment, in the proportion which the former number bears to the latter, a period for which part only of the income is charged to tax being counted not as one period but as a fraction equal to the proportion which that part of the income bears to the whole of the income.

• (4) Where the same income is charged to different overseas taxes for different foreign periods of assessment, subsection (3) above, so far as it relates to the adjustment of overseas tax, shall be applied separately to each of the overseas taxes, and the total credit allowable shall be the aggregate of those taxes after the making of any adjustments in accordance with that subsection as so applied.

• (5) Where credit against income tax for any year of assessment is allowed by virtue of subsection (1) above in respect of any income (hereafter referred to as " the original income "), and subsequently, by reason of the enactments relating to cessation, income arising in a non-basis period from the same source as the original income is not assessed to income tax, then, if the amount of credit allowed against income tax in respect of the original income under this Part of this Act (including this section) for all years of assessment for which credit is so allowable exceeds the aggregate of the following amounts—

• (a) the amount of the credit against income tax which would have been allowed apart from subsection (1) above for all those years in respect of the original income, and

• (b) the amount of the overseas tax for which, under this Part of this Act, credit would have been allowable against income tax in respect of income arising in the non-basis period from the same source as the original income,

the person chargeable in respect of income (if any) from the same source in the year of assessment following the non-basis period shall be treated as having received in that year a payment chargeable under Case VI of Schedule D of an amount such that income tax thereon at the standard rate is equal to the excess:

Provided that any payment which any person is treated by virtue of this subsection as having received shall not on that account constitute income of his for any of the purposes of the Income Tax Acts other than this subsection, and, in particular, no part thereof shall constitute profits or gains brought into charge to income tax for the purposes of section 52 of this Act.

• (6) Any claim for relief by way of credit under subsection (1) above against income tax for any year of assessment shall be made within six years of the end of that year, or, where there is more than one year of assessment in respect of which such relief may be given, within six years of the end of the later of them.

• (7) In this section—

• " overseas tax " means tax under the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom,

• " non-basis period " means a period the income arising in which is, by reason only of the operation of the enactments relating to cessations, not chargeable to United Kingdom income tax for any year of assessment,

• " United Kingdom period of assessment " and " foreign period of assessment ", in relation to any income, mean respectively a year or other period for which under the relevant law the income falls to be charged to the relevant tax,

• " years of commencement ", in relation to income from any source, means the first three years of assessment for which income from that source falls to be assessed to income tax, and also, in the case of profits or gains chargeable to tax under Case I or Case II of Schedule D, the whole of any period falling partly within those years such that the profits or gains arising in the period fall to be assessed to income tax for a year of assessment later than those years,

• references to the enactments relating to cessations are references to sections 118, 121, 124 and 154 of this Act, and

• references to income arising in any year include, in relation to income the income tax on which is to be computed by reference to the amount of income received in the United Kingdom, references to income received in that year.

Elections against credit

511

Credit shall not be allowed under any arrangements against the United Kingdom taxes chargeable in respect of any income of any person if he elects that credit shall not be allowed in respect of that income.

Time limit for claims etc.

512

• (1) Subject to subsection (2) below and section 510(6) above, any claim for an allowance under any arrangements by way of credit for foreign tax in respect of any income shall be made not later than six years from the end of the chargeable period for which the income falls to be charged to income tax or corporation tax, or would fall so to be charged if any income tax or corporation tax were chargeable in respect thereof.

• (2) Where the amount of any credit given under the arrangements is rendered excessive or insufficient by reason of any adjustment of the amount of any tax payable either in the United Kingdom or under the laws of any other territory, nothing in the Tax Acts limiting the time for the making of assessments or claims for relief shall apply to any assessment or claim to which the adjustment gives rise, being an assessment or claim made not later than six years from the time when all such assessments, adjustments and other determinations have been made, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere, as are material in determining whether any, and if so what, credit falls to be given.

CHAPTER III — Other Provisions

Relief under agreements with Republic of Ireland

513

• (1) The repeals effected by this Act shall not affect the confirmation by any enactment of any agreement in force at the passing of this Act between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and accordingly, subject to subsection (2) below, the agreement of 14th April 1926 set out in Part I of Schedule 12 to this Act, as modified by the agreements of 25th April 1928, 4th April 1959 and 23rd June 1960 there set out, shall, for any year of assessment for which, under the law of the Republic of Ireland, it has effect with respect to exemption and relief from Republic of Ireland income tax, have effect with respect to exemption or relief to be granted from United Kingdom income tax.

