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The Air Navigation Order 2016

Type Statutory-Instrument
Publication 2016-07-13
Last updated 2026-03-03
State In force
Department King's Printer of Acts of Parliament
Source legislation.gov.uk
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  • (2) If an aircraft is flying in a combination of circumstances specified in the first column of the Table in paragraph 3 the scales of equipment are not on that account required to be duplicated.
3

The Table is as follows—

4

The scales of radio communication and radio navigation equipment indicated in the Table at paragraph 3 are as follows—

Scale ARadio communication equipment capable of maintaining direct two-way communication with the appropriate air traffic control units on the intended route using the frequencies notified or otherwise designated by the competent authority for that purpose.

Scale BRadio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated on the intended route including such equipment as may be prescribed.

Scale CRadio communication equipment capable of receiving from the appropriate aeronautical radio stations meteorological broadcasts relevant to the intended flight.

Scale DRadio navigation equipment capable of receiving signals from one or more aeronautical radio stations on the surface to enable the aircraft to be guided to a point from which a visual landing can be made at the aerodrome at which the aircraft is to land.

Scale E2Secondary surveillance radar equipment which includes a pressure altitude reporting transponder capable of operating in Mode A and Mode C and has the capability and functionality prescribed for Mode S Elementary Surveillance and is capable of being operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

Scale E3Secondary surveillance radar equipment which includes a pressure altitude reporting transponder capable of operating in Mode A and Mode C and has the capability and functionality prescribed for Mode S Enhanced Surveillance and is capable of being operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the air traffic control unit.

Scale EEThe aircraft must, in the circumstances specified in paragraph 2.1.5.3 of Volume IV (Fourth Edition July 2007) of Annex 10 to the Chicago Convention, comply with the requirements for antenna diversity set out in that paragraph.

Scale FRadio communication and radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated along the intended route including—aautomatic direction finding equipment;bdistance measuring equipment; andcVHF omni-range equipment.

Scale GRadio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to make an approach to landing using the Instrument Landing System.

Scale H1Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), radio navigation equipment capable of enabling the aircraft to be navigated on the intended route including—aautomatic direction finding equipment;bdistance measuring equipment;cduplicated VHF omni-range equipment; andda 75 MHz marker beacon receiver.2An aircraft may fly notwithstanding that it does not carry the equipment specified in this Scale if it carries alternative radio navigation equipment or navigational equipment approved in accordance with article 119(3).3Where only one item of equipment specified in this Scale is unserviceable when the aircraft is about to begin a flight, the aircraft may nevertheless take off on that flight if—ait is not reasonably practicable for the repair or replacement of that item to be carried out before the beginning of the flight;bthe aircraft has not made more than one flight since the item was last serviceable; andcthe pilot in command of the aircraft is satisfied that the flight can be made safely and in accordance with any relevant requirements of the appropriate air traffic control unit, taking into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used (including any planned diversion) and the weather conditions likely to be encountered.

Scale JAn airborne collision avoidance system.

5

In this Part—

  • “Airborne collision avoidance system” means an aeroplane system which—conforms to requirements prescribed for the purpose;is based on secondary surveillance radar equipment transponder signals;operates independently of ground based equipment; andis designed to provide advice and appropriate avoidance manoeuvres to the pilot in relation to other aeroplanes which are equipped with secondary surveillance radar and are in undue proximity;
  • “Automatic direction finding equipment” means radio navigation equipment which automatically indicates the bearing of any radio station transmitting the signals received by such equipment;
  • “Distance measuring equipment” means radio equipment capable of providing a continuous indication of the aircraft's distance from the appropriate aeronautical radio stations;
  • “Mode A” means replying to an interrogation from secondary surveillance radar units on the surface to elicit transponder replies for identity and surveillance with identity provided in the form of a four digit identity code;
  • “Mode C” means replying to an interrogation from secondary surveillance radar units on the surface to elicit transponder replies for automatic pressure-altitude transmission and surveillance;
  • “Secondary surveillance radar equipment” means such type of radio equipment as may be notified as being capable of—replying to an interrogation from secondary surveillance radar units on the surface; andbeing operated in accordance with such instructions as may be given to the aircraft by the appropriate air traffic control unit;
  • “VHF omni-range equipment” means radio navigation equipment capable of giving visual indications of bearings of the aircraft by means of signals received from very high frequency omni-directional radio ranges.
1
  • (1) In this Part, a reference to the “recent experience condition” in the privileges for aeroplane, helicopter and gyroplane licences is to the condition set out in this paragraph.
  • (2) The condition is that the holder of a licence must not operate an aircraft carrying passengers—
  • (a) as pilot in command or co-pilot unless the holder has carried out, in the preceding 90 days, at least three take-offs, approaches and landings as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft of the same type or class or a full flight simulator representing that type or class; and
  • (b) as pilot in command at night unless the holder—
  • (i) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least one take-off, approach and landing at night as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft of the same type or class or a full flight simulator representing that type or class; or
  • (ii) holds an instrument rating.
2
  • (1) In this Part, a reference to the “recent experience exception” in the privileges for aeroplane and helicopter private pilot's licences is to the condition set out in this paragraph.
  • (2) The condition is that—
  • (a) the intended flight will carry a single passenger who is also qualified to act as pilot in command on that flight; and
  • (b) the holder of the licence has informed the intended passenger that the holder does not meet the recent experience condition.
3
  • (1) In this Part, a reference to the “excepted flights condition” in the privileges for aeroplane, helicopter, gyroplane and balloon and airship private pilot's licences is to the condition set out in this paragraph.
  • (2) The condition is that the holder of a private pilot's licence may only fly on a public transport or commercial operations flight if it is a flight of the type mentioned in article 6(4a) of the ... Air Operations Regulation.
4
  • (1) In this Part, a reference to the “remuneration condition” in the privileges for aeroplane, helicopter, gyroplane and balloon and airship private pilot's licences is to the condition set out in this paragraph.
  • (2) The condition is that—
  • (a) in the case of—
  • (i) instruction, the holder's licence includes an appropriate instructor certificate;
  • (ii) flying examinations, the holder is authorised to conduct such examinations by the CAA; and
  • (b) remuneration or other valuable consideration is received for—
  • (i) the provision of flight instruction for the same type of licence;
  • (ii) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for such a licence;
  • (iii) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates attached to such a licence.

Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly for the purposes of non-commercial operations as pilot in command or co-pilot of an aeroplane of any of the types or classes specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);bto fly such an aeroplane for the purpose of commercial operation—iwhich consists of instruction or flying examinations, provided that—aain the case of instruction, the licence includes an appropriate instructor certificate; andbbin the case of flying examinations, the holder is authorised to conduct such examinations by the CAA; oriiwhere the excepted flights condition is met;cto fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane carrying passengers if—ithe recent experience condition is met; oriithe recent experience exception is met;dto fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane under Instrument Flight Rules where the licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane) or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes);eto fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane at night where the licence includes a night rating (aeroplanes);fto receive remuneration or other valuable consideration for services as a pilot on a flight if the remuneration condition is met.2The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) may not fly an aeroplane mentioned in paragraph (1)(a)—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation (other than commercial operation permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(b));bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration (other than remuneration or other valuable consideration permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(f)); orcother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) is entitled—ato exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) which includes an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes) and a night rating (aeroplanes) or night qualification (aeroplane);bin accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of an aeroplane of any of the types or classes specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence when the aircraft is flying for the purposes of—icommercial operation; oriipublic transport operation,unless prohibited by paragraph (2);cto fly as pilot in command of such an aeroplane on a flight for the purpose of public transport until the age of 60 years only where it is certificated for single pilot operation;dto fly such an aeroplane on any flight for the purpose of public transport after attaining the age of 60 years where the aeroplane is fitted with dual controls and carries a second pilot who holds an appropriate licence under this Order entitling the second pilot to act as pilot in command or co-pilot of that aeroplane;eto fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such an aeroplane flying in Class A airspace where the licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplane);fto fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of an aeroplane carrying passengers for the purpose of public transport where the recent experience condition is met.2The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) may not fly an aeroplane mentioned in paragraph (1)(b)—aat any time after attaining the age of 65 years as pilot in command or co-pilot for the purpose of public transport; orbother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age:

21 years

Privileges:The holder of an Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) is entitled to exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) except that, in paragraph (1)(c) of the privileges of that licence, the words “where it is certificated for single pilot operation” do not apply.

Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any helicopter of a type specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);bto fly such a helicopter for the purpose of commercial operation—iwhich consists of instruction or flying examinations, provided that—aain the case of instruction, the licence includes an appropriate instructor certificate; andbbin the case of flying examinations, the holder is authorised to conduct such examinations by the CAA; oriiwhere the excepted flights condition is met;cto fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter carrying passengers if—ithe recent experience condition is met; oriithe recent experience exception is met;dto fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such a helicopter under Instrument Flight Rules where the licence includes an instrument rating (helicopter);eto fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter at night if the licence includes a night rating (helicopters);fto receive remuneration or other valuable consideration for services as a pilot on a flight if the remuneration condition is met.2The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) may not fly a helicopter mentioned in paragraph (1)(a)—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation (other than commercial operation permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(b));bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration (other than remuneration or other valuable consideration permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(f)); orcother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) is entitled—ato exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) which includes a night rating (helicopters);bin accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of a helicopter of any of the types or classes specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence when the aircraft is flying for the purposes of—icommercial operation; oriipublic transport operation,unless prohibited by paragraph (2);cto fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter on a flight for the purpose of public transport until the age of 60 years only where it is certificated for single pilot operation;dto fly such a helicopter for the purpose of public transport after attaining the age of 60 years where the helicopter is fitted with dual controls and carries a second pilot who holds an appropriate licence under this Order entitling the second pilot to act as pilot in command or co-pilot of that helicopter;eto fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of such a helicopter under Instrument Flight Rules where the licence includes an instrument rating (helicopter);fto fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of a helicopter carrying passengers for the purpose of public transport where the recent experience condition is met.2The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) may not fly a helicopter mentioned in paragraph (1)(b)—aat any time after attaining the age of 65 years as pilot in command or co-pilot for the purpose of public transport; orbother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Helicopters)

Minimum age:

21 years

Privileges:The holder of an Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) is entitled to exercise the privileges of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) except that, in paragraph (1)(c) of the privileges of that licence, the words “only where it is certificated for single pilot operation” do not apply.

Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any gyroplane of a type or a class specified in the aircraft rating included in the licence, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);bto fly such a gyroplane for the purpose of commercial operation—iwhich consists of instruction or flying examinations, provided that—aain the case of instruction, the licence includes an appropriate instructor certificate; andbbin the case of flying examinations, the holder is authorised to conduct such examinations by the CAA; oriiwhere the excepted flights condition is met;cto fly as pilot in command of such a gyroplane carrying passengers if the recent experience condition is met;dto fly as pilot in command of such a gyroplane at night if the licence includes a night rating (gyroplanes);eto receive remuneration or other valuable consideration for services as a pilot on a flight if the remuneration condition is met.2The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) may not fly a gyroplane mentioned in paragraph (1)(a)—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation (other than commercial operation permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(b));bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration (other than remuneration or other valuable consideration permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(e));cunder Instrument Flight Rules; ordother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) is entitled—ato exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) which includes a night rating (gyroplanes);bin accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of a gyroplane of any of the types or classes specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence when the aircraft is flying for the purposes of—icommercial operation; oriipublic transport operation,unless prohibited by paragraph (2);cto fly as pilot in command of such a gyroplane on a flight for the purpose of public transport until the age of 60 years only where it is certificated for single pilot operation;dto fly such a gyroplane on any flight for the purpose of public transport after attaining the age of 60 years where the gyroplane is fitted with dual controls and carries a second pilot who holds an appropriate licence under this Order entitling the second pilot to act as pilot in command or co-pilot of that gyroplane;eto fly as pilot in command of such a gyroplane carrying passengers if the recent experience condition is met.2The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) may not fly a gyroplane mentioned in paragraph (1)(b)—aat any time after attaining the age of 65 years as pilot in command or co-pilot for the purpose of public transport;bunder Instrument Flight Rules; orcother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) is entitled—ato exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) which includes a night rating (helicopters) or a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) which includes a night rating (gyroplanes);bin accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) and a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes), unless prohibited by paragraph (2);conly where the holder has undertaken such training and passed such flight examinations as the CAA may require, to fly a gyroplane for the purposes of commercial operations or public transport.2The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) may not fly a helicopter or gyroplane mentioned in the licences referred to in paragraph (1)(b)—aat any time after attaining the age of 65 years as pilot in command or co-pilot for the purpose of public transport; orbother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes)

Minimum age:

21 years

Privileges:The holder of an Airline Transport Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) is entitled to exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) except that in paragraph (1)(c) of the privileges of the United Kingdom Commercial Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) referred to in paragraph (1)(b) of that licence, the words “where it is certificated for single pilot operation” do not apply.

