The Air Navigation Order 2005

• (1) An emergency lighting system to provide illumination in the passenger compartment sufficient to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft notwithstanding the failure of the lighting systems specified in paragraph (2) of Scale G.

• (2) An emergency lighting system to provide illumination outside the aircraft sufficient to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft.

• (3) An emergency floor path lighting system in the passenger compartment sufficient to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft notwithstanding the failure of the lighting systems specified in paragraph (2) of Scale G; provided that if the equipment becomes unserviceable the aircraft may fly or continue to fly in accordance with arrangements approved by the CAA.

SCHEDULE 5 — RADIO COMMUNICATION AND RADIO NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT TO BE CARRIED IN AIRCRAFT

1

Subject to paragraph 3, every aircraft shall be provided, when flying in the circumstances specified in the first column of the Table in paragraph 2 of this Schedule, with the scales of equipment respectively indicated in the second column of that Table; provided that, if the aircraft is flying in a combination of such circumstances the scales of equipment shall not on that account be required to be duplicated.

2

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3

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4

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Scale A

Radio communication equipment capable of maintaining direct two-way communication with the appropriate aeronautical radio stations.

Scale B

Radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated on the intended route including such equipment as may be prescribed.

Scale C

Radio communication equipment capable of receiving from the appropriate aeronautical radio stations meteorological broadcasts relevant to the intended flight.

Scale D

Radio navigation equipment capable of receiving signals from one or more aeronautical radio stations on the surface to enable the aircraft to be guided to a point from which a visual landing can be made at the aerodrome at which the aircraft is to land.

Scale E1

Secondary surveillance radar equipment which includes a pressure altitude reporting transponder capable of operating in Mode A and Mode C and is capable of being operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

Scale E2

Secondary surveillance radar equipment which includes a pressure altitude reporting transponder capable of operating in Mode A and Mode C and has the capability and functionality prescribed for Mode S Elementary Surveillance and is capable of being operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

Scale E3

Secondary surveillance radar equipment which includes a pressure altitude reporting transponder capable of operating in Mode A and Mode C and has the capability and functionality prescribed for Mode S Enhanced Surveillance and is capable of being operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

Scale EE

The aircraft shall, in the circumstances specified in paragraph 2.1.5.3 of Volume IV (Third Edition July 2002) of Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention, comply with the requirements for antenna diversity set out in that paragraph.

Scale F

Radio communication and radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated along the intended route including—

• (a) automatic direction finding equipment;

• (b) distance measuring equipment; and

• (c) VHF omni-range equipment.

Scale G

Radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to make an approach to landing using the Instrument Landing System.

Scale H

• (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated on the intended route including—

• (a) automatic direction finding equipment;

• (b) distance measuring equipment;

• (c) duplicated VHF omni-range equipment; and

• (d) a 75 MHz marker beacon receiver.

• (2) An aircraft may fly notwithstanding that it does not carry the equipment specified in this Scale if it carries alternative radio navigation equipment or navigational equipment approved in accordance with article 19(9).

• (3) Where not more than one item of equipment specified in this Scale is unserviceable when the aircraft is about to begin a flight, the aircraft may nevertheless take off on that flight if—

• (a) it is not reasonably practicable for the repair or replacement of that item to be carried out before the beginning of the flight;

• (b) the aircraft has not made more than one flight since the item was last serviceable; and

• (c) the commander of the aircraft has satisfied himself that, taking into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used (including any planned diversion) and the weather conditions likely to be encountered, the flight can be made safely and in accordance with any relevant requirements of the appropriate air traffic control unit.

Scale J

An airborne collision avoidance system.

5

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SCHEDULE 6 — AIRCRAFT, ENGINE AND PROPELLER LOG BOOKS

Aircraft log book

1

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Engine log book

2

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Variable pitch propeller log book

3

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SCHEDULE 7 — AREAS SPECIFIED IN CONNECTION WITH THE CARRIAGE OF FLIGHT NAVIGATORS AS MEMBERS OF THE FLIGHT CREWS OR SUITABLE NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

The following areas are hereby specified for the purposes of article 25(9)—

Area A—Arctic

All that area north of latitude 68° north, but excluding any part within the area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

68°	north	latitude	00°	east/west	longitude
73°	north	latitude	15°	east	longitude
73°	north	latitude	30°	east	longitude
68°	north	latitude	45°	east	longitude
68°	north	latitude	00°	east/west	longitude

Area B—Antarctic

All that area south of latitude 55° south.

Area C—Sahara

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

30°	north	latitude	05°	west	longitude
24°	north	latitude	11°	west	longitude
14°	north	latitude	11°	west	longitude
14°	north	latitude	28°	east	longitude
24°	north	latitude	28°	east	longitude
28°	north	latitude	23°	east	longitude
30°	north	latitude	15°	east	longitude
30°	north	latitude	05°	west	longitude

Area D—South America

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

04°	north	latitude	72°	west	longitude
04°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
08°	south	latitude	42°	west	longitude
18°	south	latitude	54°	west	longitude
18°	south	latitude	60°	west	longitude
14°	south	latitude	72°	west	longitude
05°	south	latitude	76°	west	longitude
04°	north	latitude	72°	west	longitude

Area E—Pacific Ocean

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

60°	north	latitude	180°	east/west	longitude
20°	north	latitude	128°	east	longitude
04°	north	latitude	128°	east	longitude
04°	north	latitude	180°	east/west	longitude
55°	south	latitude	180°	east/west	longitude
55°	south	latitude	82°	west	longitude
25°	south	latitude	82°	west	longitude
60°	north	latitude	155°	west	longitude
60°	north	latitude	180°	east/west	longitude