• (2) In paragraph (1) of the Article substituted for Article 2 of the said agreement of 1926 by Article 2 of the said agreement of 1928, the references to section 27 of the Finance Act 1920 shall be taken to be references to that section as set out in Part II of the said Schedule 12 with amendments made therein by subsequent enactments and certain omissions and adaptations of provisions and phrases which have become inapt or unnecessary, or are unnecessary, inapplicable or unsuitable in the case of the Republic of Ireland.

• (3) For the purpose of giving effect to the agreements to which this section applies, the Income Tax Acts, in relation to—

• (a) persons resident in the United Kingdom, whether or not also resident in the Republic of Ireland, and

• (b) persons entrusted with payment to persons so resident, and

• (c) claims by persons resident in the Republic of Ireland,

shall, for any year for which the said agreements are in force, have effect subject to the provisions of Part III of the said Schedule 12.

• (4) The deduction to be given to an individual under section 22 of this Act (reduced rate relief) shall not, where relief is given under section 27 of the Finance Act 1920 as set out in Part II of the said Schedule 12, be less than it would have been if that relief had not been given.

• (5) The power to make regulations conferred by subsection (7) of the said section 27 as so set out shall be deemed for the purposes of section 1 of the Statutory Instruments Act 1946 to be a power conferred by an Act passed after the commencement of that Act, and shall be exercisable by statutory instrument.

• (6) For the purpose of carrying out any obligation of the Government of the United Kingdom under Article 2 of the said agreement of 1960, Her Majesty may by Order in Council direct that any provisions of the Income Tax Acts specified in the Order (being provisions affecting in any way exemptions from income tax of persons resident in the United Kingdom) shall not affect, and be deemed not to have affected, exemptions from income tax which persons enjoy as not resident in the United Kingdom but resident in the Republic of Ireland.

• (7) Nothing in this section or the said Schedule 12 applies for the purposes of corporation tax.

Relief under agreements about shipping, air transport and agency profits

514

• (1) If Her Majesty in Council is pleased to declare—

• (a) that any profits or gains arising from the business of shipping or from the business of air transport which are chargeable to United Kingdom income tax are also chargeable to income tax payable under the law in force in any territory outside the United Kingdom, and

• (b) that arrangements, as specified in the declaration, have been made with the government of that territory with a view to the granting of relief in cases where such profits and gains are chargeable both to United Kingdom income tax and to the income tax payable in that territory,

then, unless and until the declaration is revoked by Her Majesty in Council, the arrangements specified therein shall, so far as they relate to the relief to be granted from United Kingdom tax, have effect as if enacted in this Act, but only if and so long as the arrangements, so far as they relate to the relief to be granted from the income tax payable in the said territory, have the effect of law in that territory.

In this subsection " the business of shipping" means the business carried on by an owner of ships, and " the business of air transport" means the business carried on by an owner of aircraft, and for the purpose of these definitions " owner" includes any charterer.

• (2) If Her Majesty in Council is pleased to declare—

• (a) that any profits or gains arising directly or indirectly to a person resident in any territory outside the United Kingdom through an agency in the United Kingdom, or to a person resident in the United Kingdom through an agency in any such territory, are chargeable both to United Kingdom income tax and to income tax payable under the law in force in that territory, and

• (b) that arrangements, as specified in the declaration, have been made with the government concerned with a view to the granting of relief from such double taxation,

then, unless and until the declaration is revoked by Her Majesty in Council, the arrangements specified therein shall, so far as they relate to the relief to be granted from United Kingdom tax, have effect as if enacted in this Act, but only if and so long as the arrangements, so far as they relate to the relief to be granted from the income tax payable in the said territory, have the effect of law in that territory:

Provided that no arrangements made under this subsection shall exempt from United Kingdom tax any profits or gains which either—

• (i) arise from the sale of goods from a stock in the United Kingdom, or

• (ii) accrue to a person resident in the United Kingdom, or

• (iii) accrue to a person not resident in the United Kingdom directly or indirectly through any branch or management in the United Kingdom, or through any agency in the United Kingdom where the agent has, and habitually exercises, a general authority to negotiate and conclude contracts.

