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The Space Industry Regulations 2021

Type Statutory-Instrument

Publication 2021-07-08

Last updated 2025-04-01

State In force

Department King's Printer of Acts of Parliament

Source legislation.gov.uk

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(2) The matters mentioned in regulation 26(3) which the applicant must take into account in carrying out the flight safety analysis are—

(a) the locations of individuals who could be harmed by any of the identified hazards;

(b) the applicant’s own and each proposed range control service provider’s capabilities in—

(i) tracking;

(ii) telemetry;

(iii) communications;

(d) how the applicant will coordinate and communicate with air traffic control service providers, meteorological information providers and emergency services;

(e) any legal requirements relevant to the applicant’s proposed use of airspace;

(f) information available about any known space object with which there is a risk of the launch vehicle colliding.

Ground safety analysis

19

The hazards mentioned in regulation 27(5) which the applicant must consider in carrying out the ground safety analysis are—

(a) blast overpressure;

(b) fragmentation debris;

(d) toxic release;

(e) major accident hazards arising from—

(i) hazardous material;

(ii) contamination of hazardous material intended for use in the launch vehicle;

(iii) impact damage and mechanical damage;

(iv) meteorological or environmental conditions;

(v) sources of electrical discharge.

SCHEDULE 2 — Matters applicant must take into account for the risk assessment

The applicant must consider all hazards that could cause a human occupant to experience or undergo any of the following—

(a) disorientation;

(b) acceleration;

(d) excessive noise or vibration;

(e) anxiety, claustrophobia or other conditions caused by restrictions on individual mobility or reduced ability to use the senses during spaceflight activities;

(f) loss of, or a reduction in the level of, launch vehicle pressurisation;

(g) depleted levels of oxygen and decompression sickness;

(h) fire, smoke or other emergency on board the launch vehicle which contaminates the supply of oxygen;

(i) evacuation of the launch vehicle;

(j) activation of a flight safety system.

SCHEDULE 3 — Training and qualification

PART 1 — Specified criteria

Launch directors

1

A launch director (“LD”) must have a detailed knowledge and understanding of—

(a) the operator’s spaceflight activities, including the operation of the launch vehicle and any carrier aircraft and all matters which may affect the safety of the launch;

(b) the responsibilities of the LD in relation to the licence of the spaceflight operator and any conditions imposed on that licence;

(c) all launch procedures and spaceflight procedures throughout all phases of the flight, including under both normal conditions and abnormal conditions, including emergency situations;

(d) in cases where the operator’s spaceflight activities require a flight safety system, the flight safety system, including autonomous flight safety systems and manual systems, and the circumstances and conditions for use of the flight safety system.

2

The LD must be able to demonstrate an ability to deal with both planned and unplanned events during—

(a) a launch, or a series of simulated launches, and

(b) flights,

in accordance with the procedures established by the spaceflight operator.

3

The LD must have the ability to organise and lead personnel of the spaceflight operator working on the launch, and any other staff involved with monitoring in real time the launch vehicle’s trajectory, performance or safe condition for continued flight.

4

The LD must have a comprehensive knowledge of pre-flight, flight and post-flight activities, including safety-critical ground operations and the role and functions of any sub-contractors and other agencies involved during the operator’s spaceflight activities.

5

The LD must have a clear understanding of—

(a) the role of the safety manager,

(b) the regulatory matters pertaining to the operator’s spaceflight activities,

(d) the processes involved in gaining final approval for launch.

6

The LD must have participated in practical training, which must include mission rehearsals, and either—

(a) participating in actual launch activities under the supervision of a qualified LD, or

(b) simulations of any circumstances where the trainee LD was forbidden from participating in actual launch activities under paragraph 7.

7

A trainee LD may not be given any role in relation to an actual launch if this could adversely affect flight safety.

Flight termination personnel

8

Every member of the flight termination personnel (“MFTP”) must have the knowledge, skill and ability to operate a manual flight safety system in accordance with the safety regulations in Part 8.

9

The MFTP must be familiar with—

(a) the spaceport or other place from which the launch is to take place or takes place, the launch vehicle and equipment used in the operator’s spaceflight activities, and

(b) the flight-safety functions and procedures which relate to the operator’s spaceflight activities.

10

The MFTP must have completed—

(a) training designed for each mission in which the MFTP is to participate, and

(b) launch and spaceflight simulation exercises and rehearsals designed to test the flight termination criteria, the flight safety data display integrity and the performance of the MFTPs for the flight in both normal and abnormal conditions, including emergency situations.

11

All MFTPs who monitor launch vehicle performance and perform flight termination, or oversee an automated flight safety system which performs these functions, must have detailed knowledge of—

(a) the application of safety support systems such as position-tracking sources, communications, telemetry and system redundancy,

(b) the technology and scientific principles associated with the flight safety systems used by the spaceflight operator, including hardware and software and any command destruct function,

(d) the behaviour of ballistic and aerodynamic vehicles in flight under the influence of aerodynamic forces, and

(e) the application of safety regulations in Part 8 and the procedures set out in the safety operations manual so far as they apply to flight termination.

12

The MFTP must also be capable of resolving, where possible, malfunctions in the flight safety systems used by the spaceflight operator, and be aware of the procedures to be followed if malfunctions cannot be resolved.

Flight crew and remote pilots

13

Every member of the flight crew (“MFC”) and remote pilot must be able to demonstrate their ability to operate the launch vehicle and to perform their assigned functions competently and safely throughout all phases of the flight in both normal and abnormal conditions, including emergency situations.

14

(1) An MFC of a sub-orbital aircraft must, subject to paragraph (3), hold—

(a) a commercial pilot’s licence with an instrument rating, issued by the CAA, or

(b) an ICAO compliant commercial pilot’s licence with instrument rating,

which, subject to paragraph (2), has a valid type-rating for at least one type of turbo-jet aircraft.

(2) The MFC may hold a licence within paragraph (1)(a) or (b) which does not have a valid type-rating for a type of turbo-jet aircraft if the MFC can provide evidence that the MFC is, or has been, qualified to fly a military turbo-jet aircraft.

(3) An MFC who is a pilot of a launch vehicle which is a balloon must hold—

(a) a commercial pilot’s licence for balloons issued by the CAA, or

(b) an ICAO compliant commercial pilot’s licence for balloons.

(4) A remote pilot must have any qualifications required by the regulator by conditions included in the spaceflight operator’s licence.

15

(1) Pilots and remote pilots must possess the aeronautical knowledge, experience and skills necessary to pilot and control the launch vehicle within airspace having the same classification as the airspace in which the launch vehicle will be operating, including in the vicinity of spaceports and airports.

(2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), aeronautical experience may include hours in flight and hours under instruction.