Area F—Australia

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

18°	south	latitude	123°	east	longitude
30°	south	latitude	118°	east	longitude
30°	south	latitude	135°	east	longitude
18°	south	latitude	123°	east	longitude

Area G—Indian Ocean

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

35°	south	latitude	110°	east	longitude
55°	south	latitude	180°	east/west	longitude
55°	south	latitude	10°	east	longitude
40°	south	latitude	10°	east	longitude
25°	south	latitude	60°	east	longitude
20°	south	latitude	60°	east	longitude
05°	south	latitude	43°	east	longitude
10°	north	latitude	55°	east	longitude
10°	north	latitude	73°	east	longitude
04°	north	latitude	77°	east	longitude
04°	north	latitude	92°	east	longitude
10°	south	latitude	100°	east	longitude
10°	south	latitude	110°	east	longitude
35°	south	latitude	110°	east	longitude

Area H—North Atlantic Ocean

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

55°	north	latitude	15°	west	longitude
68°	north	latitude	28°	west	longitude
68°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
45°	north	latitude	45°	west	longitude
40°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
40°	north	latitude	19°	west	longitude
55°	north	latitude	15°	west	longitude

Area I—South Atlantic Ocean

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

40°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
18°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
05°	south	latitude	30°	west	longitude
55°	south	latitude	55°	west	longitude
55°	south	latitude	10°	east	longitude
40°	south	latitude	10°	east	longitude
02°	north	latitude	05°	east	longitude
02°	north	latitude	10°	west	longitude
15°	north	latitude	25°	west	longitude
40°	north	latitude	19°	west	longitude
40°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude

Area J—Northern Canada

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

68°	north	latitude	130°	west	longitude
55°	north	latitude	115°	west	longitude
55°	north	latitude	70°	west	longitude
68°	north	latitude	60°	west	longitude
68°	north	latitude	130°	west	longitude

Area K—Northern Asia

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

68°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude
68°	north	latitude	160°	east	longitude
50°	north	latitude	125°	east	longitude
50°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude
68°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude

Area L—Southern Asia

All that area enclosed by rhumb lines joining successively the following points—

50°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude
50°	north	latitude	125°	east	longitude
40°	north	latitude	110°	east	longitude
30°	north	latitude	110°	east	longitude
30°	north	latitude	80°	east	longitude
35°	north	latitude	80°	east	longitude
35°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude
50°	north	latitude	56°	east	longitude

SCHEDULE 8 — FLIGHT CREW OF AIRCRAFT—LICENCES, RATINGS, QUALIFICATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF LICENCE PRIVILEGES

PART A — Flight crew licences

SECTION 1 — United Kingdom Licences

SUB-SECTION 1 — Aeroplane pilots

Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age—17 years

No maximum period of validity

Privileges:

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) shall be entitled to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of an aeroplane of any of the types or classes specified or otherwise falling within an aircraft rating included in the licence.

• (2) He shall not—

• (a) fly such an aeroplane for the purpose of public transport or aerial work save as hereinafter provided—

• (i) he may fly such an aeroplane for the purpose of aerial work which consists of—

• (aa) the giving of instruction in flying, if his licence includes a flying instructor’s rating, class rating instructor rating, flight instructor rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating; or

• (bb) the conducting of flying tests for the purposes of this Order;

in either case in an aeroplane owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members;

• (ii) he may fly such an aeroplane for the purpose of aerial work which consists of—

• (aa) towing a glider in flight; or

• (bb) a flight for the purpose of dropping of persons by parachute;

in either case in an aeroplane owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by a flying club of which the holder of the licence and any person carried in the aircraft or in any glider towed by the aircraft are members;

• (b) receive any remuneration for his services as a pilot on a flight save that if his licence includes a flying instructor’s rating, a flight instructor rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating by virtue of which he is entitled to give instruction in flying microlight aeroplanes or self-launching motor gliders he may receive remuneration for the giving of such instruction or the conducting of such flying tests as are specified in sub-paragraph (a)(i) in a microlight aircraft or a self launching motor glider;

• (c) unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane) or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes), fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane—

• (i) on a flight outside controlled airspace when the flight visibility is less than 3 km;

• (ii) on a special VFR flight in a control zone in a flight visibility of less than 10 km except on a route or in an aerodrome traffic zone notified for the purpose of this sub-paragraph; or

• (iii) out of sight of the surface;

• (d) fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane at night unless his licence includes a night rating (aeroplanes) or a night qualification (aeroplane);

• (e) unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane), fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such an aeroplane flying in Class A, B or C airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules;

• (f) unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane) or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes), fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such an aeroplane flying in Class D or E airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules; or

• (g) fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three take-offs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aeroplane of the same type or class and if such a flight is to be carried out at night and his licence does not include an instrument rating (aeroplane) at least one of those take-offs and landings shall have been at night.

Basic Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

The holder of an Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) except that sub-paragraph (3)(f) of those privileges shall not apply.

SUB-SECTION 2 — Helicopter and gyroplane pilots

Private Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters)

Minimum age—17 years

No maximum period of validity

Privileges:

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters) shall be entitled to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any helicopter of a type specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence.