• (3) Any declaration made by Her Majesty in Council under this section shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Commons.

• (4) In this section, and in any arrangements made under any earlier enactment corresponding to this section, references to income tax include references to corporation tax; and any reference in any such arrangements to British income tax shall be deemed for the purposes of this section to be a reference to United Kingdom income tax.

Postponement of capital allowances to secure double taxation relief

515

• (1) Where a person chargeable to tax in respect of a trade under Case I of Schedule D is liable to overseas tax in respect of any income arising from the trade, being overseas tax for which relief may be given by way of credit, repayment or set-off under the preceding provisions of this Part of this Act, and the conditions specified in subsection (2) below are satisfied, he may, in claiming the relief in respect of that income, claim a postponement under this section of the relevant capital allowances operating to reduce that income for the purposes of tax for any chargeable period.

• (2) The said conditions are—

• (a) that the law under which the overseas tax is chargeable provides for deductions or allowances to be given corresponding to capital allowances, but on a different basis such that they operate to reduce the income in question (if at all) to a less extent than the capital allowances to which the claim relates, but are calculated to operate to a greater extent than the corresponding capital allowances to reduce income arising subsequently, and

• (b) that the relief falling to be given as aforesaid in respect of the income in question is less than it would be if the capital allowances to which the claim relates operated to reduce the income to the same extent only as the deductions or allowances so provided for.

• (3) Where a person claims a postponement under this section of capital allowances for any chargeable period, then, for the purpose of making the assessment for that period, the amount of those allowances shall be reduced by such amount as may be necessary to secure that they operate to reduce the income only to the extent mentioned in subsection (2) (b) above (or such less amount as the claimant may require), and, for the purpose of making the assessment for the following period, that amount shall be added to the amount of the allowances for that period, and shall be deemed to be part of those allowances or, if there are no such allowances for that period, shall be deemed to be the allowances for that period.

• (4) For the purposes of any claim under this section there shall be taken into account such only of the relevant capital allowances, and the deductions or allowances operating to reduce the income in question for purposes of the overseas tax, as are calculated to give relief in respect of the same expenditure or the same assets.

• (5) In this section " overseas tax " means tax chargeable under the laws of any territory outside the United Kingdom, and " relevant capital allowances ", in relation to any trade, means capital allowances falling to be made in taxing the trade; and the reference in subsection (1) above to tax for a chargeable period shall be construed, in relation to corporation tax, as referring to the tax for any financial year which is chargeable in respect of that period.

• (6) This section applies (with any necessary adaptations) in relation to a profession, employment, vocation or office, and in relation to the occupation of woodlands the profits or gains of which are assessable under Schedule D, as it applies in relation to a trade.

Deduction for foreign tax where no credit allowable

516

• (1) For the purposes of the Tax Acts, the amount of any income arising in any place outside the United Kingdom shall, subject to subsection (2) below, be treated as reduced by any sum which has been paid in respect of tax on that income in the place where the income has arisen (that is to say, tax payable under the law of a country outside the United Kingdom).

• (2) Subsection (1) above—

• (a) shall not apply to income the tax on which is to be computed by reference to the amount of income received in the United Kingdom, and

• (b) shall not affect the proviso to section 27(2) of this Act (computation of personal reliefs for non-residents by reference to total income, including income not taxed in United Kingdom),

and this section has effect subject to section 503(2) above (no deduction for foreign tax if credit allowable therefor).

Power to make regulations for carrying out s. 497

517

• (1) The Board may from time to time make regulations generally for carrying out the provisions of section 497 above or any arrangements having effect thereunder, and may in particular by those regulations provide—

• (a) for securing that relief from taxation imposed by the laws of the territory to which any such arrangements relate does not enure to the benefit of persons not entitled thereto, and

• (b) for authorising, in cases where tax deductible from any payment has, in order to comply with any such arrangements, not been deducted, and it is discovered that the arrangements did not apply to that payment, the recovery of the tax by assessment on the person entitled to the payment or by deduction from subsequent payments.

The power conferred by this subsection to make regulations shall be exercisable by statutory instrument.