Private Pilot's Licence (Balloons and Airships)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Private Pilot's Licence (Balloons and Airships) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any type of balloon or airship on which the holder is so qualified and which is specified in an aircraft rating in the licence, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);b to fly as pilot in command of such a balloon or airship at night if the licence includes a night rating (balloons and airships). 2 The holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Balloons and Airships) may not fly a balloon or airship mentioned in paragraph (1)(a)—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation;bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration;cin a hot-air balloon with an envelope capacity of more than 3,400 m³ (120,069 ft³); ordother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Balloons)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:1The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Balloons) is entitled—ato exercise the privileges of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Balloons and Airships);bin accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any type of balloon specified in the aircraft rating included in the licence when the balloon is flying for the purpose of commercial operations, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);cto fly as pilot in command of any type of balloon specified in the aircraft rating included in the licence for the purpose of the public transport of passengers where the holder has within the immediately preceding 90 days carried out as pilot in command in a free balloon at least three flights each of not less than five minutes duration.2The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Balloons) may not fly a balloon mentioned in paragraph (1)(b) or (c) other than as authorised by paragraph (1) unless permitted to do so by the CAA.

Commercial Pilot's Licence (Airships)

Minimum age:

18 years

Privileges:The holder of a Commercial Pilot's Licence (Airships) is entitled to fly as pilot in command or co-pilot of any type of airship on which the holder is so qualified and which is specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence when the airship is flying for any purpose whatsoever.

Flight Navigator's Licence

Minimum age:

21 years

Privileges:The holder of a Flight Navigator's Licence is entitled to act as flight navigator in any non-Part-21 aircraft.

Flight Engineer's Licence

Minimum age:

21 years

Privileges:The holder of a Flight Engineer's Licence is entitled to act as flight engineer in any type of non-Part-21 aircraft specified in an aircraft rating included in the licence.

Flight Radiotelephony Operator's Licence

Minimum age:

14 years

Privileges:The holder of a Flight Radiotelephony Operator's Licence is entitled to operate radiotelephony apparatus in any aircraft if the stability of the frequency radiated by the transmitter is maintained automatically but is not entitled to operate the transmitter, or to adjust its frequency, except by the use of external switching devices.

National Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges and conditions:1 The holder of a National Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly for the purposes of non-commercial operations as pilot in command of any aeroplane for which a class rating is included in the licence provided that the total number of persons carried (including the pilot) does not exceed four, and the maximum certified take-off mass of the aeroplane does not exceed 2,000 kg;bwith the permission of the competent authority for the airspace in which the aircraft is being flown, to fly such an aeroplane outside the United Kingdom;cto fly such a microlight aeroplane or TMG for the purpose of commercial operation—iwhich consists of instruction or flying examinations, provided that—aain the case of instruction, the licence includes an appropriate instructor certificate; andbbin the case of flying examinations, the holder is authorised to conduct such examinations by the CAA; oriiwhere the excepted flights condition is met;dotherwise than as provided by sub-paragraph (c), to fly such an aeroplane for the purpose of commercial operation where the excepted flights condition is met;eto fly as pilot in command when carrying passengers if—ithe recent experience condition is met; oriithe recent experience exception is met;fto fly as pilot in command of any such aeroplane at night where the licence includes a night rating (aeroplanes);gto fly as pilot in command of any such aeroplane under Instrument Flight Rules where the licence includes an instrument meteorological conditions rating; andhto receive remuneration or other valuable consideration for services as a pilot on a flight if the remuneration condition is met. 2The holder of a National Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) may not fly—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation (other than commercial operation permitted by sub-paragraphs (1)(c) or (1)(d));bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration (other than remuneration or other valuable consideration permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(h)); orcother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA.

Light Aircraft Pilot's Licence (Helicopters)

Minimum age:

17 years

Privileges and conditions:1The holder of a Light Aircraft Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) is entitled—ain accordance with the remainder of this paragraph, to fly for the purposes of non-commercial operations as pilot in command of a single-engine helicopter with a maximum take-off mass of 2,000 kg or less for which a class or type rating is included in the licence provided that the total number of persons carried (including the pilot) does not exceed four, unless prohibited by paragraph (2);bwith the permission of the competent authority for the airspace in which the aircraft is being flown, to fly such a helicopter outside the United Kingdom;cto fly such a helicopter for the purpose of commercial operation where the excepted flights condition is met;dto fly as pilot in command of such a helicopter carrying passengers if—ithe recent experience condition is met; oriithe recent experience exception is met.2The holder of a Light Aircraft Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) may not fly a helicopter mentioned in paragraph (1)(a)—afor the purpose of public transport or commercial operation (other than commercial operation permitted by sub-paragraph (1)(c));bfor remuneration or other valuable consideration;cunder Instrument Flight Rules;dat night; oreother than as authorised by paragraph (1),unless authorised to do so by the CAA. 3A National Private Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters) granted before 1st October 2025 is deemed to be a Light Aircraft Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters).

1

When included in a pilot licence an aircraft rating entitles the holder of the licence to act as pilot of aircraft of the types and classes specified in the aircraft rating and different types and classes of aircraft may be specified in respect of different privileges of a licence.

2

When included in a Flight Engineer's Licence an aircraft rating entitles the holder of the licence to act as flight engineer only of aircraft of a type specified in the aircraft rating.

Instrument rating (aeroplane)

An instrument rating (aeroplane) entitles the holder of the licence to act as pilot in command or co-pilot of an aeroplane flying under the Instrument Flight Rules.

Instrument rating (helicopter)

An instrument rating (helicopter) entitles the holder of the licence to act as pilot in command or co-pilot of a helicopter flying under the Instrument Flight Rules.

Instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Night rating (helicopters)

A night rating (helicopters) entitles the holder of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters) to act as pilot in command of a helicopter at night.

Night rating (gyroplanes)

A night rating (gyroplanes) entitles the holder of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Gyroplanes) to act as pilot in command of a gyroplane at night.

Night rating (balloons and airships)

A night rating (balloons and airships) entitles the holder of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Balloons and Airships) to act as pilot in command of a balloon or an airship at night.

Flight instructor certificate (aeroplane)

A flight instructor certificate (aeroplane) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying aircraft of such types and classes as may be specified in the certificate for that purpose subject to the restrictions specified below.

Restrictions – restricted period1Until the holder of a flight instructor certificate (aeroplane) has completed at least 100 hours flight instruction and, in addition, has supervised at least 25 solo flights by students, the privileges of the certificate are restricted.2The restrictions will be removed from the certificate when the requirements specified in paragraph (1) have been met ... .

Restrictions – restricted privileges1The privileges are restricted to carrying out under the supervision of the holder of a flight instructor certificate (aeroplane) approved for this purpose—aflight instruction for—ithe issue of a National Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) and a United Kingdom Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplanes); andiiclass and type ratings for single-engine aeroplanes,other than for the approval of first solo flights by day or by night and first solo cross country flights by day or by night; andbnight flying instruction.

Flight instructor certificate (helicopter)

A flight instructor certificate (helicopter) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying helicopters of such types as may be specified in the certificate for that purpose subject to the restrictions specified below.

Restrictions – restricted period1Until the holder of a flight instructor certificate (helicopter) has completed at least 100 hours flight instruction and, in addition, has supervised at least 25 student pilot solo flight exercises, the privileges of the certificate are restricted.2The restrictions will be removed from the certificate when the requirements specified in paragraph (1) have been met ... .