• (2) He shall not—

• (a) fly such a helicopter for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of—

• (i) the giving of instruction in flying if his licence includes a flying instructor’s rating, flight instructor rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating; or

• (ii) the conducting of flying tests for the purposes of this Order;

in either case in a helicopter owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members;

• (b) receive any remuneration for his services as a pilot on a flight other than remuneration for the giving of such instruction or the conducting of such flying tests as are specified in sub-paragraph (a);

• (c) fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter at night unless his licence includes a night rating (helicopters) or a night qualification (helicopter);

• (d) unless his licence includes an instrument rating (helicopter) fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such a helicopter flying in Class A, B or C airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules; or

• (e) fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter carrying passengers unless—

• (i) within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three circuits, each to include take-offs and landings, as the sole manipulator of the controls of a helicopter of the same type; or

• (ii) if the privileges are to be exercised by night and his licence does not include an instrument rating, within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three circuits, each to include take-offs and landings, by night as the sole manipulator of the controls of a helicopter of the same type.

Private Pilot’s Licence (Gyroplanes)

Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes)

Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes)

The holder of an Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) except that sub-paragraphs (2)(b) and (2)(g) of those privileges shall not apply.

SUB-SECTION 3 — Balloon and airship pilots

Private Pilot’s Licence (Balloons and Airships)

Minimum age—17 years

No maximum period of validity

Privileges:

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Balloons and Airships) shall be entitled to fly as pilot in command of any type of balloon or airship on which he is so qualified and which is specified in an aircraft rating in the licence and co-pilot of any type of balloon or airship specified in such a rating.

• (2) He shall not—

• (a) fly such a balloon or airship for the purpose of public transport or aerial work, other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests in either case in a balloon or airship owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members;

• (b) receive any remuneration for his services as a pilot on a flight other than remuneration for the giving of such instruction or the conducting of such flying tests as are specified in sub-paragraph (a); or

• (c) fly such a balloon unless he has within the immediately preceding 13 months carried out as pilot in command in a free balloon at least 5 flights each of not less than 5 minutes duration.

Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Balloons)

Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Airships)

SUB-SECTION 4 — Glider pilots

Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Gliders)

Minimum age—18 years

Maximum period of validity—10 years

Privileges:

The holder of a Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Gliders) shall be entitled to fly for any purpose as pilot in command or co-pilot of—

• (a) any glider of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 680 kg;

• (b) any glider of which the maximum total weight authorised exceeds 680 kg and which is of a type specified in the rating included in the licence.

SUB-SECTION 5 — Other flight crew

Flight Navigator’s Licence

Minimum age—21 years

Maximum period of validity—10 years

Privileges:

The holder of a Flight Navigator’s Licence shall be entitled to act as flight navigator in any aircraft.

Flight Engineer’s Licence

Flight Radiotelephony Operator’s Licence

SECTION 2 — JAR-FCL Licences

SUB-SECTION 1 — Aeroplane pilots

Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)

Minimum age—17 years

Maximum period of validity—5 years

Privileges and conditions:

• (1) Subject to any conditions specified in respect of the licence, the privileges of the holder of a Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) are to act, but not for remuneration, as pilot in command or co-pilot of any aeroplane specified in a class or type rating included in Part XII of the licence engaged in non-revenue flights.

• (2) The licence is subject to the conditions and restrictions specified in paragraph 1.175 of Section 1 of JAR-FCL 1.

• (3) The holder shall not—

• (a) unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane) or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes), fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane—

• (i) on a flight outside controlled airspace when the flight visibility is less than 3 km;

• (ii) on a special VFR flight in a control zone in a flight visibility of less than 10 km except on a route or in an aerodrome traffic zone notified for the purpose of this sub-paragraph; or

• (iii) out of sight of the surface;

• (b) unless his licence includes an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes), fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such an aeroplane flying in Class D or E airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules;

• (c) fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane at night unless his licence includes a night rating (aeroplanes) or a night qualification (aeroplane); or

• (d) fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three take-offs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aeroplane of the same type or class and if such a flight is to be carried out at night and his licence does not include an instrument rating (aeroplanes) at least one of those take-offs and landing shall have been at night.

Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)

Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more

• (6) The holder of a licence who has attained the age of 60 years but not attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aeroplane on a public transport flight except where the holder is:

• (a) a member of a multi-pilot crew; and

• (b) the only pilot in the flight crew who has attained the age of 60 years.

• (7) The holder of a licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aeroplane on a public transport flight.

Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Aeroplane)

SUB-SECTION 2 — Helicopter pilots

Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

Minimum age—17 years

Maximum period of validity—5 years

Privileges and conditions:

• (1) Subject to any conditions specified in respect of the licence, the privileges of the holder of a Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter) are to act, but not for remuneration, as pilot in command or co-pilot of any helicopter included in a type rating in Part XII of the licence engaged in non-revenue flights.

• (2) The licence is subject to the conditions and restrictions specified in paragraph 2.175 of Section 1 of JAR-FCL 2.

• (3) The holder shall not—

• (a) fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter at night unless his licence includes a night rating (helicopters) or a night qualification (helicopter); or

• (b) fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter carrying passengers unless—

• (i) within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three solo circuits, each to include take-offs and landings as the sole manipulator of the controls of a helicopter of the same type; or

• (ii) if the privileges are to be exercised by night and his licence does not include an instrument rating, within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three circuits, each to include take-offs and landings by night as the sole manipulator of the controls of a helicopter of the same type.

Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more

• (5) The holder of a licence who has attained the age of 60 years but not attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of a helicopter on a public transport flight except where the holder is—

• (a) a member of a multi-pilot crew; and

• (b) the only pilot in the flight crew who has attained the age of 60 years.

• (6) The holder of a licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of a helicopter on a public transport flight.

Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Helicopter)

SECTION 3 — National Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

National Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age—17 years

No maximum period of validity

Privileges and conditions:

• (1) Subject to paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as pilot in command of any simple single engine aeroplane, microlight aeroplane or SLMG specified or otherwise falling within an aircraft rating included in the licence.