• (2) The giving of relief under this Part of this Act in respect of income tax under Schedule F by authorising, pursuant to regulations under subsection (1) above, the making of distributions of amounts exceeding what would otherwise be distributed shall not affect the provisions of paragraph 2 of Schedule F (which determines the amount of income tax under that Schedule chargeable in respect of any distribution), and references in the said paragraph 2 to the amount of the distribution shall be taken as references to that amount apart from any increase made in pursuance of such regulations.

Disclosure of information

518

• (1) Where, under the law in force in any territory outside the United Kingdom, provision is made for the allowance, in respect of the payment of United Kingdom income tax or corporation tax, of relief from tax payable under that law, the obligation as to secrecy imposed by the Tax Acts upon persons employed in relation to Inland Revenue shall not prevent the disclosure to the authorised officer of the government of the territory in question of such facts as may be necessary to enable the proper relief to be given under the law thereof.

Section 498(6) above shall apply to the interpretation of this subsection as it applies to the interpretation of that section.

• (2) Where any arrangements have effect by virtue of section 497 above, the obligation as to secrecy imposed by any enactment shall not prevent the Board, or any authorised officer of the Board, from disclosing to any authorised officer of the government with which the arrangements are made such information as is required to be disclosed under the arrangements.

• (3) Where a person beneficially entitled to income from any securities as defined by section 24 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (information as to income from securities) is resident in a territory to which arrangements having effect under the said section 497 with respect to income tax or corporation tax relate, subsection (3) of the said section 24 shall not exempt any bank from the duty of disclosing to the Board particulars relating to the income of that person.

• (4) The obligation as to secrecy imposed by any enactments with regard to income tax or corporation tax shall not prevent the disclosure, to any authorised officer of any country to which a declaration under section 514 above relates, of such facts as may be necessary to enable relief to be duly given in accordance with the arrangements specified in the declaration.

PART XIX — Supplemental

Deductions not to be allowed in computing profits or gains

519

• (1) In arriving at the amount of profits or gains for tax purposes—

• (a) no other deductions shall be made than such as are expressly enumerated in the Tax Acts, and

• (b) no deduction shall be made on account of any annuity or other annual payment (not being interest) to be paid out of such profits or gains in regard that a proportionate part of income tax is allowed to be deducted on making any such payment.

• (2) In arriving at the amount of profits or gains from any property described in the Tax Acts, or from any office or employment, no deduction shall be made on account of diminution of capital employed, or of loss sustained, in any trade, or in any profession, employment or vocation.

• (3) Interest payable to the Land Commission under section 51 of the Land Commission Act 1967 at the rate determined by the Betterment Levy (Rate of Interest) (No. 2) Order 1969 or by any subsequent order made under section 51(2) of that Act shall not be allowed as a deduction in computing any income, profits or losses for any tax purposes.

Income tax provisions

Application of Income Tax Acts from year to year

520

In order to ensure the collection in due time of income tax which may be granted for any year commencing on 6th April, all such provisions contained in the Income Tax Acts as were in force on the preceding day shall have full force and effect with respect to tax which may be so granted, in the same manner as if the said tax had been atcually granted by Act of Parliament and the said provisions had been applied thereto by the Act.

Under-deductions from payments made before passing of annual Act

521

• (1) Where, in any year of assessment, any half-yearly or quarterly payments have been made on account of any interest, dividends or other annual profits or gains, previously to the passing of the Act imposing income tax for that year, and tax has not been charged thereon or deducted therefrom, or has not been charged thereon or deducted therefrom at the rate ultimately imposed for the said year, the amount not so charged or deducted shall be charged under Schedule D in respect of those payments, as profits or gains not charged by virtue of any other Schedule, under Case VI of Schedule D, and the agents entrusted with the payment of the interest, dividends or other annual profits or gains shall furnish to the Board a list containing the names and addresses of the persons to whom payments have been made and the amount of those payments, upon a requisition made by the Board in that behalf.

• (2) Any person liable to pay any rent, interest or annuity, or to make any other annual payment, shall be authorised to make any deduction on account of income tax for any year of assessment which he has failed to make previously to the passing of the Act imposing the tax for that year, or to make up any deficiency in any such deduction which has been so made, on the occasion of the next payment of the rent, interest or annuity or making of the other annual payment after the passing of the Act so imposing the tax, in addition to any other deduction which he may be by law authorised to make, and shall also be entitled, if there is no future payment from which the deduction may be made, to recover the sum which might have been deducted as if it were a debt due from the person as against whom the deduction could originally have been made if the Act imposing the tax for the year had been in force.