Restrictions – restricted privileges1The privileges are restricted to carrying out under the supervision of the holder of a flight instructor certificate (helicopter) approved for this purpose—aflight instruction for—ithe issue of a Light Aircraft Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters) and a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Helicopters); andiitype ratings for single-engine helicopters,other than for the approval of first solo flights by day or by night and first solo cross country flights by day or by night; andbnight flying instruction, provided the holder has undergone such training as the CAA may require.

Flight instructor certificate (gyroplanes)

A flight instructor certificate (gyroplanes) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying gyroplanes of such types as may be specified in the rating for that purpose.

Flight instructor certificate (restricted) (gyroplanes)

A flight instructor certificate (restricted) (gyroplanes) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying gyroplanes of such types as may be specified in the rating for that purpose, but—

  • (a) such instruction must only be given under the supervision of a person who—
  • (i) is present—
  • (aa) during the take-off and landing at the aerodrome at which instruction is to begin and end;
  • (bb) in flight within the circuit pattern of the same aerodrome; or
  • (cc) in flight within the local flying area specified by the flight training organisation; and
  • (ii) is the holder of a flight instructor certificate (gyroplanes) entitled to instruct on an aircraft of the same type or class as the aircraft on which the instruction is being given;
  • (b) does not entitle the holder of the licence to give directions to a person undergoing instruction in respect of the performance of that person's first—
  • (i) solo flight;
  • (ii) solo flight by night;
  • (iii) solo cross-country flight otherwise than by night; or
  • (iv) solo cross-country flight by night.

Type rating instructor certificate (multi-pilot aeroplane)

A type rating instructor certificate (multi-pilot aeroplane) entitles the holder to instruct licence holders for the issue of a multi-pilot aeroplane type rating, including the instruction required for multi-crew co-operation.

Type rating instructor certificate (helicopter)

A type rating instructor certificate (helicopter) entitles the holder to instruct licence holders for the issue of a helicopter type rating, including the instruction required for multi-crew co-operation.

Class rating instructor certificate (single-pilot aeroplane)

A class rating instructor certificate (single-pilot aeroplane) entitles the holder to instruct licence holders for the issue of a type or class rating for single-pilot aeroplanes.

Instrument rating instructor certificate (aeroplane)

An instrument rating instructor certificate (aeroplane) entitles the holder to conduct flight instruction for the issue of an instrument rating (aeroplane) or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes).

Instrument rating instructor certificate (helicopter)

An instrument rating instructor certificate (helicopter) entitles the holder to conduct flight instruction for the issue of an instrument rating (helicopter) for a United Kingdom licence.

Night rating (aeroplanes)

A night rating (aeroplanes) entitles the holder of a United Kingdom Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) or a National Private Pilot's Licence (Aeroplanes) to act as pilot in command of an aeroplane at night.

Microlight class rating

  • (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) to (6) and to the conditions of the licence in which it is included, a microlight class rating entitles the holder to act as pilot in command of any microlight aeroplane.
  • (2) If the current certificate of revalidation for the rating is endorsed “single seat only” the holder is only entitled to act as pilot in command of any single seat microlight aeroplane.
  • (3) If the aeroplane ...—
  • (a) has three axis controls and the holder's previous training and experience has only been in an aeroplane with flexwing or weightshift controls;
  • (b) has flexwing or weightshift controls and the holder's previous training and experience has only been in an aeroplane with three axis controls; ...
  • (c) has a maximum take-off mass of more than 475kg (or more than 495kg if the aeroplane is an amphibian or floatplane) and the holder’s previous training and experience has only been in a microlight aeroplane with a maximum take-off mass of 475kg or less (or 495kg or less if the aeroplane is an amphibian or floatplane);
  • (d) has a maximum take-off mass of 600kg or less (or 650kg or less if the aeroplane is an amphibian or floatplane) and the holder’s previous training and experience has only been in aeroplanes with a maximum take-off mass of more than 600kg (or more than 650kg if the aeroplane is an amphibian or floatplane);
  • (e) is fitted with—
  • (i) a tricycle undercarriage;
  • (ii) a tailwheel;
  • (iii) a supercharger or turbo-charger;
  • (iv) a variable pitch propeller;
  • (v) one or more Electronic Flight Information Systems;
  • (vi) an autopilot system;
  • (vii) more than one engine; or
  • (viii) an electric engine,

and the holder does not have training or experience in aeroplanes with such fitted features; or

  • (f) has a maximum continuous cruising speed in excess of 140 knots indicated airspeed and the holder does not have experience in aeroplanes capable of that speed,

before exercising the privileges of the rating the holder must complete appropriate differences training.

  • (4) The differences training mentioned in paragraph (3) must be given by a flight instructor entitled to instruct on the aeroplane on which the training is being given, recorded in the holder's personal flying logbook and endorsed and signed by the instructor conducting the training.
  • (5) Where the aeroplane is to be operated from water during take-off and landing, before exercising the privileges of the rating the holder must—
  • (a) complete appropriate differences training; and
  • (b) attain a pass in the Private or Professional Seamanship examination.
  • (6) The differences training mentioned in paragraph (5) must be given by a flight instructor entitled to instruct on the aeroplane on which the training is being given, recorded in the holder's personal flying logbook and endorsed and signed by the instructor conducting the training.

Single Engine Piston (SEP) class rating

  • (1) Subject to paragraphs (3) to (6), a Single Engine Piston (SEP) class rating entitles the holder to act as pilot in command of any single engine piston aeroplane.
  • (2) A single engine piston rating shall be issued as being valid for either—
  • (a) aeroplanes designed to operate from land; or
  • (b) aeroplanes designed to operate from water.
  • (3) Where the rating is included in an NPPL(A), the maximum take-off mass of the aircraft must not exceed 2,000 kilograms.
  • (4) The SEP rating includes the microlight class rating but before exercising privileges as pilot in command of a microlight aeroplane, the holder of an SEP rating must—
  • (a) receive appropriate differences training in microlight aeroplanes; and
  • (b) comply with the differences training requirements specified for the holder of a microlight aeroplane class rating as appropriate to the aircraft flown.
  • (5) Where the rating is endorsed “single seat only” in the current certificate of revalidation, the holder is only entitled to act as pilot in command of a single seat aeroplane.
  • (6) Before exercising the privileges of the SEP rating, the holder must complete appropriate differences training where—
  • (a) the aeroplane is fitted with—
  • (i) a tricycle undercarriage;
  • (ii) a tailwheel;
  • (iii) a supercharger or turbo-charger;
  • (iv) a variable pitch propeller;
  • (v) retractable landing gear;
  • (vi) a cabin pressurisation system; or
  • (b) in respect of an NPPL(A) licence endorsed with an SEP rating, the aeroplane has a maximum continuous cruising speed in excess of 140 knots indicated airspeed.
  • (7) The differences training mentioned in paragraphs (4) and (6) must be given by a flight instructor entitled to instruct on the aeroplane used for the training, recorded in the licence holder’s personal flying logbook and endorsed and signed by the instructor conducting the training.
  • (8) An aircraft rating endorsed on a licence as ‘SSEA’ prior to 1st October 2025 is deemed to be an SEP rating except that the SEP rating is deemed limited to aeroplanes designed to operate from land unless the holder—
  • (a) had, prior to 1st October 2025, completed appropriate differences training relating to take off and landing on water; and
  • (b) has passed the Private or Professional Seamanship examination.