16

(1) An MFC expecting to act as a pilot in command of a flight in which a spaceflight participant is to be carried (a “participant spaceflight”), must have undertaken one actual or simulated spaceflight in a launch vehicle of the same type as the spaceflight operator’s launch vehicle as a member of the flight crew within the period of 14 days ending on the day before the participant spaceflight (the “relevant period”).

(2) A remote pilot who intends to act as a remote pilot in command of a participant spaceflight must have undertaken one actual or simulated spaceflight in a launch vehicle of the same type as the spaceflight operator’s launch vehicle as a remote pilot within the relevant period.

17

An MFC must be able to demonstrate the MFC’s ability to withstand the mental and physical stresses of spaceflight including disorientation, illusory effects, rapid acceleration, microgravity, noise and vibration, in sufficient condition to be able to operate the launch vehicle throughout all phases of flight safely and competently.

18

(1) An MFC of a launch vehicle other than a balloon must be able to demonstrate an ability to perform tasks, equivalent in complexity to those which would be performed in flight, while exposed to the mental and physical stresses of rapid acceleration.

(2) Whether the MFC satisfies the criteria in sub-paragraph (1) must be tested in a centrifuge device or an aircraft, or in a combination of the two, that is able to replicate the effects on the human body of the forces of acceleration, the rate of change of those forces and their duration, in conditions equivalent to the periods of the flight when those forces are most acute.

19

An MFC and a remote pilot must hold a flight radiotelephony operator’s licence for the area of operation of the licensee’s spaceflight activities, which certifies that they have language proficiency in English to level 6, in accordance with Appendix 2 to the Aircrew Regulation.

20

An MFC must have previous experience as a member of the flight crew or as a remote pilot in a launch vehicle or aircraft that exposed the MFC—

(a) to a workload which is equivalent to that expected of an MFC or a remote pilot undertaking the spaceflight activities, and

(b) to effects on the body of rapid onset and diminution of acceleration at least equivalent to those which would be experienced during a typical flight of the spaceflight operator’s launch vehicle.

Sub-orbital aircraft engineers

21

(1) A sub-orbital aircraft engineer for a sub-orbital aircraft intended to carry humans must hold—

(a) an aircraft engineer’s licence issued by the CAA which is relevant to turbo-jet powered aircraft, or

(b) an equivalent ICAO compliant aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence.

(2) The sub-orbital aircraft engineer referred to in sub-paragraph (1) must be able to demonstrate an ability to carry out any inspections and functional checks and to review any information, which are necessary to confirm that the launch vehicle complies with conditions referred to in regulation 99 in so far as readiness of the launch vehicle to launch is concerned.

Range operations manager

22

A range operations manager (“ROM”) must be able to demonstrate competence in—

(a) coordinating arrangements for the activation and operation of the range, and

(b) ensuring—

(i) that range functions of a mission are carried out in accordance with the terms and conditions of the range control licence, and

(ii) effective functioning of range operation and personnel in support of the spaceflight activities.

23

The ROM must ensure that the ROM’s team has completed mission-specific training so that the team is ready to support the spaceflight activities involved in a mission.

24

The ROM must have experience in a similar or related role in another organisation.

Range safety manager

25

A range safety manager (“RSM”) must have completed—

(a) mission-specific training to ensure that the team is ready for a mission, and

(b) launch and spaceflight simulation exercises and rehearsals covering both normal and abnormal conditions, including emergency situations, designed to test—

(i) range safety personnel performance,

(ii) flight termination criteria, and

(iii) flight safety data-display integrity.

26

The RSM must be able to demonstrate familiarity with the range, spaceport or other place from which the launch is to take place or takes place, launch vehicle and the flight safety system functions, equipment and procedures related to the operator’s spaceflight activities.

27

Where the RSM is to be responsible for operating, or for overseeing the operation of, the flight safety system, the RSM must be able to demonstrate the knowledge, skill and ability necessary to operate that system, or, in the case of an autonomous flight safety system, to oversee the operation of that system.

28

The RSM must be able to demonstrate detailed knowledge of—

(a) the application of safety support systems such as position-tracking sources, communications, telemetry and system redundancy,

(b) the technology and scientific principles associated with the flight safety system to be used by the spaceflight operator, including hardware and software and any command destruct function,

(d) the behaviour of ballistic and aerodynamic vehicles in flight under the influence of aerodynamic forces, and

(e) the application of safety regulations in Part 8 and the procedures set out in the safety operations manual so far as they apply to flight termination.

29

The RSM must also be capable of resolving malfunctions in flight safety systems used by the spaceflight operator and be aware of the procedures to be followed if malfunctions cannot be resolved.

PART 2 — Training manual

30

The training manual must contain the matters set out in paragraphs 31 to 47.

31

The training policy of the licensee, including guidance on objective assessment, the need for impartiality, and what provision is made for independent confirmation that an individual meets the required standard of competency.

32

The responsibilities of the training manager.

33

The responsibilities of instructors carrying out any part of the training programme.

34

Information for instructors on the training programme, including—

(a) the syllabus and content for each course on the training programme,

(b) what assessments are to be carried out on the training programme, and

35

The locations where any training is to be carried out.

36

The procedures established by the licensee to satisfy its obligations under regulation 72(1), and, where the licensee will be undertaking spaceflight activities with individuals on board a launch vehicle, to enable crew members and spaceflight participants to satisfy their obligations under Chapter 5 of Part 8.

37

The entry requirements for applicants for each role.

38

The procedures to be adopted for determining that an individual has met the required standard of competency to undertake a role, and for recording that fact.

39

A full description of the training programme, including—

(a) a schedule of all the training provided, indicating—

(i) the priority and sequence of courses of training,

(ii) the intervals at which recurrent training will be provided, and

(iii) when assessments will be carried out;

(b) a statement of the standards, objectives and training goals for each course of training included in the training programme, setting out—

(i) what training is provided, at each level referred to in regulation 69(3)(a),

(ii) who will be providing the training,

(iii) when practical instruction, in the form of group training, exercises and simulations, will be used,

(iv) what theoretical instruction will be given, and

(v) what criteria a participant has to satisfy to pass a course, and

(i) any aircraft referred to in regulation 70(3), and

(ii) any simulated training devices or other equipment referred to in regulation 71,

which is used in any of the training given on the training programme, and how it is intended to be used in the training programme.

40

A full description of the arrangements made for undertaking mission rehearsals in compliance with regulation 70(5), including the time at which mission simulations are held, and who participates in them.

41

A statement describing any arrangements which have been made with a third party for the provision of any services or equipment by the third party, setting out precisely what services or equipment are to be provided by that third party.