• (3) Subsection (2) above shall apply with respect to—

• (a) any preference dividend from which a deduction of tax may be made under section 232(3) of this Act (Schedule F), and

• (b) any payment for or in respect of copyright to which section 391 of this Act (copyrights owned by persons whose usual place of abode is abroad) applies, and

• (c) any royalty or other sum paid in respect of the user of a patent, and

• (d) any rent, royalty or other payment which by section 156 or 157 of this Act (mining etc. rents and royalties) is declared to be subject to deduction of tax under Part II of this Act as if it were a royalty or other sum paid in respect of the user of a patent,

as it applies with respect to any rent, interest, annuity or any other annual payment.

Over-deductions from interest on loan capital or preference dividends made before passing of annual Act

522

If, in any year of assessment, a resolution having statutory effect under the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968 provides for the charging of income tax at a standard rate lower than that charged for the previous year, the following provisions shall have effect with respect to deductions in respect of income tax by any body corporate, from payments of interest on any of its securities, or under section 232(3) of this Act from payments of preference dividends on any of its shares—

• (a) any deduction, which was made before the expiration of one month from the passing of the resolution and which would, if the tax had been renewed at the rate imposed for the previous year, have been a legal deduction, shall be deemed to be a deduction rendered legal by section 2 of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968, and the said section 2 shall, subject to the provisions of this section, apply accordingly;

• (b) any over-deduction to be made good under the said section 2 may be made good by a reduction of the amount of tax deducted from the next payment of like nature made on the security or share in question after the passing of the Act imposing the tax for the year:

Provided that the preceding provision shall not authorise the retention of any part of the amount over-deducted for more than one year from the passing of the Act so imposing the tax ;

• (c) any amount made good under the said section 2 shall—

• (i) in the case of an over-deduction which is made good under paragraph (b) of this section, enure to the benefit of the person entitled to the payment on the occasion of which the over-deduction is made good; and

• (ii) in any other case, enure to the benefit of the person entitled to the security or share in question at the date when the amount is made good,

irrespective, in either case, of whether or not he is the person who was entitled to the payment, or to the security or share, at the date when the original deduction was made.

Adjustment of reliefs where reliefs not all given at the same time

523

Where, under the provisions of the Income Tax Acts, an individual is entitled to claim relief from income tax (other than relief in respect of fife insurance premiums), by repayment or otherwise, in respect of—

• (a) any amount which is paid or borne by him out of his income or which is allowable or may be deducted therefrom; or

• (b) any reduction of an assessment relating to his income or any part thereof; or

• (c) any adjustment or set-off with regard to a loss,

and claims that relief for any year of assessment, any relief granted shall not extend so as to make the total income tax paid or payable by him for that year less than it would have been if the amount in respect of which relief is claimed had been deducted in computing his total income for that year and the amount of any other deductions or reliefs to which he is entitled for that year had been determined accordingly.

Application of Income Tax Acts to public departments

524

• (1) Subject to subsection (2) below, all the provisions of the Income Tax Acts relating to the assessment, charge, deduction and payment of income tax shall apply in relation to public offices and departments of the Crown:

Provided that nothing in those provisions shall require the payment by any such office or department of any tax which would be ultimately borne by the Crown.

• (2) Subsection (1) above shall not apply to public offices and departments of any country, state, province or colony within paragraph (b) or (c) of section 372(2) of this Act (Commonwealth Agents-General, and official agents, etc.), and nothing in subsection (1) above shall exempt any Government from taxation to which it is liable in connection with any office or department by virtue of section 25 of the Finance Act 1925 (liability of Governments of places within, and certain places outside, Her Majesty's dominions to taxation in respect of trading operations).

No exemption from tax under letters patent or statutes

525

• (1) No letters patent granted or to be granted by the Crown to any person, city, borough or town corporate of any liberty, privilege, or exemption from subsidies, tolls, taxes, assessments or aids, and no statute which grants any salary, annuity or pension to any person free of any taxes, deductions or assessments, shall be construed or taken to exempt any person, city, borough or town corporate, or any inhabitant of the same, from income tax, and all non-obstantes in any such letters patent or statute made or to be made to the contrary effect shall be void.