TMG class rating

  • (1) Subject to paragraph (2) and to the conditions of the licence in which it is included, a TMG class rating entitles the holder to act as pilot in command of any TMG.
  • (2) If the current certificate of revalidation for the rating is endorsed “single seat only” the holder is only entitled to act as pilot in command of a single seat TMG.
  • (3) An aircraft rating endorsed on a licence as “SLMG” prior to 1st October 2025 is deemed to be a TMG class rating.

Flight instructor's certificate (microlight)

A flight instructor's certificate (microlight) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying microlight aeroplanes with the same type of control system for which the holder's licence is endorsed with a flight instructor's certificate.

Flight instructor's certificate (restricted) (microlight)

  • (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), a flight instructor's certificate (restricted) (microlight) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying microlight aeroplanes with the same type of control system for which the holder's licence is endorsed with a flight instructor's certificate.
  • (2) Such instruction must only be given under the supervision of a person present during the take-off and landing at the aerodrome at which the instruction is to begin and end and holding a pilot's licence endorsed with a flight instructor's certificate entitling that person to instruct on a microlight aeroplane with the same type of control system on which instruction is being given.
  • (3) A flight instructor's certificate (restricted) (microlight) does not entitle the holder of the licence to authorise the person undergoing instruction to perform a first solo flight or first solo cross-country flight.

Flight instructor's certificate (SLMG)

Flight instructor’s certificate (TMG)

  • (1) A flight instructor’s certificate (TMG) entitles the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying TMGs.
  • (2) A flight instructor’s certificate endorsed on a licence as “FI (SLMG)” prior to 1st October 2025 is deemed to be a flight instructor’s certificate (TMG).

Helicopter type rating

A helicopter type rating for a single engine helicopter with a maximum total weight authorised of 2,000kg or less may be included in a Light Aircraft Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters) granted under Part 6.

1
  • (1) The ratings and certificates listed in column 1 of the following tables—
  • (a) have the validity listed in the corresponding entry in column 2;
  • (b) are revalidated in accordance with the corresponding entry in column 3; and
  • (c) are renewed in accordance with the corresponding entry in column 4.
  • (2) For the purposes of paragraph 1(1)(a)—
  • (a) ratings and certificates are valid from the date of issue until the end of the period specified in column 2 after the end of the month in which the rating or certificate was issued;
  • (b) as regards revalidation the rating and certificate are valid from the end of the period in paragraph (a) for the period specified in column 2—
  • (i) in relation to any rating or certificate that may be revalidated by meeting flight or instruction experience requirements, provided those experience requirements have been met; or
  • (ii) subject to sub-paragraph (2A), in relation to any other rating or certificate, provided that the rating or certificate is revalidated within the period of three months preceding the end of the period in paragraph (a); and
  • (c) as regards renewal, the new rating or certificate is valid from the date of issue until the end of the period specified in column 2 after the end of the month in which the rating or certificate was renewed.
  • (2A) Where a rating or certificate is revalidated by a proficiency check prior to the last 3 months of the period specified in column 2, the period specified in column 2 commences from the end of the month in which the revalidation occurred.
  • (3) For the purposes of paragraphs 1(1)(b) and (c), a reference in the following tables to—
  • (a) a paragraph of Part-FCL is a reference to the applicant needing to complete the requirements specified in that paragraph; and
  • (b) completing training or passing a proficiency check are references to the applicant needing to take the specified action.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
Single-engine piston (SEP) class rating (land), TMG and SLMG rating 24 months FCL.740.A (b)(1) and (4) of Part-FCL, provided a SEP aeroplane with three axis control system is used.Where both a SEP (land) and a TMG or SLMG rating are held, the requirements may be completed in either class and achieve revalidation of both ratings. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Single-engine piston (SEP) class rating (sea) 24 months FCL.740.A (b)(1) and (4) of Part-FCL, provided a SEP aeroplane with three axis control system is used. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Single-engine turbo-prop (SET) aeroplanes class rating 24 months FCL.740.A (b)(3) of Part-FCL. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Multi-engine piston (MEP) class rating 12 months FCL.740.A (a) of Part-FCL. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Any type rating 12 months FCL.740.A (a) of Part-FCL. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Any type rating 12 months FCL 740.H (a) of Part-FCL. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Any single engine class rating 24 months (a) 12 hours flight time in the relevant class within the 12 months preceding the expiry of the rating, including—(i) 6 hours as pilot in command;(ii) 12 take-offs and landings; and(iii) a one-hour flight with the holder of a Flight Instructor certificate (Gyroplanes); or(b) complete such proficiency check as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
Any rating, where used in connection with public transport 13 months Pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Any rating, where used in connection with commercial operation 13 months Have such flight experience as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Any rating 12 months FCL.740.As (a) of Part-FCL. (a) complete such training as the CAA may require; and(b) pass the appropriate proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to Part-FCL.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Any rating for Flight Navigator's Licence 13 months (a) complete the appropriate proficiency check; and(b) have such experience as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Flight engineer type rating 12 months Pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Instrument rating (aeroplane) 12 months FCL.625.A of Part-FCL. FCL.625 (c) and (d) of Part-FCL.
Instrument rating (helicopter) 12 months FCL.625.H of Part-FCL. FCL.625 (c) and (d) of Part-FCL.
Instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes) 25 months Pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Column 1Rating Column 2Validity Column 3Revalidation Column 4Renewal
--- --- --- ---
Fight instructor certificate (aeroplanes) 36 months FCL.940.FI (a) and (b) of Part-FCL. FCL.940.FI (c) of Part-FCL.
Flight instructor certificate (helicopters) 36 months FCL.940.FI (a) and (b) of Part-FCL. FCL.940.FI (c) of Part-FCL.
Flight instructor certificate (gyroplanes) 36 months Pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require. Complete such training and pass such proficiency check as the CAA may require.
Type rating instructor certificate (multi-pilot aeroplane) 36 months FCL.940.TRI (a) of Part-FCL. FCL.940.TRI (b) of Part-FCL.
Type rating instructor certificate (helicopter) 36 months FCL.940.TRI (a) of Part-FCL. FCL.940.TRI (b) of Part-FCL.
Class rating instructor certificate (single-pilot aeroplane) 36 months FCL.940.CRI (a) and (b) of Part-FCL. FCL.940.CRI (c) of Part-FCL.
Instrument rating instructor certificate (aeroplane) 36 months FCL.940.IRI of Part-FCL. FCL.940.IRI of Part-FCL.
Instrument rating instructor certificate (helicopter) 36 months FCL.940.IRI of Part-FCL. FCL.940.IRI of Part-FCL.
2

Except in the case of holders of a Private Pilot's Licence (Balloons and Airships), a certificate of revalidation must be issued where any of the requirements for revalidation or renewal in the tables in paragraph 1 have been met.