42

A statement of how the licensee, other than a spaceport licensee, will ensure that relevant individuals, before undertaking any role in relation to licensed activities, have undertaken the required training, and have reached the required level of competence and medical fitness for their roles, including—

(a) a description of the procedures for testing the competency of relevant individuals, and the standards to be applied in relation to each role;

(b) the procedures for medical assessments and medical examinations.

43

A statement of the policy in relation to individuals who do not fully complete training, fail a competency test, or withdraw or are withdrawn from training.

44

Where the licensee will be undertaking spaceflight activities with individuals on board a launch vehicle, the informed consent procedures applying to the crew and any spaceflight participants.

45

The procedures of the licensee, other than a spaceport licensee, for recording results of training undertaken by relevant individuals, and keeping the records of those results, including the measures being taken to ensure the confidentiality of personal information.

46

The measures being taken to assess the performance of training instructors and to review the adequacy and suitability of the training being provided.

47

A section setting out the measures the licensee is taking to satisfy the medical requirements in these Regulations which apply to the licensee’s activities, which must, where appropriate to those activities, contain—

(a) the licensee’s policy in relation to medical fitness;

(b) information on the responsibilities of the licensee, and the training manager in relation to medical fitness under regulations 58(6)(c) and 58(7)(b), 63(1)(a), and 72 to 77;

(c) information on the responsibilities of the aeromedical examiner and medical staff taking part in the licensee’s medical programme;

(d) the medical requirements for any flight crew, remote pilots and spaceflight participants under this Part;

(e) the obligations of any flight crew, remote pilots and spaceflight participants under regulations 72 to 77;

(f) information for approved medical examiners, any flight crew and spaceflight participants and their medical advisers on—

(i) when medical examinations and assessments will be held, and how they will be conducted;

(ii) where medical examinations will be conducted, and what equipment and facilities are available for them;

(iii) what medical reports will be required for the purpose of medical assessments;

(iv) what conditions may be imposed on a certificate or confirmation of medical fitness under regulation 73(6);

(g) a list of the medical records kept by the licensee under regulation 77.

PART 3 — Training for specified roles and capacities

48

Every member of the crew and remote pilot must have received the training described in paragraphs 49 and 50 before they are assigned duties on board a launch vehicle or, in the case of a remote pilot, permitted to pilot a launch vehicle remotely.

49

Every member of the crew and remote pilot must receive theoretical and practical training on—

(a) all matters where coordination between members of the crew, remote piloting staff and spaceflight participants is critical to dealing effectively with normal and abnormal situations, including emergency situations, and

(b) the location and use of the launch vehicle’s emergency equipment including the procedures for evacuating the launch vehicle, and for these purposes, “emergency equipment” has the same meaning as in regulation 112(3).

50

Every member of the crew and spaceflight participant must receive training in withstanding the stresses of spaceflight activities, including training on—

(a) the causes of disorientation, and what effects of disorientation may be experienced by crew and spaceflight participants during the various phases of flight,

(b) what physical effects may be experienced as a result of—

(i) gradual or instantaneous acceleration, and

(ii) free-falling in circumstances equivalent to reduced gravity, and

how those effects may be mitigated,

(c) how to reduce the effects of excessive noise and vibration, including the methods and equipment available for this purpose,

(d) techniques available for countering anxiety, claustrophobia and other conditions which may be caused by restrictions on individual mobility or reduced ability to use the senses during spaceflight,

(e) procedures for a loss of launch vehicle pressurisation, or a reduction in the level of launch vehicle pressurisation, including how to deal with depleted levels of oxygen and decompression sickness,

(f) procedures for dealing with fires, smoke or other emergencies on board the launch vehicle when the supply of oxygen becomes contaminated, and

(g) survival techniques following an evacuation, including basic first aid, so far as relevant to the operator’s intended spaceflight activities.

51

Every member of the crew and remote pilot must receive training in—

(a) co-ordination of the crew,

(b) the extent to which human error may affect the safety and efficiency of spaceflight activities, and how this may be mitigated, and

52

Every spaceflight participant must receive training in—

(a) what functions, if any, they are directly responsible for,

(b) how these functions relate to the functions of others on board the launch vehicle, particularly during abnormal or emergency conditions,

(c) entering and leaving the launch vehicle and the actions to be taken on board the launch vehicle during all phases of the flight,

(d) the instructions to be complied with in relation to any direction from the crew,

(e) what hazardous forms of activity are forbidden during training and during the spaceflight activities,

(f) the use of any personal protective equipment,

(g) the location and use of the launch vehicle’s emergency equipment, and

(h) the procedures for evacuating the launch vehicle.

SCHEDULE 4 — Requirements and matters to be addressed by safety management systems

1

In this Schedule—

“emergency response plan” means the plan referred to in regulation 104 (in the case of a spaceflight operator) and in regulation 165 (in the case of a spaceport licensee);

“licensed activities” means the activities which a person is authorised to carry out by virtue of a launch operator licence, a return operator licence or a spaceport licence;

“licensee” means a person who holds a launch operator licence, a return operator licence or a spaceport licence under the Act;

“safety-critical information” means any information which is essential to the licensee satisfying its safety duty;

“safety duty” is to be construed in accordance with— regulation 79, in the case of a spaceflight operator, regulation 152, in the case of a spaceport licensee;

“security risk assessment” means the assessment required under— regulation 170(5)(f), in the case of a spaceport licensee, regulation 171(5)(f), in the case of a spaceflight operator, and regulation 185(2)(f), in the case of either a spaceport licensee or a spaceflight operator.

2

A safety management system must—

(a) be proportionate to the hazards, licensed activities and complexity of the licensee’s organisation,

(b) be based on an assessment of the risks,

(c) include within its scope the general management system, including the organisational structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing the licensee’s spaceflight safety policy, and

(d) be coordinated with the safety management system of any other licensee or other organisation with whom the licensee must interact during the provision of its licensed activities.

3

A safety management system must include a written spaceflight safety policy which—

(a) is proportionate to the licensee’s safety duty,

(b) sets out the licensee’s overall aims and principles of action,

(c) sets out the role and responsibility of management, and its commitment towards continuously improving the licensee’s safety performance,

(d) sets out a direct accountability for safety on the part of senior management, and

(e) is signed by the accountable manager.