• (2) This section shall apply in relation to tax chargeable in pursuance of Part III of the Finance Act 1965 (tax on chargeable gains) as it applies in relation to income tax.

Interpretation

Definitions for income tax and corporation tax

526

• (1) In this Act and in any other Act, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

• (a) " the Corporation Tax Acts " means—

• (i) Parts X and XI of this Act (including provisions relating to income tax), and

• (ii) all other provisions of this or any other Act relating to corporation tax or to any other matter dealt with in Part X or Part XI of this Act, and

• (iii) all the provisions of Part IV of the Finance Act 1965 and of any other enactment which, at the passing of this Act, formed part of or was to be construed with the Corporation Tax Acts,

• (b) " the Income Tax Acts " means all enactments relating to income tax, including any provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which relate to income tax.

• (2) In this Act, and in any Act passed after this Act, " the Tax Acts ", except in so far as the context otherwise requires, means this Act and all other provisions of the Income Tax Acts and the Corporation Tax Acts.

• (3) Except in so far as the context otherwise requires, in this Act, and in any enactment passed after this Act which by any express provision is to be construed as one with the Tax Acts, " tax ", where neither income tax nor corporation tax is specified, means either of those taxes.

• (4) Subsection (3) above is without prejudice to the provisions of section 250 of this Act which apply income tax law for certain purposes of corporation tax, and accordingly the employment of " income tax " rather than " tax " in any provision of this Act is not a conclusive indication that that provision is not applied to corporation tax by the said section 250.

• (5) In the Tax Acts, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

• " Act " includes an Act of Parliament of Northern Ireland and " enactment" shall be construed accordingly,

• " the Board " means the Commissioners of Inland Revenue,

• " body of persons " means any body politic, corporate or collegiate, and any company, fraternity, fellowship and society of persons whether corporate or not corporate,

• " capital allowance " means any allowance under the Capital Allowances Act 1968, including, as being provisions to be construed as one with that Act, section 78, section 306 and Chapter I of Part XIV of this Act,

• " chargeable gain " has the same meaning as in Part III of the Finance Act 1965,

• " chargeable period " means an accounting period of a company or a year of assessment,

• " close company " has the meaning given by sections 282 and 283 of this Act,

• " collector " means any collector of taxes,

• " company " means, subject to subsection (6) below, any body corporate or unincorporated association, but does not include a partnership, a local authority or a local authority association,

• " farm land " means land in the United Kingdom wholly or mainly occupied for the purposes of husbandry, but excluding any dwelling or domestic offices, and excluding market garden land, and " farming " shall be construed accordingly,

• " franked investment income " shall be construed in accordance with section 240 of this Act (but subject to section 256(1) of this Act), and any reference to a " surplus of franked investment income " is a reference to such a surplus as is referred to in section 240(1) of this Act,

• " inspector " means any inspector of taxes, " interest " means both annual or yearly interest and interest other than annual or yearly interest,

• " local authority " and " local authority association " have the meanings given by section 353 of this Act,

• " market garden land " means land in the United Kingdom occupied as a nursery or garden for the sale of the produce (other than land used for the growth of hops), and " market gardening " shall be construed accordingly,

• " ordinary share capital ", in relation to a company, means all the issued share capital (by whatever name called) of the company, other than capital the holders whereof have a right to a dividend at a fixed rate or a rate fluctuating in accordance with the standard rate of income tax, but have no other right to share in the profits of the company,

• " preference dividend " means a dividend payable on a preferred share or preferred stock at a fixed gross rate per cent. or, where a dividend is payable on a preferred share or preferred stock partly at a fixed gross rate per cent. and partly at a variable rate, such part of that dividend as is payable at a fixed gross rate per cent., but it does not include any dividend or part of a dividend which is paid without deduction of income tax (and for this purpose a payment shall be treated as made without deduction of income tax unless either there is made from it the full deduction authorised by section 232(3) of this Act or the payment is, before the passing of an Act imposing income tax for the year of assessment, made subject to deduction of tax by reference to a standard rate less than that ultimately imposed),

• " trade " includes every trade, manufacture, adventure or concern in the nature of trade,

• " year of assessment " means, with reference to any income tax, the year for which such tax was granted by any Act granting income tax,

• " the year 1970-71 " means the year of assessment beginning on 6th April 1970, and any corresponding expression in which two years are similarly mentioned means the year of assessment beginning on 6th April in the first mentioned of those two years.