Flight outside the United Kingdom

• (2) He shall not fly—

• (a) such a simple single engine aeroplane or a microlight aeroplane outside the United Kingdom except with the permission of the competent authority for the airspace in which he flies; or

• (b) such a SLMG in or over the territory of a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom except in accordance with permission granted by the competent authority of that State provided that he may fly a SLMG outside the United Kingdom if his licence includes a SLMG rating and a medical certificate appropriate for such a flight.

Flight for purpose of public transport and aerial work

• (3) He shall not fly any such aeroplane for the purpose of public transport or aerial work except in the circumstances specified in paragraph (4).

• (4) The circumstances referred to in paragraph (3) are that he flies such an aeroplane for the purpose of aerial work which consists of towing another aeroplane or glider in flight—

• (a) in an aeroplane owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by a flying club of which the holder of the licence and any person carried in the towing aeroplane or in any aeroplane or glider being towed are members; or

• (b) in an aeroplane owned, or operated under arrangements entered into, by an organisation approved by the CAA for the purpose of this provision when—

• (i) the holder of the licence is a member of an organisation approved by the CAA for the purpose of this provision; and

• (ii) any person carried in the towing aeroplane or in any aeroplane or glider being towed is a member of an organisation approved by the CAA for the purpose of this provision.

Prohibitions on flight in specified conditions

• (5) He shall not fly—

• (a) as pilot in command of such a simple single engine aeroplane on a flight outside controlled airspace when the flight visibility is less than 5 km;

• (b) as pilot in command of such a SLMG or microlight aeroplane on a flight outside controlled airspace when the flight visibility is less than 3 km;

• (c) as pilot in command of any such aeroplane—

• (i) on a special VFR flight in a control zone in a flight visibility of less than 10 km;

• (ii) out of sight of the surface; or

• (iii) at night; or

• (d) as pilot in command of any such aeroplane in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules.

Carriage of persons

• (6) He shall not fly as pilot in command of any such aeroplane—

• (a) when the total number of persons carried (including the pilot) exceeds four; or

• (b) when carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days he has made at least three take-offs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aeroplane of the same class as that being flown.

Differences training

• (7) He shall not fly—

• (a) as pilot in command of such a simple single engine aeroplane where—

• (i) the aeroplane is fitted with a tricycle undercarriage;

• (ii) the aeroplane is fitted with a tailwheel;

• (iii) the engine is fitted with either a supercharger or turbo-charger;

• (iv) the engine is fitted with a variable pitch propeller;

• (v) the landing gear is retractable;

• (vi) a cabin pressurisation system is fitted; or

• (vii) the aeroplane has a maximum continuous cruising speed in excess of 140 knots indicated airspeed;

unless appropriate differences training has been completed and recorded in his personal flying log book; or

• (b) as pilot in command of such a microlight aeroplane where—

• (i) the aeroplane has 3 axis controls and his previous training and experience has only been in an aeroplane with flexwing controls; or

• (ii) the aeroplane has flexwing controls and his previous training and experience has only been in an aeroplane with 3 axis controls;

unless appropriate differences training has been completed and recorded in his personal flying logbook.

PART B — Ratings and qualifications

1

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2

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3

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PART C — Maintenance of licence privileges

section 1 — Requirement for Certificate of Test or Experience

Appropriateness of certificate

1

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Certificate of test

2

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Nature of test

3

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Period of validity of certificate of test

4

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Certificate of experience

5

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Period of experience

6

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Period of validity of certificate of experience

7

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section 2 — Requirement for Certificate of Revalidation

Appropriate certificate of revalidation

1

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Type and class ratings

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Forms of certificate of revalidation

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section 3 — Maintenance of Validity of National Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes)

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SCHEDULE 9 — PUBLIC TRANSPORT—OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

PART A — Operations manual

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PART B — Training manual

The following information and instructions in relation to the training, experience, practice and periodical tests required under article 42(3) shall be included in the training manual referred to in article 40(3)—

• (a) the manner in which the training, practice and periodical tests required under article 42(3) and specified in Part C of this Schedule are to be carried out;

• (b) the minimum qualifications and experience which the operator requires of persons appointed by him to give or to supervise the said training, practice and periodical tests;

• (c) the type of training, practice and periodical tests which each such person is appointed to give or to supervise;

• (d) the type of aircraft in respect of which each such person is appointed to give or to supervise the said training, practice and periodical tests;

• (e) the minimum qualifications and experience required for each member of the crew undergoing the said training, practice and periodical tests;

• (f) the current syllabus for, and specimen forms for recording, the said training, practice and periodical tests;

• (g) the manner in which instrument flight conditions and engine failure are to be simulated in the aircraft in flight;

• (h) the extent to which the said training and testing is permitted in the course of flights for the purpose of public transport; and

• (i) the use to be made in the said training and testing of apparatus approved for the purpose by the CAA.

PART C — Crew training and tests

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SCHEDULE 10 — DOCUMENTS TO BE CARRIED

Circumstances in which documents are to be carried

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Description of documents

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Definitions

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SCHEDULE 11 — AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS—LICENCES, RATINGS, ENDORSEMENTS AND MAINTENANCE OF LICENCE PRIVILEGES

PART A — Air traffic controller licences

Air Traffic Controller's Licence

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Student Air Traffic Controller's Licence

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PART B — Ratings, rating endorsements and licence endorsements

Inclusion of ratings, rating endorsements and licence endorsements

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Exercise of more than one function

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Ratings and Rating Endorsements

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Licence Endorsements

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SCHEDULE 12 — AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE EQUIPMENT—RECORDS REQUIRED AND MATTERS TO WHICH THE CAA MAY HAVE REGARD

PART A — Records to be kept in accordance with article 125(1)

• (1) A record of any functional tests, flight checks and particulars of any maintenance, repair, overhaul, replacement or modification.