4

The following matters must be addressed by the safety management system—

(a) in relation to the organisation and personnel—

(i) the safety roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in the management of major accident hazards at all levels in the organisation,

(ii) where relevant, the safety roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in the management of risks to human occupants at all levels in the organisation,

(iii) the identification of the training needs of personnel in paragraphs (i) and (ii), and the provision of the training with reference to the training management system the licensee has in place under regulation 58(8),

(iv) the measures taken to raise awareness of the purpose and content of the licensee’s spaceflight safety policy amongst such personnel,

(v) the communication of safety-critical information, and

(vi) the involvement of employees and agents involved in the licensed activities, who are important from the point of view of safety;

(b) the identification and evaluation of major accident hazards by the adoption and implementation of procedures which—

(i) systematically identify those hazards,

(ii) assess their likelihood and severity,

(iii) take into account human factors in the initiation, prevention, control and mitigation of the consequences of those hazards, and

(iv) take into account the security risk assessment;

(c) where relevant, the identification and evaluation of risks to human occupants by the adoption and implementation of procedures which—

(i) systematically identify the risks to those occupants,

(ii) assess their likelihood and severity,

(iii) take into account human factors in the initiation, prevention, control and mitigation of the consequences of those risks, and

(iv) take into account the security risk assessment;

(d) in relation to operational control—

(i) the adoption and implementation of procedures which take account of human factors and instructions for—

(aa) safe operation including condition monitoring and maintenance of facilities or infrastructure and equipment;

(bb) where relevant, safe assembly and integration, including condition monitoring and maintenance of launch vehicles;

(ii) the taking into account of available information on best practices for monitoring and control, with a view to reducing the risk of system failure;

(e) in relation to the management of change, the adoption and implementation of procedures which take account of human factors, for planning changes to licensed activities or organisational change;

(f) in relation to planning for emergencies—

(i) the adoption and implementation of procedures to identify foreseeable emergencies by systematic analysis,

(ii) the preparation, testing and review of the emergency response plan, and

(iii) the provision of specific training for all personnel working in the licensee’s organisation, including relevant subcontracted personnel;

(g) in relation to monitoring performance, the adoption and implementation of procedures, which must include the matters referred to in paragraph 5, for—

(i) the ongoing assessment of compliance with the objectives set by the licensee’s spaceflight safety policy and safety management system, and

(ii) the mechanisms for investigation and taking corrective action in case of non-compliance or sub-standard safety performance of the safety management system;

(h) in relation to audit and review—

(i) the adoption and implementation of procedures for periodic systematic assessment of the licensee’s spaceflight safety policy and the effectiveness and suitability of the safety management system;

(ii) the documented review of performance of the safety policy and safety management system and its updating by senior management, including consideration and incorporation of necessary changes indicated by the audit and review.

5

The procedures referred to in paragraph 4(g)—

(a) must cover the licensee’s system for internal reporting of occurrences, particularly those involving failure of protective measures, and their investigation and follow-up on the basis of lessons learned, and

(b) may include performance indicators such as safety performance indicators or other relevant indicators.

SCHEDULE 5 — Safety operations manual

1

Where the operator’s spaceflight activities are authorised by—

(a) a launch operator licence, the safety operations manual must contain the matters set out in paragraphs 2 to 27;

(b) a return operator licence, the safety operations manual must contain the matters set out in paragraphs 3 to 6, 7(1)(l), 8, 9, 14, 15, 17 and 20 to 27,

in so far as relevant to the operator’s spaceflight activities which are authorised by the launch operator licence or the return operator licence.

2

The manual must—

(a) where necessary, include or refer to information relating to the instructions and procedures referred to in this Schedule, and

(b) take into account any human factors relevant to the performance of those procedures and instructions by members of the operating staff and, if the launch vehicle has a spaceflight participant on board, that participant.

Fatigue and other human factors

3

Instructions and procedures that take account of the effects of fatigue and other human factors related to the ability of any member of the operating staff to carry out their spaceflight duties safely.

4

If the launch vehicle has a crew, information about the limitations on flight time, flight duty periods and rest periods for members of the crew and any other matter intended to manage the effects of spaceflight on the human body and to ensure that the crew comply with the requirement in regulation 74.

5

If the launch vehicle has a remote pilot, information about the limitations on flight time, flight duty periods and rest periods for remote pilots and to ensure that the remote pilot complies with the requirement in regulation 74.

6

Details of the safety management system which the spaceflight operator has put in place and which satisfies the requirements in regulation 85 and Schedule 4.

Preparations for launch, return and other operations

7

(1) Instructions and procedures about—

(a) the arrival of the launch vehicle at the spaceport or other place from which the launch is to take place;

(b) storing the launch vehicle at the spaceport or other place from which the launch is to take place;

(c) the assembly and integration of any component parts of the launch vehicle including any instructions from the design authority or a person who manufactured the launch vehicle or any of its component parts;

(d) if a launch vehicle is to be reused, satisfying the requirements in regulations 91 to 93;

(e) the verification and validation of the launch vehicle to satisfy the requirement in regulation 94;

(f) the integration of any payload with the launch vehicle;

(g) the loading of any hazardous material onto the launch vehicle;

(h) the meteorological and environmental conditions needed to safely load such material;

(i) the preparations for the use of any carrier aircraft;

(j) moving the launch vehicle to the place of launch at the spaceport or other place from which the launch is to take place and finally preparing the launch vehicle;

(k) carrying out safety, technical and organisational reviews, including joint procedures for carrying out such reviews, to check—

(i) the progress of launch preparations,

(ii) the fitness of the launch vehicle for the operator’s spaceflight activities,

(iii) the fitness of the ground support equipment for supporting those activities, and

(iv) the readiness for use of any flight safety system or any necessary equipment for providing range control services;

(l) to ensure the requirements in regulation 96 are satisfied, coordinating and communicating, including joint procedures for coordinating and communicating, with—

(i) the range control service provider and any site or other place used in connection with the provision of range control services,

(ii) the spaceport licensee,

(iii) the relevant meteorological service providers,

(iv) the relevant air navigation service providers, and

(v) the relevant emergency services.

(2) In this paragraph “design authority” means the person with responsibility for the design of the launch vehicle.

8

Instructions and procedures for complying with the operator security programme.

9

Instructions about the functions and procedures of a mission management facility or ground control at a spaceport or other place and how such functions and procedures affect the duties of a member of the operating staff.

10

Instructions and procedures for ground operating staff about the types of dangerous conditions or events necessitating such staff to cease work on the launch vehicle or its ground support equipment and withdraw to a safe location.

11

Instructions and procedures for monitoring the progress of the preparations for readiness to launch.

12

Procedures for notifying the regulator about planned operator’s spaceflight activities and for arranging and cooperating with any inspections by the regulator of the launch vehicle, carrier aircraft, any ground support equipment or other equipment.

13

Instructions as to the order of the activities and safety procedures to be followed by ground operating staff on the day of the launch.

14

Instructions and procedures about recording in writing the environmental and meteorological information referred to in regulation 97, including the source of that information.

Launch and other operations

15

Instructions and procedures about the conditions referred to in regulation 99 and how to satisfy them.

16

Instructions and procedures about the steps to be taken if a launch cannot safely commence.

17

Instructions and procedures about the steps to be followed during each phase of the flight of the launch vehicle and other operator’s spaceflight activities, including any phase when that vehicle is in orbit, to ensure that the spaceflight operator satisfies the requirements in regulations 100 and 101.