3

A certificate of revalidation must be signed by a person authorised by the CAA to sign certificates of this kind and certify—

  • (a) the functions to which the certificate relates;
  • (b) the date on which it was signed;
  • (c) that on the date on which the certificate was signed the relevant requirements for revalidation or renewal in the tables in paragraph 1 have been met;
  • (d) where the relevant requirements for revalidation or renewal in the tables in paragraph 1 involve—
  • (i) the gaining of experience, the type or types of aircraft in which the experience was gained;
  • (ii) the taking of a test or proficiency check, the type of aircraft or flight simulator in or by means of which the test was conducted.
4
  • (1) A certificate of revalidation required by article 157 for an SEP class rating, a microlight class rating or a TMG class rating must be signed by a person authorised by the CAA to sign certificates of this kind and certify—
  • (a) the rating to which the certificate relates;
  • (b) that on a specified date the holder has satisfied the relevant requirements for issue in accordance with Table A and Table B;
  • (c) the specified date; and
  • (d) the date on which the period of validity of the certificate expires in accordance with sub-paragraph (3).
Circumstances Requirements
1 On initial issue by the CAA The holder of the licence has passed a NPPL General Skill Test with the authorised examiner signing the licence application form in an aeroplane of the class for which the certificate of revalidation is sought
2 There is a current valid certificate of revalidation for the rating The holder of the licence has—(a) passed a NPPL General Skill Test with the authorised examiner signing the certificate in an aeroplane of the class for which the certificate of revalidation is sought; or(b) produced their personal flying log book to the authorised person signing the certificate and satisfied the authorised person that the holder satisfied the experience requirements specified in paragraph (2)
3 The last previous certificate of revalidation for the rating expired less than five years before the date on which the new certificate is to be signed The holder of the licence has passed a NPPL General Skill Test with the authorised examiner signing the certificate in an aeroplane of the class for which the certificate of revalidation is sought
4 The last previous certificate of revalidation for the rating expired five years or more before the date on which the new certificate is to be signed The holder of the licence has passed—(a) a NPPL General Skill Test with the authorised examiner signing the certificate in an aeroplane of the class for which the certificate of revalidation is sought; and(b) an oral theoretical knowledge examination conducted by the authorised examiner as part of the NPPL General Skill Test
  • (2) The experience requirements for the issue of a certificate of revalidation for a class rating in accordance with paragraph 2(b) of Table A are that the holder has, as a pilot in aeroplanes for which there is a class rating included in the licence and within the period of validity of the current certificate of revalidation for the rating—
  • (a) flown at least 12 hours which includes at least 6 hours as pilot in command;
  • (b) completed at least 12 take-offs and at least 12 landings;
  • (c) flown at least six hours in the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the rating;
  • (d) undertaken at least one hour of flying training in an aeroplane with an instructor entitled to give instructions on aeroplanes of that class.
  • (2A) Where all the experience requirements of paragraph (2) are met except those in paragraph (2)(d), a certificate of revalidation may be issued but must be endorsed ‘single seat only’.
  • (3) If the rating—
  • (a) has not expired, the new certificate is valid for 24 months from the end of the month which includes the expiry date of the existing certificate, except where the certificate is validated by a NPPL General Skill Test more than 3 months before the expiry date of the existing certificate, in which case the new certificate is valid for 24 months from the end of the month in which the test was taken;
  • (b) has expired, the new certificate is valid for 24 months in addition to the remainder of the month in which the date of test falls.
1

Information and instructions relating to the following matters must be included in an operations manual—

  • (a) The number of the crew to be carried in the aircraft, on each stage of any route to be flown.
  • (b) The respective capacities in which the crew members are to act.
  • (c) Instructions as to the order and circumstances in which command is to be assumed by members of the crew.
  • (d) The respective duties of each member of the crew and the other members of the operating staff.
  • (e) The scheme referred to in article 175(1).
  • (f) Such technical detailed information concerning the aircraft, its engines and equipment and concerning the performance of the aircraft as may be necessary to enable the flight crew of the aircraft to perform their respective duties.
  • (g) The manner in which the quantities of fuel and oil to be carried by the aircraft are to be computed and records of fuel and oil carried and consumed on each stage of the route to be flown are to be maintained (and the instructions must take account of all circumstances likely to be encountered on the flight, including the possibility of failure of one or more of the aircraft engines).
  • (h) The manner in which the quantity, if any, of oxygen and oxygen equipment to be carried in the aircraft for the purpose of complying with Scale L1 or L2 in Part 1 of Schedule 6 is to be computed.
  • (i) The check system to be followed by the crew of the aircraft before and on take-off, on landing and in an emergency, so as to ensure that the operating procedures contained in the operations manual and in the flight manual or performance schedule for the aircraft are complied with.
  • (j) The circumstances in which a radio watch is to be maintained.
  • (k) The circumstances in which oxygen is to be used by the crew of the aircraft, and by passengers.
  • (l) Subject to paragraph 2, communication, navigational aids, aerodromes, local regulations, in-flight procedures, approach and landing procedures and such other information as the operator considers necessary for the proper conduct of flight operations (which must be contained in a route guide, which may be in the form of a separate volume).
  • (m) The reporting in flight to the notified authorities of meteorological observations.
  • (n) Subject to paragraph 2, the minimum altitudes for safe flight on each stages of the route to be flown (which must not be lower than any which may be applicable under the law of the United Kingdom or of the countries whose territory is to be flown over) and any planned diversion from that route.
  • (o) The required information referred to in article 131(2).
  • (p) Emergency flight procedures, including procedures for the instruction of passengers in the position and use of emergency equipment and procedures to be adopted when the pilot in command of the aircraft becomes aware that another aircraft or a vessel is in distress and needs assistance.
  • (q) In the case of aircraft intended to fly at an altitude of more than 49,000 feet the procedures for the use of cosmic radiation detection equipment.
  • (r) The labelling and marking of dangerous goods, the manner in which the dangerous goods must be loaded on or suspended beneath an aircraft, the responsibilities of members of the crew for the carriage of dangerous goods and the action to be taken in the event of emergencies arising involving dangerous goods.
  • (s) Such detailed information about any permission granted to the operator under article 78A(2) as may be necessary to enable the pilot in command of the aircraft to determine whether article 69(8)(b) can be complied with.
  • (t) Procedures for the operation of any airborne collision avoidance system carried on the aircraft.
  • (u) The establishment and maintenance of an accident prevention and flight safety programme.
  • (v) In the case of a helicopter, the maximum approved passenger seating configuration.
2

In relation to any flight which is not one of a series of flights between the same two places and to the extent that it is not practicable to comply with sub-paragraphs 1(l) and 1(n), it is sufficient if the manual contains such information and instructions as will enable the equivalent data to be ascertained before take-off.