• (2) Subject to paragraph (3), the record shall be kept in a legible or a non-legible form so long as the record is capable of being reproduced by the person required to keep the record in a legible form and it shall be so reproduced by that person if requested by an authorised person.

• (3) In any particular case the CAA may direct that the record is kept or be capable of being reproduced in such a form as it may specify.

PART B — Records required in accordance with article 125(4)(c)

Each record made by the apparatus provided in compliance with article 125(2) or (3) shall be adequately identified and in particular shall include—

• (a) the identification of the aeronautical radio station;

• (b) the date or dates on which the record was made;

• (c) a means of determining the time at which each message or signal was transmitted or received;

• (d) the identity of the aircraft to or from which and the radio frequency on which the message or signal was transmitted or received; and

• (e) the time at which the record started and finished.

PART C — Matters to which the CAA may have regard in granting an approval of apparatus in accordance with article 125(5)

• (1) The purpose for which the apparatus is to be used.

• (2) The manner in which the apparatus has been specified and produced in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used.

• (3) The adequacy, in relation to the purpose for which the apparatus is to be used, of the operating parameters of the apparatus (if any).

• (4) The manner in which the apparatus has been or will be operated, installed, modified, maintained, repaired and overhauled.

• (5) The manner in which the apparatus has been or will be inspected.

SCHEDULE 13 — AERODROME MANUAL

Information and instructions relating to the following matters shall be included in the aerodrome manual referred to in article 128—

• (a) the name and status of the official in charge of day to day operation of the aerodrome together with the names and status of other senior aerodrome operating staff and instructions as to the order and circumstances in which they may be required to act as the official in charge;

• (b) the system of aeronautical information service available;

• (c) procedures for promulgating information concerning the aerodrome’s state;

• (d) procedures for the control of access, vehicles and work in relation to the aerodrome manoeuvring area and apron;

• (e) procedures for complying with article 142 and for the removal of disabled aircraft;

• (f) in the case of an aerodrome which has facilities for fuel storage, procedures for complying with article 137;

• (g) plans to a scale of 1:2500 depicting the layout of runways, taxiways and aprons, aerodrome markings, aerodrome lighting if such lighting is provided, and the siting of any navigational aids within the runway strip; provided that in the case of copies or extracts of the manual provided or made available to a member of the aerodrome operating staff, the plans shall be of a scale reasonably appropriate for the purposes of article 128(9);

• (h) in respect of an aerodrome in relation to which there is a notified instrument approach procedure, survey information sufficient to provide data for the production of aeronautical charts relating to that aerodrome;

• (i) description, height and location of obstacles which infringe standard obstacle limitation surfaces, and whether they are lit;

• (j) data for and method of calculation of declared distances and elevations at the beginning and end of each declared distance;

• (k) method of calculating reduced declared distances and the procedure for their promulgation;

• (l) details of surfaces and bearing strengths of runways, taxiways and aprons;

• (m) the system of the management of air traffic in the airspace associated with the aerodrome, including procedures for the co-ordination of traffic with adjacent aerodromes, except any such information or procedures already published in any manual of air traffic services;

• (n) operational procedures for the routine and special inspection of the aerodrome manoeuvring area and aprons;

• (o) if operations are permitted during periods of low visibility, procedures for the protection of the runways during such periods;

• (p) procedures for the safe integration of all aviation activities undertaken at the aerodrome;

• (q) procedures for the control of bird hazards;

• (r) procedures for the use and inspection of the aerodrome lighting system, if such a system is provided; and

• (s) the scale of rescue, first aid and fire service facilities, the aerodrome emergency procedures and procedures to be adopted in the event of temporary depletion of the rescue and fire service facilities.

SCHEDULE 14 — PENALTIES

PART A — Provisions referred to in article 148(5)