18

Instructions about the process to be followed before a flight termination decision is made in accordance with regulation 100(2).

19

If there is a flight safety system—

(a) instructions and procedures to ensure that the system is capable of operating correctly and of being activated at any time in accordance with sub-paragraphs (c) to (e);

(b) instructions and procedures about how to separate flight termination decisions and the actions of flight termination personnel relating to those decisions from the decisions and actions of other operating staff during launch and flight;

(c) instructions to flight termination personnel relating to any time that a launch vehicle malfunctions and that malfunction prevents the operator’s spaceflight activities being carried out safely;

(d) instructions relating to any time that a system—

(i) used to monitor whether or not the launch vehicle remains fit for the operator’s spaceflight activities, or

(ii) used to detect a malfunction,

fails and that failure threatens the carrying out of the operator’s spaceflight activities safely;

(e) instructions relating to any time that it is necessary to make a flight termination decision for any reason other than one referred to in sub-paragraph (c) or (d) which threatens or prevents the carrying out of the operator’s spaceflight activities safely;

(f) instructions to the flight termination personnel on making a flight termination decision and the actions that such personnel must perform to terminate the flight.

20

If part of the mission, instructions and procedures about returning the launch vehicle to earth including a re-entry from orbit.

21

If the launch vehicle is reusable, instructions and procedures about recovering the launch vehicle to the earth’s surface, rendering it safe from major accident hazards and enabling the planned landing.

22

Instructions and procedures about the steps to be followed on successful completion of the flight of the launch vehicle or other operator’s spaceflight activities.

Launch vehicles with crew or a remote pilot

23

Instructions and procedures for members of the crew and any remote pilot to satisfy any requirements in these Regulations which apply to such members or pilot.

Emergency response

24

The emergency response plan satisfying the requirements in regulation 104 and instructions and procedures to implement that plan.

25

Procedures to ensure that the emergency response plan is tested, reviewed and revised as required by regulation 104(3) and that the results of a test of that plan and details of any revisions to that plan are supplied to the regulator as required by regulation 104(4).

Ground support equipment

26

Instructions and procedures for using, maintaining, verifying and validating, repairing and servicing any ground support equipment.

Making, collecting and retaining information

27

Instructions and procedures about—

(a) making recordings referred to in regulation 103(1), and

(b) collecting and retaining the information referred to in regulation 103(2).

SCHEDULE 6 — Information to be included in a health record

The information that must be included in a health record is—

(a) the crew member’s—

(i) full name;

(ii) gender;

(iii) date of birth;

(iv) address;

(v) national insurance number, if the crew member has one,

(b) the date the crew member began work as a classified crew member for the operator required to create the health record,

(i) the date on which the overexposure occurred, and

(ii) the results of any medical examination undertaken by an approved doctor pursuant to regulation 141(2)(b), and the name and signature, which may be an electronic signature, of the approved doctor who undertook that examination,

(d) the results of all medical examinations and health reviews of the crew member performed in accordance with regulation 144 under the instruction of the spaceflight operator which are signed by the approved doctor and include a legible record of that doctor’s signature,

(e) a statement made by the approved doctor who performed the crew member’s most recent examination or, as the case may be, health review, setting out the determination made in respect of the crew member under regulation 144(3) at that examination or review, including any conditions specified as mentioned in regulation 144(3)(b), and

(f) a copy of the record of all monitoring undertaken in relation to the crew member under regulation 146.

1

The Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation: Protection of Air Crew and Space Crew and Consequential Amendments) Order 2019[^f00079] is amended as follows.

2

In article 2 (interpretation)—

(a) in the definition of “crew”, omit paragraph (b) including the word “and” immediately following it,

(b) in the definition of “doctor” omit the words “or space crew”,

(d) omit the definitions of “space cabin crew”, “space flight crew”, “spacecraft” and “spaceport”,

(e) in the definition of “task specialist” omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

(f) in paragraph (2) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

3

In article 3 (application of this Order)—

(a) omit paragraph (1)(b),

(b) in paragraph (2) omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

4

In article 4 (meaning of “operator”)—

(a) in paragraph (1) omit the words “or spacecraft” in both places in which they occur,

(b) in paragraph (2) omit the words “or spacecraft” in each place in which they occur, and

5

In article 5 (authorisation and prohibition on exposure)—

(a) in paragraph (1) omit the words “or spacecraft”,

(b) in paragraph (2)(a) omit—

(i) “, a Space Industry Act licence,”, and

(ii) “, licence”,

(d) in paragraph (4) omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

(e) in paragraph (5) omit the definition of “Space Industry Act licence”.

6

In article 6 (risk assessments)—

(a) in paragraph (1) omit the words “or spacecraft” in both places in which they occur,

(b) in paragraph (2), both in the opening words and in sub-paragraph (c), omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

7

In article 10 (provision of information and training to crew)—

(a) in paragraph (1)(a) omit “or, as the case may be, spacecraft”,

(b) in paragraph (2)(a) omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

8

In article 11 (overexposure), in paragraph (1) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

9

In article 12 (continued working of overexposed crew)—

(a) in paragraph (1) omit the words “or spacecraft”, and

(b) in paragraph (3) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

10

In article 15 (health records), in paragraph (3)(b)(ii) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

11

In article 17 (records of exposure to cosmic radiation of classified crew), in paragraph (3)(b) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

12

In article 18 (access to records of individual exposure to cosmic radiation), in paragraph (2)(b) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

13

In article 19 (instruction of experts), in paragraph (5) omit the words “or spacecraft”.

14

In article 21 (right of access to aerodromes and other places)—

(a) omit paragraphs (2)(d) and (e), and

(b) in paragraph (4) (the definition of “relevant area”), for “, aerodrome or spaceport” substitute “, or an aerodrome,”.

SCHEDULE 8 — Information and instructions which must be included in a spaceport manual

1

The name and status of the accountable manager for the spaceport.

2

The names and status of other senior operating staff at the spaceport and instructions as to the order and circumstances in which they may be required to act.

3

Details of the safety management system.

4

Procedures for promulgating information concerning the spaceport’s state.

5

Procedures for control of access, vehicles and work in relation to the operational areas.

6

Procedures for the removal of disabled carrier aircraft, launch vehicles or payloads.

7

Process to ensure the emergency response plan is tested, reviewed and revised and the procedures for complying with regulation 165.

8

Process to ensure that the part of the site plan required under regulation 36(4)(d), which identifies the location of any areas at the spaceport designated as hazardous material storage facilities under regulation 158(1), is maintained and complied with.

9

Procedures to ensure that an appropriate safety clear zone, where required, is in place and is monitored.