1

The following information and instructions must be included in a training manual—

  • (a) The manner in which the training, practice and periodical tests required under article 114(2) and specified in Part 3 of this Schedule are to be carried out.
  • (b) The minimum qualifications and experience which an operator requires of persons appointed by the operator to give or to supervise the training, practice and periodical tests.
  • (c) The type of training, practice and periodical tests which each such person is appointed to give or to supervise.
  • (d) The type of aircraft for which each such person is appointed to give or to supervise the said training, practice and periodical tests.
  • (e) The minimum qualifications and experience required for each member of the crew undergoing the required training, practice and periodical tests.
  • (f) The current syllabus for, and specimen forms for recording, the required training, practice and periodical tests.
  • (g) The manner in which instrument flight conditions and engine failure are to be simulated in the aircraft in flight.
  • (h) The extent to which the required training and testing is permitted in the course of flights for the purpose of public transport.
  • (i) The use to be made in the required training and testing of apparatus approved for the purpose by the CAA.
1
  • (1) The training, experience, practice and periodical tests required under article 114(2) for members of the crew of an aircraft to which that paragraph applies must be as follows.
  • (2) Every member of the crew must have—
  • (a) been tested by or on behalf of the operator as to the crew member's knowledge of the use of the emergency and life saving equipment required to be carried in the aircraft on the flight and have a valid test result;
  • (b) practised under the supervision of the operator or of a person appointed by the operator for the purpose, within the test validity period, the carrying out of the duties required of the crew member in case of an emergency occurring to the aircraft—
  • (i) in an aircraft of the type to be used on the flight; or
  • (ii) in apparatus approved by the CAA for the purpose and controlled by a person so approved by the CAA.
2
  • (1) Every pilot included in the flight crew who is intended by the operator to fly as pilot in circumstances requiring compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules must have been tested by or on behalf of the operator—
  • (a) as to the pilot's competence to perform the pilot's duties while executing normal manoeuvres and procedures in flight; and
  • (b) as to the pilot's competence to perform the pilot's duties in instrument flight conditions while executing emergency manoeuvres and procedures in flight,

in each case in an aircraft of the type to be used on the flight and including the use of the instruments and equipment provided in the aircraft, and have a valid test result.

  • (2) A pilot's ability to execute normal manoeuvres and procedures must be tested in the aircraft in flight.
  • (3) The other tests required by sub-paragraph (1) may be conducted either in the aircraft in flight, or under the supervision of a person approved by the CAA for the purpose by means of a flight simulator approved by the CAA.
  • (4) The tests specified in sub-paragraph (1)(b) when conducted in the aircraft in flight must be carried out either in actual instrument flight conditions or in instrument flight conditions simulated by means approved by the CAA.
  • (5) Every pilot included in the flight crew whose licence does not include an instrument rating or who is not intended by the operator to fly in circumstances requiring compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules, even though the licence includes such a rating, must have been tested by or on behalf of the operator in flight in an aircraft of the type to be used on the flight—
  • (a) as to the pilot's competence to act as pilot of that aircraft, while executing normal manoeuvres and procedures; and
  • (b) as to the pilot's competence to act as pilot of that aircraft while executing emergency manoeuvres and procedures,

and have a valid test result.

  • (6) In relation to every pilot included in the flight crew who is seated at the flying controls during the take-off or landing and who is intended by the operator to fly as pilot in circumstances requiring compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules—
  • (a) the pilot must have been tested as to the pilot's proficiency in using instrument approach-to-land systems of the type in use at the aerodrome of intended landing and any destination alternate aerodromes and have a valid test result; and
  • (b) the test required by sub-paragraph (a) must have been carried out—
  • (i) in flight in instrument flight conditions; or
  • (ii) in instrument flight conditions simulated by means approved by the CAA; or
  • (iii) under the supervision of a person approved by the CAA for the purpose by means of a flight simulator approved by the CAA.
  • (7) In the case of a helicopter, every pilot included in the flight crew whose licence does not include an instrument rating but who is intended to fly at night under visual flight conditions, must have been tested by or on behalf of the operator, in a helicopter of the type to be used on the flight, as to the pilot's competence to act as pilot of that helicopter—
  • (a) while executing normal manoeuvres and procedures; and
  • (b) while executing specified manoeuvres and procedures in flight in instrument flight conditions simulated by means approved by the CAA,

and have a valid test result.

  • (8) Every pilot included in the flight crew and who is seated at the flying controls during take-off or landing must have carried out within the test validity period, at least three take-offs and three landings in aircraft of the type to be used on the flight when seated at the flying controls.
1

A record of any functional tests, flight checks and detailed information about any maintenance, repair, overhaul, replacement or modification.

2

Subject to paragraph 3, the record must be kept in a legible or a non-legible form. If the record is kept in a non-legible form it must be capable of being reproduced in a legible form and it must be so reproduced by the person required to keep the record if requested by an authorised person.

3

In any particular case the CAA may direct that the record is kept or be capable of being reproduced in such a form as it may specify.

1

Each record made by the apparatus provided in compliance with article 206(2) or (3) must be adequately identified and in particular must include—

  • (a) the identification of the aeronautical radio station;
  • (b) the date or dates on which the record was made;
  • (c) a means of determining the time at which each message or signal was transmitted or received;
  • (d) the identity of the aircraft to or from which and the radio frequency on which the message or signal was transmitted or received; and
  • (e) the time at which the record started and finished.
1

The purpose for which the apparatus is to be used.

2

The manner in which the apparatus has been specified and produced in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used.

3

The adequacy, in relation to the purpose for which the apparatus is to be used, of the operating parameters of the apparatus (if any).

Editorial notes

[^c23204791]: 1982 c.16; sections 60 and 61 were amended by the Airports Act 1986 (c.31), section 83(5) and Schedule 6 Part II. Section 60 was further amended by the Aviation and Maritime Security Act 1990 (c.31), section 47 and Schedule 4, and by the Civil Aviation Act 2006 (c.34), section 8. Section 61 was further amended by the Aviation (Offences) Act 2003 (c.19), section 2 and Schedule 13 has been amended by the Energy Act 2004 (c.20), section 101.

[^c23204801]: 1986 c.31.

[^c23204811]: 1972 c. 68. Paragraph 1A of Schedule 2 was inserted by the Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c.51), section 28.