Article of Order	Subject Matter
3	Aircraft flying unregistered
5	Aircraft flying with false or incorrect markings
14(1)(a)	Flight without appropriate maintenance
14(1)(b)	Flight without a certificate of maintenance review
15	Failure to keep a technical log
16	Flight without a certificate of release to service issued under the Order or under paragraph 21A.163(d) of Part 21
17	Flight without a certificate of release to service issued under Part 145
18(7) and (8)	Exercise of privileges of aircraft maintenance engineer's licence or an aircraft maintenance licence whilst unfit or drunk etc.
19	Flight without required equipment
20	Flight without required radio communication or radio navigation equipment
21	Minimum equipment requirements
22	Failure to keep log books
23	Requirement to weigh aircraft and keep weight schedule
25	Crew requirement
28, 30(2) and 31(1)	Requirement for appropriate certificate of test or experience
29 and 31(2)	Requirement for appropriate certificate of revalidation
30(1)	Requirement for valid rating
32(1)	Flight without valid medical certificate
32(4)	Flight in unfit condition
33(1)	Prohibition of flight after failure of test
36	Instruction in flying without appropriate licence and rating
38	Operations manual requirement
39	Police operations manual requirement
40	Training manual requirement
42	Operator's responsibilities in connection with crew
43	Requirements for loading aircraft
44 and 45	Operational restrictions on aeroplanes and helicopters
46	Prohibition on public transport flights at night or in Instrument Meteorological Conditions by non-United Kingdom registered single engined aeroplanes
47	Aerodrome operating minima—United Kingdom registered public transport aircraft
48	Aerodrome operating minima—public transport aircraft registered elsewhere than in the United Kingdom
49	Aerodrome operating minima—non-public transport aircraft
50	Requirement for pilot to remain at controls
52	Pre-flight action by commander of aircraft
53	Requirement for passenger briefing
54	Additional duties of commander on flight for public transport of passengers
55	Requirement for radio station in aircraft to be licensed and for operation of same
56	Requirement for minimum navigation performance equipment
57	Requirement for height keeping performance equipment—aircraft registered in the United Kingdom
58	Requirement for height keeping performance equipment—aircraft registered elsewhere than in the United Kingdom
59	Requirement for area navigation equipment and required navigation performance—aircraft registered in the United Kingdom
60	Requirement for area navigation equipment and required navigation performance—aircraft registered elsewhere than in the United Kingdom
61	Requirement for an airborne collision avoidance system
62	Use of flight recording systems and preservation of records
63	Towing of gliders
65	Towing, picking up and raising of persons and articles by aircraft
66	Dropping of articles and animals from aircraft
67	Dropping of persons and requirement for parachuting permission
68	Requirement for aerial application certificate
71	Carriage of persons in or on any part of an aircraft not designed for that purpose
72	Requirement for exits and break-in markings
76	Prohibition of smoking in aircraft
77	Requirement to obey lawful commands of aircraft commander
78(a) and (b)	Acting in a disruptive manner
79	Prohibition of stowaways
80	Flying displays
82(3)	Operator's obligation to obtain flight time records of flight crew
83(2)	Flight crew member's obligation to inform operator of flight times
84	Flight time limitations for flight crew
95	Breach of the Rules of the Air
96	Flight in contravention of restriction of flying regulations
97	Flight by balloons, kites, airships, gliders and parascending parachutes
98	Flight by small aircraft
99	Launching of rockets
101	Requirement for an approved provider of air traffic services to be satisfied as to competence of air traffic controllers
103	Provision of air traffic services
104	Requirement to comply with an air traffic direction
105	Requirement to comply with an airspace policy direction
106	Use of radio call signs at aerodromes
107	Requirement for licensing of air traffic controllers
121	Requirement for licensing of flight information service officers
123	Requirement for flight information service manual
124	Use of air traffic service equipment
125	Requirement to keep air traffic service equipment records
126	Requirement for use of licensed aerodrome
128(4)	Contravention of conditions of aerodrome licence
132	Use of aeronautical lights
133	Requirement to light en-route obstacles
134	Requirement to light offshore wind turbine generators
135(1)	Prohibition of dangerous lights
135(2)	Failure to extinguish or screen dangerous lights
137(1) and (3)	Management of aviation fuel at aerodromes
146	Obstruction of persons performing duties under the Order

PART B — Provisions referred to in article 148(6)

Article of Order	Subject Matter
6	Flight for the purpose of public transport without an air operator's certificate
7	Flight in the service of a police authority without a police air operator's certificate
8	Flight without a certificate of airworthiness
26	Requirement to hold an appropriate flight crew licence
69	Prohibition of carriage of weapons and munitions of war
70(2)	Requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods
74	Endangering safety of persons or property
75	Prohibition of drunkenness in aircraft
78(c)	Intentional interference
82(1)	Operator's obligation to regulate flight times of crew
82(2)	Operator's obligation not to allow flight by crew in dangerous state of fatigue
83(1)	Crew's obligation not to fly in dangerous state of fatigue
85	Protection of air crew from cosmic radiation
87	Keeping and production of records of exposure to cosmic radiation
94 (except (3)	Use of false or unauthorised documents and records
100	Provision of an air traffic control service without an approval
115	Controller's obligation not to act in a dangerous state of fatigue
116	Prohibition of acting under the influence of drink or a drug
137(4)	Use of aviation fuel which is unfit for use in aircraft
138	Restriction of carriage for valuable consideration by aircraft registered elsewhere than in the United Kingdom
140	Restriction of flights for aerial photography, aerial survey and aerial work by aircraft registered elsewhere than in the United Kingdom
141	Operators' or commanders' obligations in respect of flights over any foreign country
142(5), (6) and (7)	Failure to report an occurrence
142(8)	Making a false occurrence report
144	Flight in contravention of direction not to fly

PART C — Provisions referred to in article 148(7)

Article of Order	Subject Matter
73	Endangering safety of aircraft

SCHEDULE 15 — PARTS OF STRAITS SPECIFIED IN CONNECTION WITH THE FLIGHT OF AIRCRAFT IN TRANSIT OVER UNITED KINGDOM TERRITORIAL WATERS

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2

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Signed

Clerk of the Privy Council

A. K. Galloway

Explanatory note

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Footnotes

PART — Classification of aircraft

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The conditions in an aircraft dealer's certificate shall be as follows—

• (1) The operator of the aircraft shall be the registered owner of the aircraft, who shall be the holder of an aircraft dealer's certificate granted under this Order.

• (2) The aircraft shall fly only for the purpose of—

• (a) testing the aircraft;

• (b) demonstrating the aircraft with a view to the sale of that aircraft or of other similar aircraft;

• (c) proceeding to or from a place at which the aircraft is to be tested or demonstrated as aforesaid, or overhauled, repaired or modified;

• (d) delivering the aircraft to a person who has agreed to buy, lease or sell it; or

• (e) proceeding to or from a place for the purpose of storage.

• (3) Without prejudice to article 52 the operator of the aircraft shall satisfy himself before the aircraft takes off that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight.