• (6) The definition of " company " above is subject to section 354 of this Act (authorised unit trusts), and does not apply in the following provisions of this Act, that is—

• Chapter I of Part XVII;

• sections 486 to 489 ;

• section 533; and

• Schedule 12,

(and also does not apply where the context otherwise requires because some other definition of " company " applies).

Interpretation of Corporation Tax Acts

527

• (1) For the purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts, except in so far as the context otherwise requires—

• " accounting date " means the date to which a company makes up its accounts and " period of account " means the period for which it does so,

• " allowable loss " does not include, for the purposes of corporation tax in respect of chargeable gains, a loss accruing to a company in such circumstances that if a gain accrued the company would be exempt from corporation tax in respect of it,

• " branch or agency " means any factorship, agency, receivership, branch or management,

• " charges on income " has the meaning given by section 248 of this Act,

• " distribution " has the meaning given by Part X of this Act with sections 284 and 285,

• " the financial year 1970 " means the financial year beginning with April 1970, and similarly with references embodying other dates,

• " group income " shall be construed in accordance with section 256 of this Act,

• " group relief " has the meaning given by section 258 of this Act,

• a source of income is " within the charge to " corporation tax or income tax if that tax is chargeable on the income arising from it, or would be so chargeable if there were any such income, and references to a person, or to income, being within the charge to tax, shall be similarly construed.

• (2) Section 238(4) of this Act (definition of "profits" and " trade " for purposes of Part XI of this Act) shall also apply for the purposes of the following provisions of this Act, that is to say—

• Chapter II of Part VII,

• sections 304 and 305,

• section 346,

• sections 483 and 484,

and sections 73 and 74 of the Capital Allowances Act 1968.

• (3) For all purposes of the Corporation Tax Acts dividends shall be treated as paid on the date when they become due and payable, except in so far as section 354(1) of this Act (authorised unit trusts) makes other provision as to amounts treated under that section as dividends.

• (4) Except as otherwise provided by the Corporation Tax Acts, any apportionment to different periods which falls to be made under the Corporation Tax Acts shall be made on a time basis according to the respective lengths of those periods.

"Total income" in Income Tax Acts

528

• (1) In the Income Tax Acts "total income", in relation to any person, means the total income of that person from all sources estimated, as the case may be, either in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Acts as they apply to income tax chargeable at the standard rate or in accordance with those provisions as they apply to surtax.

• (2) Any person who, on his own behalf or on behalf of another person, delivers a statement of the amount of his or that other person's total income shall observe the rules and directions contained in Schedule 13 to this Act.

• (3) In estimating the total income of any person—

• (a) any income which is chargeable with income tax by way of deduction at the standard rate in force for any year shall be deemed to be income of that year, and

• (b) any deductions which are allowable on account of sums payable under deduction of income tax at the standard rate in force for any year out of the property or profits of that person shall be allowed as deductions in respect of that year,

notwithstanding that the income or sums, as the case may be, accrued or will accrue in whole or in part before or after that year.

• (4) Where an assessment has become final and conclusive for the purposes of income tax at the standard rate for any year of assessment, that assessment shall also be final and conclusive in estimating total income, and no allowance or adjustment of liability, on the ground of diminution of income or loss, shall be taken into account in estimating total income unless that allowance or adjustment has previously been made on an application under the special provisions of the Income Tax Acts relating thereto.

• (5) The provisions of subsection (4) above shall, for the purpose of estimating total income for the purposes of surtax, apply in relation to—

• (a) any relief under any of sections 57 to 60 and 62 of this Act (interest set off against income subject to income tax),

• (b) any relief by reason of the operation of an election for the herd basis under Schedule 6 to this Act (farm animals), and

• (c) any allowance under Part I of the Capital Allowances Act 1968 to be given by way of discharge or repayment of tax and to be available or available primarily against a specified class of income (that is to say any capital allowance to which section 71 of the Capital Allowances Act 1968 applies or, as provided by section 387(1), any capital allowance to which section 385(2) of this Act applies),

as they apply in relation to allowances or adjustments on the ground of diminution of income or loss.