10

Procedures for using a designated static engine test area.

11

Process and procedures to ensure the safe integration of licensed activities with—

(a) spaceflight activities undertaken at the spaceport, and

(b) aerodrome and aviation activities undertaken at the aerodrome with which the spaceport is co-located, if applicable.

12

In the case of a spaceport which has any hazardous material storage facility, procedures for complying with regulation 158.

13

Procedures for complying with fit for purpose requirements in regulation 160 for hazardous material.

14

Operational procedures for the routine and special inspection of the spaceport operational areas.

15

Process for using, maintaining, testing, repairing and servicing of any safety equipment.

16

If spaceflight activities are permitted during periods of low visibility, procedures for the protection of the runways, if applicable, during such periods.

17

Details of, or reference to, the bird control management plan, if any, related to spaceflight activities.

18

The scale of rescue, first aid and fire service facilities, the spaceport emergency procedures and procedures to be adopted in the event of temporary depletion of the rescue and fire service facilities.

19

Procedures for complying with the space site security programme required under regulation 170.

Signed

Signed by authority of the Secretary of State for Transport

Rachel Maclean — Parliamentary Under Secretary of State — Department for Transport — 2021-07-08

Explanatory note

(This note is not part of the Regulations)

EXPLANATORY NOTE

These Regulations implement the Space Industry Act 2018 (“the Act”) (c. 5) by putting in place a regulatory regime for spaceflight operations carried out in the United Kingdom.

Part 2 of these Regulations makes provision for the appointment of the Civil Aviation Authority (“the CAA”) as regulator. This means that wherever the Act or regulations give a function to the regulator, the CAA has that function. For functions in the Act of issuing guidance, the CAA and the Secretary of State are both appointed as regulator, so that either of them may issue guidance.

Chapter 1 of Part 3 of these Regulations prescribes eligibility criteria applicable to licensees and to any individuals appointed to undertake prescribed roles on their behalf. The roles to which different types of licence holder must appoint individuals are prescribed in regulations 7 to 11. Regulations 13 to 14(2) place a duty on all licensees to inform the regulator of changes to individuals in prescribed roles and provide that failure to do so is an offence.

Chapter 2 of Part 3 of these Regulations provides that the requirement to hold an operator licence does not apply in relation to carrier aircraft in specified circumstances.

Chapter 3 of Part 3 of these Regulations provides the procedure for obtaining an operator licence, range control licence or a spaceport licence. It delegates matters, such as the form and contents of the application form for a licence and information which must accompany it, to the regulator. Provision is also made in regulations 19, 20, 23 and 24 for matters such as inspections of any site, facility, craft or equipment by the regulator, production of documents to the regulator, disclosure of information relating to the application, how the regulator must consider and determine the application for a licence, withdrawal of an application for a licence and the procedure for an application to renew a licence.

Part 4 of these Regulations prescribes the criteria and requirements which an applicant for a licence to carry out spaceflight activities that include launch or return to earth of a launch vehicle must meet in order for the regulator to be able to grant that applicant a licence. Regulations 26 to 28 set out the steps an applicant must take under section 9(4)(a) to ensure that risks to persons not prescribed under section 9(2) are as low as reasonably practicable. This Part provides for an applicant to provide information to the regulator, part of which is to be a safety case. It also requires an applicant carrying out a risk assessment to take certain steps and take into account certain things, including those set out in Schedule 2.

Chapters 1 and 2 of Part 5 of these Regulations prescribe the criteria and requirements which an applicant must meet in order for the regulator to be able to grant a spaceport licence. An application for a horizontal spaceport licence must be made in respect of an existing aerodrome meeting the requirements in regulation 35(1). An applicant must carry out a safety case which meets the requirements in regulation 36, but where there is no actual launch vehicle known to the applicant, paragraph (8) of that regulation sets out how the applicant will be able to meet those requirements. Unless the applicant’s safety case demonstrates that it is not required, an applicant must (under regulation 37) show that it will be able to put in place an appropriate safety clear zone to ensure that particular types of risks to people from hazardous operations at the spaceport are as low as reasonably practicable. A further requirement on applicants (in regulation 38) is to carry out a siting assessment.

The Act refers to “public safety” in several provisions. This means the health and safety of members of the public and the safety of their property. Chapter 3 of Part 5 of these Regulations provides that any person referred to in regulation 40 who is voluntarily in close proximity to a source of danger at a spaceport is not to be considered a member of the public for the purposes of section 10(a) of the Act. Regulation 40(2) sets out the meaning of the terms used in regulation 40.

Part 6 of these Regulations sets out the requirements which apply to the holder of a range control licence. A range control licensee must comply with the requirements relating to its organisation and management capability (regulation 42). Where the licensee’s range control services consist of or include monitoring the range for spaceflight activities, it must enter into agreements with certain third parties (regulations 43 to 45). Where a licensee’s range control services consist of or include identifying an appropriate range for spaceflight activities the licensee must comply with the requirements set out in regulations 46 to 48. Where the licensee’s range control services consist of or include the issue of notifications in connection with monitoring the designated range, the licensee must notify certain persons and issue warning notices relating to the operator’s spaceflight activities (regulations 49 to 51). Under regulation 52, a range control licensee must establish and maintain a quality management system including a safety management system. Where a spaceflight operator is authorised to provide range control services in respect of its spaceflight activities, it must ensure that the part of its organisation which provides those services is distinct and separate from the part involved in its spaceflight activities in accordance with regulation 54.

Part 7 of these Regulations defines the responsibility of the licensees in relation to training and medical fitness: to ensure that individuals performing a specified role (listed in regulation 56) or participating in spaceflight activities as a spaceflight participant satisfy the criteria identified in this Part, and are medically fit to perform their duties. Licensees must ensure that they have in place a training management system and adequate resources to satisfy their training and medical fitness obligations. For this purpose, licensees must appoint a training manager approved by the regulator (Chapter 2), prepare a training manual (Chapter 3 and Part 2 of Schedule 3) and establish a training programme (Chapter 4). The licensees’ responsibilities in relation to the medical fitness of their crew, remote pilots, spaceflight participants and others taking part in the licensed activities are set out in Chapter 5.

Part 8 of these Regulations contains the safety regulations which apply to a spaceflight operator (the holder of a launch operator licence or a return operator licence (regulation 2)). These regulations impose a duty to carry out the operator’s spaceflight activities safely. “Carrying out operator’s spaceflight activities safely” means the spaceflight operator must carry out the activities in accordance with the safety case by preventing a major accident from occurring or mitigating the consequences of such an accident if it does occur and, if the launch vehicle has a human occupant (regulation 2), in accordance with the risk assessment by securing the safety of a human occupant (regulation 79). Regulations 80 to 82 make provision for the safety case and risk assessment to be reviewed and for revisions of these documents so that the safety duty relates to any revised safety case and risk assessment. Regulations 83 to 104 set out specific safety requirements such as those relating to the fitness of the launch vehicle for the activities and, if the launch vehicle has a human occupant, there are additional requirements set out in regulations 105 to 123.