• (4) The aircraft shall fly only within the United Kingdom.

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Scale A

• (1) Spare fuses for all electrical circuits the fuses of which can be replaced in flight, consisting of 10 per cent of the number of each rating or three of each rating, whichever is the greater.

• (2) Maps, charts, codes and other documents and navigational equipment necessary, in addition to any other equipment required under this Order, for the intended flight of the aircraft including any diversion which may reasonably be expected.

• (3) First aid equipment of good quality, sufficient in quantity, having regard to the number of persons on board the aircraft, and including the following—

• (a) roller bandages;

• (b) triangular bandages;

• (c) adhesive plaster;

• (d) absorbent gauze or wound dressings;

• (e) cotton wool or wound dressings;

• (f) burn dressings;

• (g) safety pins;

• (h) haemostatic bandages or tourniquets;

• (i) scissors;

• (j) antiseptic;

• (k) analgesic and stimulant drugs;

• (l) splints, in the case of aeroplanes the maximum total weight authorised of which exceeds 5,700 kg;

• (m) a handbook on first aid.

• (4) In the case of a flying machine used for the public transport of passengers in which, while the flying machine is at rest on the ground, the sill of any external door intended for the disembarkation of passengers, whether normally or in an emergency—

• (a) is more than 1.82 metres from the ground when the undercarriage of the machine is in the normal position for taxiing; or

• (b) would be more than 1.82 metres from the ground if the whole or any part of the undercarriage should collapse, break or fail to function;

apparatus readily available for use at each such door consisting of a device or devices which will enable passengers to reach the ground safely in an emergency while the flying machine is on the ground, and can be readily fixed in position for use.

Scale AA

• (1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), an altitude alerting system capable of alerting the pilot upon approaching a preselected altitude in either ascent or descent, by a sequence of visual and aural signals in sufficient time to establish level flight at that preselected altitude and when deviating above or below that preselected altitude, by a visual and an aural signal.

• (2) If the system becomes unserviceable, the aircraft may fly or continue to fly, until it first lands at a place at which it is reasonably practicable for the system to be repaired or replaced.

Scale B

• (1) If the maximum total weight authorised of the aircraft is 2,730 kg or less, for every pilot's seat and for any seat situated alongside a pilot's seat, either a safety belt with one diagonal shoulder strap or a safety harness, or with the permission of the CAA, a safety belt without a diagonal shoulder strap which permission may be granted if the CAA is satisfied that it is not reasonably practicable to fit a safety belt with one diagonal shoulder strap or a safety harness.

• (2) If the maximum total weight authorised of the aircraft exceeds 2,730 kg, either a safety harness for every pilot's seat and for any seat situated alongside a pilot's seat, or with the permission of the CAA, a safety belt with one diagonal shoulder strap which permission may be granted if the CAA is satisfied that it is not reasonably practicable to fit a safety harness.

• (3) For every seat in use (not being a seat referred to in paragraphs (1), (2), (5) and (6)) a safety belt with or without one diagonal shoulder strap or a safety harness.

• (4) In addition, and to be attached to or secured by the equipment required in paragraph (3) above, a child restraint device for every child under the age of two years on board.

• (5) On all flights for the public transport of passengers by aircraft, for each seat for use by cabin crew who are required to be carried under this Order, a safety harness.

• (6) On all flights in aeroplanes in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness was first issued (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) on or after 1st February 1989, the maximum total weight authorised of which does not exceed 5,700 kg but with a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of more than 9, (otherwise than in seats referred to under paragraph (1) or (2)), a safety belt with one diagonal shoulder strap or a safety harness for each seat intended for use by a passenger.

• (7) If the commander cannot, from his own seat, see all the passengers' seats in the aircraft, a means of indicating to the passengers that seat belts should be fastened.

• (8) Subject to paragraph (9), a safety harness for every seat in use.

• (9) In the case of an aircraft carrying out aerobatic manoeuvres consisting only of erect spinning, the CAA may permit a safety belt with one diagonal shoulder strap to be fitted if it is satisfied that such restraint is sufficient for the carrying out of erect spinning in that aircraft and that it is not reasonably practicable to fit a safety harness in that aircraft.

Scale C

• (1) Equipment for displaying the lights required by the Rules of the Air Regulations 1996.

• (2) Electrical equipment, supplied from the main source of supply in the aircraft, to provide sufficient illumination to enable the flight crew properly to carry out their duties during flight.

• (3) Unless the aircraft is equipped with radio, devices for making the visual signal specified in the Rules of the Air Regulations 1996 as indicating a request for permission to land.

Scale D

• (1) In the case of a helicopter or gyroplane, a slip indicator.

• (2) In the case of any other flying machine either—

• (a) a turn indicator and a slip indicator; or

• (b) a gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator and a gyroscopic direction indicator.

• (3) A sensitive pressure altimeter adjustable for any sea level barometric pressure which the weather report or forecasts available to the commander of the aircraft indicate is likely to be encountered during the intended flight.

Scale E

• (1) In the case of—

• (a) a helicopter or gyroplane, a slip indicator;

• (b) any other flying machine, a slip indicator and either a turn indicator or, at the option of the operator, an additional gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator.

• (2) A gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator.

• (3) A gyroscopic direction indicator.

• (4) A sensitive pressure altimeter adjustable for any sea level barometric pressure which the weather report or forecasts available to the commander of the aircraft indicate is likely to be encountered during the intended flight.

Scale EE

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a radio altimeter with an audio voice warning operating below a preset height and a visual warning capable of operating at a height selectable by the pilot.