"Highest part of income": effect of top-slicing relief

529

For the purposes of any provision of the Income Tax Acts (other than section 400 of, or Schedule 3 to, this Act) requiring income of any description to be treated as the highest part of a person's income, his income shall be calculated without regard to—

• (a) any payment chargeable to tax by virtue of section 187 of this Act (payments on retirement or removal from office or employment), or

• (b) any amount included in his total income by virtue of section 399(1)(a) of this Act (gains from insurance policies), or

• (c) any chargeable sum as defined in paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 to this Act (premiums under leases, etc.).

"Earned income" in Income Tax Acts

530

• (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3) below, in the Income Tax Acts, " earned income " means, in relation to any individual—

• (a) any income arising in respect of any remuneration from any office or employment held by the individual, or in respect of any pension, superannuation or other allowance, deferred pay or compensation for loss of office, given in respect of the past services of the individual or of the husband or parent of the individual in any office or employment or given to the individual in respect of the past services of any deceased person, whether the individual or husband or parent of the individual shall have contributed to such pension, superannuation allowance or deferred pay or not, and

• (b) any income from any property which is attached to or forms part of the emoluments of any office or employment held by the individual, and

• (c) any income which is charged under Schedule A, Schedule B or Schedule D and is immediately derived by the individual from the carrying on or exercise by him of his trade, profession or vocation, either as an individual or, in the case of a partnership, as a partner personally acting therein.

In cases where the income of a wife is deemed to be income of the husband, any reference in this subsection to the individual includes either the husband or the wife.

• (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of subsection (1) above, in the Income Tax Acts, except so far as is otherwise expressly provided, " earned income " also includes, in relation to any individual—

• (a) any income arising in respect of Civil List pensions granted under the Civil List Act 1837 as amended by any subsequent enactment, and

• (b) any annuity, pension or annual payment to which section 113(2) or section 182 of this Act (voluntary pensions) applies, and

• (c) any payments chargeable to income tax under Schedule E by virtue of section 219(1) of this Act (family allowances and other social security benefits), and

• (d) any sum payable by way of annuity to an individual by virtue of a scheme under section 27 of the Agriculture Act 1967 (grants for relinquishing occupation of uncommercial agricultural units), unless the annuity was granted to the individual by reason of his having relinquished occupation before attaining the age of fifty-five.

• (3) The provisions of this section are without prejudice to any other provision of the Income Tax Acts directing income to be treated as earned income.

"Annual value" of land

531

• (1) For the purposes of, and subject to, the provisions of the Tax Acts which apply this section, the annual value of land shall be taken to be the rent which might reasonably be expected to be obtained on a letting from year to year if the tenant undertook to pay all usual tenant's rates and taxes, and if the landlord undertook to bear the costs of the repairs and insurance, and the other expenses, if any, necessary for maintaining the subject of the valuation in a state to command that rent.

• (2) Section 23 of the General Rate Act 1967 (adjustment of gross value by reference to provision of or payment for services, etc.) shall apply for the purpose of subsection (1) above, and in relation to land in Scotland or Northern Ireland shall apply as if it extended to the whole of the United Kingdom.

• (3) Where any question arises as to the annual value of land it shall be determined by the General Commissioners, and those Commissioners shall hear and determine the question in like manner as an appeal.

Subsidiaries

532

• (1) For the purposes of the Tax Acts a body corporate shall be deemed to be—

• (a) a " 51 per cent. subsidiary " of another body corporate if and so long as more than 50 per cent. of its ordinary share capital is owned directly or indirectly by that other body corporate,

• (b) a " 75 per cent. subsidiary " of another body corporate if and so long as not less than 75 per cent. of its ordinary share capital is owned directly or indirectly by that other body corporate,

• (c) a " 90 per cent. subsidiary " of another body corporate if and so long as not less than 90 per cent. of its ordinary share capital is directly owned by that other body corporate.

• (2) In subsection (1)(a) and (b) above "owned directly or indirectly " by a body corporate means owned, whether directly or through another body corporate or other bodies corporate or partly directly and partly through another body corporate or other bodies corporate.

• (3) In this section references to ownership shall be construed as references to beneficial ownership.

• (4) For the purposes of this section the amount of ordinary share capital of one body corporate owned by a second body corporate through another body corporate or other bodies corporate, or partly directly and partly through another body corporate or other bodies corporate, shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions of this section.