Part 9 of these Regulations contains requirements for the protection of space crew and carrier aircraft crew against risks arising from such crew being exposed to cosmic radiation. These requirements are closely modelled on those contained in the Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation: Protection of Air Crew and Space Crew and Consequential Amendments) Order 2019 (S.I. 2019/1115) (“the 2019 Order”). The 2019 Order implements Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation in so far as it applies to basic safety standards for protection against risks arising from air and space crew being exposed to cosmic radiation. Regulation 150 and Schedule 7 contain amendments to the 2019 Order as a result of Part 9.

Part 10 of these Regulations contains the safety regulations which apply to a spaceport licensee. These regulations impose a duty on a spaceport licensee to carry out its activities safely (regulation 152) and set out the further requirements to be met in order to comply with that duty, including providing that the safety case an applicant for a spaceport licence had to carry out under regulation 36 is reviewed and revised in accordance with regulation 155. Regulation 157 makes provision about safety clear zones and regulations 158 to 166 set out specific safety requirements for a spaceport licensee, including relating to designation of appropriate areas, organisational requirements and emergencies. Regulation 167 provides additional powers for members of the Rescue and Fire Fighting Service attending an emergency – this is to ensure that aerodrome fire-fighters enjoy the same powers in relation to spaceports and launch vehicles as they already hold in respect of aerodromes and aircraft.

Part 11 of these Regulations makes security provisions relating to physical, personnel and cyber, vetting, training and qualifications, critical national infrastructure and essential services and the protection of US technology.

Part 12 of these Regulations makes provision regarding the consent whichthe spaceflight operator must obtain before that operator allows human occupants (regulation 2) to take part in spaceflight activities. Regulation 204 prescribes that a member of the crew and a spaceflight participant are to give consent. In addition, these human occupants must be at least 18 years of age and have the mental capacity provided for in regulation 205.

Part 13 of these Regulations deals with liabilities and indemnities. Regulation 218 excludes the strict liability (for personal injury, death or physical damage caused to persons or property on land or water in the United Kingdom or in the territorial sea adjacent or to aircraft in flight over such land, water or sea or to persons or property on board such aircraft) of the holder of an operator licence under section 34(2) of the Act towards the individuals listed in that regulation. These individuals can still claim for injury or damage under the common law. Regulation 219 sets out that any limit on the liability of the holder of an operator licence to indemnify Her Majesty’s Government does not apply in cases where the operator is guilty of gross negligence or wilful misconduct or in circumstances where the operator has not complied with its licence conditions or the requirements of the Act or regulations made under the Act. Regulation 220 provides that an operator licence must specify a limit on the amount of an operator’s liability under section 34(5) of the Act and for any third party liability not covered by that section. It also provides how that limit shall be determined, and where it will not apply. Regulation 221 provides that the power or duty of the Secretary of State to indemnify for claims above an insurance or liability limit does not apply where the operator is liable for gross negligence or wilful misconduct, or where damage or loss is caused by non-compliance by the operator with any conditions of its licence or any requirements under the Act or regulations made under the Act.

Part 14 of these Regulations sets out the powers of the regulator to monitor licensees’ activities and enforce their obligations, in order to secure compliance with the Act, regulations made thereunder, the conditions of licences, and the UK’s international obligations, as well as protect public safety and national security. Offences are created where a person impersonates an inspector or deliberately obstructs the regulator (Chapter 1). Persons carrying out specified activities must keep accurate records and provide accurate information to the regulator (Chapter 2). The regulator may appoint inspectors who have specified powers of access and investigation, as well as powers to issue enforcement notices where they identify contraventions (Chapter 3). The regulator may share with specified persons information received in respect of an application for a licence or received by exercising powers under this Part (Chapter 4); such information is not to be disclosed unless an exception applies (Chapter 5).

Part 15 of these Regulations sets out the stop notices framework and gives effect to the relevant provisions of Part 3 of the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 (c. 13). Under this framework, the regulator may serve notice prohibiting a person from carrying on a specified activity until that person has complied with instructions contained in the notice. Wrongful processing of the stop notice framework by the regulator can result in compensation, and failing to comply with the stop notice is an offence.

Part 16 of these Regulations creates an occurrence reporting regime by imposing a duty on the holder of an operator licence, a spaceport licence or a range control licence to report an occurrence to the regulator. An occurrence includes a spaceflight accident and a major accident and includes a near miss threatening the safety of any person and an occurrence during preparation for spaceflight activities.

Part 17 of these Regulations imposes an overarching duty on an applicant for a licence or a licensee to update the regulator where information previously provided changes, makes provision for sending notices and other documents, identifies those persons who are prescribed for the purposes of section 66 of the Act and who can therefore certify certain documents or records for use in legal proceedings and includes a provision requiring review of the Regulations every five years.

A full impact assessment of the effect that this instrument will have on the costs of business, the voluntary sector and the public sector is available from the Department for Transport, Great Minster House, 33 Horseferry Road, London SW1P 4DR and is published alongside the Explanatory Memorandum to this instrument on the legislation.gov.uk website.

Footnotes

[^f00001]: 2018 c. 5. See section 69(1) for the definition of “prescribed”.

[^f00002]: See section 3(2) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “operator licence”.

[^f00003]: S.I. 2021/793.

[^f00004]: Air navigation orders are defined in, and made under, section 60 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 (c. 16); section 60 was amended by article 71(4) of, and Schedule 10 to, the Airports (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/426), section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1995 (c. 44) and section 8(5) of the Civil Aviation Act 2006 (c. 34). There are other amendments to section 60 not relevant to this instrument.

[^f00005]: ISBN 978-92-9258-946-2. The Technical Instructions can be purchased from: ICAO (https://store.icao.int/); Labeline, Midas House, Chivenor Business Park, Barnstable, Devon EX31 4AY (http://labeline.com and T: 0870 850 5051); and Freight Merchandising Services Limited, Unit 383, Sykes Road, Slough Trading Estate, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4SP (http://www.fmslondon.co.uk and T: 01784 240840).

[^f00006]: See section 3(2) and (3) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “spaceport”.

[^f00007]: 1990 c. 10; see section 39(2) for the definition of “prescribed”. Section 39(2) was amended by section 162 of, and Schedule 16 to, the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c. 43).

[^f00008]: 1997 c. 10; see section 38(2) for the definition of “prescribed”. Section 38(2) was amended by section 76(7) of the Utilities Act 2000 (c. 27).