• (2) A helicopter flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator's certificate may instead be equipped with a radio altimeter with an audio warning and a visual warning each capable of operating at a height selectable by the pilot.

Scale F

• (1) A timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds.

• (2) A means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instrument is adequate.

• (3) A rate of climb and descent indicator.

• (4) A means of indicating in the flight crew compartment the outside air temperature calibrated in degrees celsius.

• (5) If the maximum total weight authorised of the aircraft exceeds 5,700 kg two air speed indicators.

Scale G

• (1) In the case of an aircraft other than a helicopter or gyroplane landing lights consisting of 2 single filament lamps, or one dual filament lamp with separately energised filaments.

• (2) An electrical lighting system to provide illumination in every passenger compartment.

• (3) Either—

• (a) one electric torch for each member of the crew of the aircraft; or

• (b) one electric torch—

• (i) for each member of the flight crew of the aircraft; and

• (ii) affixed adjacent to each floor level exit intended for the disembarkation of passengers whether normally or in an emergency, provided that such torches shall—

• (aa) be readily accessible for use by the crew of the aircraft at all times; and

• (bb) number in total not less than the minimum number of members of the cabin crew required to be carried with a full passenger complement.

• (4) In the case of an aircraft other than a helicopter or gyroplane of which the maximum total weight authorised exceeds 5,700 kg, means of observing the existence and build up of ice on the aircraft.

• (5) In the case of a helicopter carrying out Performance Class 1 or 2 operations or a gyroplane in respect of which there is in force a certificate of airworthiness designating the gyroplane as being of performance group A, either—

• (a) 2 landing lights both of which are adjustable so as to illuminate the ground in front of and below the helicopter or gyroplane and one of which is adjustable so as to illuminate the ground on either side of the helicopter or gyroplane; or

• (b) one landing light or, if the maximum total weight authorised of the helicopter or gyroplane exceeds 5,700 kg, one dual filament landing light with separately energised filaments, or 2 single filament lights, each of which is adjustable so as to illuminate the ground in front of and below the helicopter or gyroplane, and 2 parachute flares.

• (6) In the case of a helicopter carrying out Performance Class 3 operations or a gyroplane in respect of which there is in force a certificate of airworthiness designating the gyroplane as being of performance group B, either—

• (a) one landing light and 2 parachute flares; or

• (b) if the maximum total weight authorised of the helicopter or gyroplane exceeds 5,700 kg, either one dual filament landing light with separately energised filaments or 2 single filament landing lights, and 2 parachute flares.

Scale H

• (1) Subject to paragraph (2), for each person on board, a lifejacket equipped with a whistle and waterproof torch.

• (2) Lifejackets constructed and carried solely for use by children under three years of age need not be equipped with a whistle.

Scale I

A survival suit for each member of the crew.

Scale J

• (1) Additional flotation equipment, capable of supporting one-fifth of the number of persons on board, and provided in a place of stowage accessible from outside the flying machine.

• (2) Parachute distress rocket signals capable of making, from the surface of the water, the pyrotechnical signal of distress specified in the Rules of the Air Regulations 1996 and complying with Part III of Schedule 15 to the Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances) Regulations 1980 .

• (3) A sea anchor and other equipment necessary to facilitate mooring, anchoring or manoeuvring the flying machine on water, appropriate to its size, weight and handling characteristics.

Scale K

• (1) In the case of—

• (a) a flying machine, other than a helicopter or gyroplane carrying 20 or more persons, liferafts sufficient to accommodate all persons on board;

• (b) a helicopter or gyroplane carrying 20 or more persons, a minimum of 2 liferafts sufficient together to accommodate all persons on board.

• (2) Each liferaft shall contain the following equipment—

• (a) means for maintaining buoyancy;

• (b) a sea anchor;

• (c) life-lines, and means of attaching one liferaft to another;

• (d) paddles or other means of propulsion;

• (e) means of protecting the occupants from the elements;

• (f) a waterproof torch;

• (g) marine type pyrotechnical distress signals;

• (h) means of making sea water drinkable, unless the full quantity of fresh water is carried as specified in sub-paragraph (i);

• (i) for each 4 or proportion of 4 persons the liferaft is designed to carry—

• (i) 100 grammes of glucose toffee tablets; and

• (ii) 1/2 litre of fresh water in durable containers or in any case in which it is not reasonably practicable to carry the quantity of water above specified, as large a quantity of fresh water as is reasonably practicable in the circumstances; provided that in no case shall the quantity of water carried be less than is sufficient, when added to the amount of fresh water capable of being produced by means of the equipment specified in sub-paragraph (h) to provide 1/2 litre of water for each 4 or proportion of 4 persons the liferaft is designed to carry; and

• (j) first aid equipment.

• (3) Items (2)(f) to (j) inclusive shall be contained in a pack.

• (4) The number of survival beacon radio apparatus carried when the aircraft is carrying the number of liferafts specified in column 1 of the following Table shall be not less than the number specified in, or calculated in accordance with, column 2.

Column 1	Column 2
Not more than 8 liferafts	2 survival beacon radio apparatus
For every additional 4 or proportion of 4 liferafts	1 additional survival beacon radio apparatus

Scale KK

• (1) A survival emergency locator transmitter capable of operating in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention, Volume III (Fifth Edition July 1995) and of transmitting on 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.

• (2) An automatic emergency locator transmitter capable of operating in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention, Volume III (Fifth Edition July 1995) and transmitting on 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.

• (3) An automatically deployable emergency locator transmitter capable of operating in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention, Volume III (Fifth Edition July 1995) and transmitting on 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.

Scale L1

Part I