[^c23204821]: 2006 c.46.

[^c23204831]: 1948 c.56. Section 3(1) was amended by paragraph 22 of Schedule 13 to the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 (c.21).

[^c23204841]: MAA01: Military Aviation Authority Regulatory Policy (Issue 4) and Regulatory Articles 2000 Series Flying Regulations are published by the Military Aviation Authority on behalf of the Secretary of State and are available at https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/maa-regulatory-publications or by writing to MAA regulation enquiries, Juniper 1, Abbey Wood North, Bristol, BS34 8QW.

[^c23204851]: 1890 c.39.

[^c23204881]: 1986 c.38.

[^c23204891]: 2004 c.21.

[^c23204911]: 2000 c.38.

[^c23204931]: S.I. 2015/912.

[^c23204941]: O.J. No. L 336, 20.12.2011, p.20.

[^c23204961]: 1981 c.61.

[^c23204971]: Treaty Series No. 8 (1953); Cmd 8742.

[^c23204981]: 1974 c.39.

[^c23204991]: O.J. No. L 44, 14.02.2014, p.1.

[^c23205001]: O.J. No. L 296, 25.10.2012, p.1.

[^c23205021]: O.J. No. L 224, 21.08.2012, p.1.

[^c23205031]: O.J. No. L 311, 25.11.2011, p.1.

[^c23205041]: O.J. No. L 362, 17.12.2014, p.1.

[^c23205051]: 1995 c.21.

[^c23205061]: 1964 c.5.

[^c23205081]: Issue 10, dated 7th March 2014, was published by The Stationery Office on behalf of the CAA, under ISBN 9780117928619. It is also available online for download at http://www.caa.co.uk/CAP168

[^c23205091]: S.I. 1996/2798.

[^c23205101]: O.J. No. L 122, 24.04.2014, p.18.

[^c23205111]: 2003 c.21.

[^c23205121]: O.J. No. L 96, 31.03.2004, p.10.

[^c23205131]: O.J. No. L 281, 13.10.2012, p.1.

[^c23205141]: 1952 c.67.

[^c23205161]: Treaty Series No. 77 (1977); Cmnd 6962.

[^c23205171]: Treaty Series No. 44 (1998); Cm 4063.

[^c23205191]: 2006 c.36.

[^c23205201]: 1997 c.50.

[^c23205211]: Subsection (6D) was inserted in respect of Northern Ireland by S.R. (NI) 2014 No 100.

[^c23205221]: Schedule 8A was inserted by S.S.I. 2015/423.

[^c23205231]: S.I. 2004/756.

[^c23205241]: S.I. 2012/1657.

[^c23205251]: S.I. 2013/343.

[^c23205261]: S.I. 2014/774.

[^c23205271]: S.I. 2014/2936.

[^c23205281]: S.I. 2015/596.

[^c23205291]: S.I. 2015/840.

[^c23205301]: S.I. 2015/870.

[^c23205311]: S.S.I. 2013/50.

[^c23205321]: S.R. 1979/195.

[^c23205331]: S.R. 2015/70.

[^c23205341]: S.R. 2015/72.

[^key-0050eefbeb54729a8f9a81db8e65d133]: Words in art. 151(1) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 43 (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-00ed95bcc3fba423295715eed2880460]: Words in art. 33(2)(g) omitted (14.12.2017) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 10

[^key-01c097ba5bb55e3b3ae3512d1a5f5981]: Words in art. 150 heading inserted (1.10.2025) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2025 (S.I. 2025/850), arts. 1(2), 6(2)

[^key-01f85a9d360ff21c57f34bc388d7f4c5]: Word in art. 141 heading substituted (31.12.2020) by The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 35 (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-02a136ba2c018163515eec5d4a8158c0]: Sch. 8 Pt. 3 para. 6 omitted (1.10.2025) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2025 (S.I. 2025/850), arts. 1(2), 16(4)(b)(iii)

[^key-02d258ee7d2eb99e884d4b15ab93a071]: Words in Sch. 13 Pt. 3 Ch. 1 inserted (14.12.2017) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 56(b)

[^key-0317ac6fa869b932e7e56e5556c7f727]: Sch. 8 Pt. 3 para. 5(2)(a) substituted (14.12.2017) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 46(2)(b)

[^key-032b6e0ccfccbdf199bdf327d2cc70ac]: Word in art. 23(3) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2020 (S.I. 2020/1555), arts. 1(2), 5(4)(a) (with art. 13)

[^key-03fa901ac1f49d057ee6eceae84920fe]: Word in Sch. 1 para. 1 substituted (31.12.2020) by The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 78(2)(s)(i) (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-049bc4e7940c917edb58cd6ce0e6a46e]: Art. 94A(4A) inserted (31.12.2020) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2020 (S.I. 2020/1555), arts. 1(2), 7(5) (with art. 13)

[^key-05639529e52b6ea34879d7b8b96f1da5]: Words in Sch. 1 para. 2(b) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 78(3)(b) (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-05a2470bf898fac0600576ad745ccd12]: Word in Sch. 5 heading substituted (31.12.2020) by The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 80 (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-063cf4a39a70165220773c406e2e6521]: Words in Sch. 13 Pt. 2 Ch. 6 substituted (14.12.2017) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 53

[^key-065c3079d5558bea31d2c07cd7a38e14]: Art. 270 omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 73 (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-0692e7ba79e1a35b7d22588c16507e54]: Words in art. 176(1) substituted (14.12.2017) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 34(b)

[^key-06ac3341c10e484cfa28aad51c5bec0d]: Words in Sch. 1 para. 1 omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 78(2)(v)(iv) (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-07731158cba63fc3d945aac92f5d30ef]: Words in art. 256(7) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Aviation Safety (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/645), reg. 1, Sch. 1 para. 69(c)(i) (with Sch. 3) (as amended by S.I. 2019/1098, regs. 1(3), 12); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

[^key-079be0d8b715bd97d6ef6b32723df865]: Art. 265D(7) omitted (4.11.2024) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2024 (S.I. 2024/990), arts. 1(2), 7

[^key-084d883438173b484f01df6ef052f784]: Words in art. 155(1) inserted (1.10.2025) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2025 (S.I. 2025/850), arts. 1(2), 9(3)

[^key-08f3d72880e03a595034c91c7bdd04bf]: Sch. 13 Pt. 2 Ch. 11 inserted (5.12.2018) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2018 (S.I. 2018/1160), arts. 1, 8

[^key-099a771455624ea8e0e54298018fbe78]: Art. 265D(2) omitted (4.11.2024) by virtue of The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2024 (S.I. 2024/990), arts. 1(2), 7

[^key-09cf3fa0d13eb65447eafd5020b001b2]: Words in Sch. 13 Pt. 2 Ch. 1 substituted (14.12.2017) by The Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 2017 (S.I. 2017/1112), arts. 1, 52(g)

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