[^f00009]: 2011 c. 25; see section 250(1) for the definition of “prescribed”.

[^f00010]: In relation to England, the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/627) are made under section 5 of the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Act 1990, and regulation 3 of S.I. 2015/627 specifies the substances that are hazardous substances for the purposes of that Act. Equivalent provision is made in relation to Wales by the Planning (Hazardous Substances) (Wales) Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/1597 (W. 196)). In relation to Scotland, the Town and Country Planning (Hazardous Substances) (Scotland) Regulations 2015 are made under section 3 of the Planning (Hazardous Substances) (Scotland) Act 1997, and regulation 3 of those Regulations specifies the substances that are hazardous substances for the purposes of that Act. In relation to Northern Ireland, the Planning (Hazardous Substances) (No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2015 (S.R. 2015 No. 344) are made under section 108(4) of the Planning Act (Northern Ireland) 2011, and regulation 3 of those Regulations specifies the substances that are hazardous substances for the purposes of that Act.

[^f00011]: 2006 c. 52.

[^f00012]: See section 3(2) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “spaceport licence”.

[^f00013]: See section 3(2) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “operator licence”.

[^f00014]: Space object is defined in section 69(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018, by reference to the Outer Space Act 1986 (c. 38). The definition is given in section 13(1) of that Act. It “includes the component parts of a space object, its launch vehicle and the component parts of that”.

[^f00015]: See section 7(2) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “range control licence”.

[^f00016]: The National Aviation Security Programme relates to the security regime applicable for civil aviation. It provides a comprehensive security framework incorporating the baseline security requirements retained from EU law, as well as additional more stringent measures which are set out in directions issued by the Secretary of State to industry under Part 2 of the Aviation Security Act 1982 (c. 16).

[^f00017]: CP 307. The agreement may be obtained in hard copy from the Commercial Space Directorate, UK Space Agency, 10 Victoria Street, London, SW1H 0NN or found on the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office treaties database at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukusa-agreement-in-the-form-of-an-exchange-of-notes-between-the-united-kingdom-and-the-united-states-of-america-on-technology-safeguards-associated.

[^f00018]: “The CAA” is defined in section 69(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018 as “the Civil Aviation Authority”.

[^f00019]: 2016 asp 21.

[^f00020]: 1986 c. 45.

[^f00021]: S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19).

[^f00022]: 1986 c. 46; section 1 was amended by section 5(1) of the Insolvency Act 2000 (c. 39) and section 204(1) and (3) of the Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40). Section 1A was inserted by section 6(1) and (2) of the Insolvency Act 2000 and amended by section 111 of, and paragraphs 1 and 3(1), (2) and (3) of Part 1 of Schedule 7 to, the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26).

[^f00023]: S.I. 2002/3150 (N.I. 4). Article 3(1) was amended by Article 4(3) of S.I. 2005/1454 (N.I. 9).

[^f00024]: 1974 c. 53.

[^f00025]: S.I. 1978/1908 (N.I. 27).

[^f00026]: See regulation 169 for the responsibilities of a licensee’s security manager.

[^f00027]: Treaty Series No. 8 (1953); Cmd 8742. The Chicago Convention is published at https://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/NationalityMarks/annexes_booklet_en.pdf. A hard copy can be obtained from the Department for Transport, Great Minster House, 33 Horseferry Road, London, SW1P 4DR.

[^f00028]: The matters which must be specified by the regulator in accordance with regulation 17 are set out in the Regulator’s Licensing Rules dated xxx2021 which are published at https://www.caa.co.uk/Our-work/Publications/Publications/. A hard copy can be obtained from the CAA, Aviation House, Beehive Ringroad, Crawley, West Sussex RH6 0YR.

[^f00029]: Section 13(6) (conditions of licences) of the Space Industry Act 2018 requires the regulator, in deciding what conditions to include in a licence under that Act, to consult a list of persons specified in paragraphs (a) to (e) of that subsection and whatever other persons the regulator thinks appropriate if the proposed licence gives rise to any issues regarding trade controls or national security.

[^f00030]: The Space Industry Act 2018 provides matters which the regulator has to be satisfied of before the regulator can grant a licence. The matters are referred to in sections 8(2) and (3) (grant of licences: general), 9(1) (grant of operator licences: safety) and 10 (grant of spaceport licence). Section 11(2) and (5) (grant of licences: assessments of environmental effects) requires the applicant for a launch operator licence or a spaceport licence to submit to the regulator an “assessment of environmental effects” (defined in section 11(3) of the Space Industry Act 2018) which the regulator must take into account in deciding whether to grant those licences. The regulator must exercise the function of granting or refusing the licence with a view to securing public safety and take into account the matters listed in section 2(2) (duties and supplementary powers of the regulator).

[^f00031]: Section 8(4) of the Space Industry Act 2018 provides that if the regulator is not the Secretary of State, the regulator may grant a licence only with the consent of the Secretary of State.

[^f00032]: Section 14(4) (licences granted for specified periods) of the Space Industry Act 2018 provides that if the regulator is not the Secretary of State, the regulator may grant a licence only with the consent of the Secretary of State.

[^f00033]: 1982 c. 36.

[^f00034]: S.I. 2021/793.

[^f00035]: The National Crime Agency was established by section 1 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22).

[^f00036]: “range control licence” has the meaning given in section 7(2) of the Space Industry Act 2018.

[^f00037]: “range control services” has the meaning given in section 6(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018.

[^f00038]: See section 5(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018 for the definition of “zone”.

[^f00039]: “the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office” is an executive agency of the Ministry of Defence.

[^f00040]: “mission management facility” is defined in section 69(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018 as having the meaning given in section 19(4).

[^f00041]: “local authority” has the meaning given in section 69(1) of the Space Industry Act 2018.

[^f00042]: 1982 c. 16.

[^f00043]: Regulation 140 (provision of information and training to crew) requires crew members referred to in that regulation to be given training about matters relating to exposure to cosmic radiation. Launch vehicle task specialists are treated as crew members for the purpose of that regulation by virtue of regulation 134(2) (interpretation).

[^f00044]: S.I. 2017/1075, to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.

[^f00045]: O.J. No. L 13/1, 17.1.2014, p.1.

[^f00046]: Schedule 1 to the Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30) provides that “IP completion day” has the same meaning as in the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (c. 1) (see section 39(1) to (5) of that Act).

[^f00047]: S.I. 2019/1115.

[^f00048]: S.I. 2014/1638, amended by S.I. 2014/3248, S.I. 2016/315, S.I. 2016/345, S.I. 2016/721, S.I. 2017/469 and S.I. 2019/696.

[^f00049]: S.I. 2016/765. Article 212 was amended by S.I. 2019/645.

[^f00050]: 1982 c. 36.

[^f00051]: “carrier aircraft” is defined in section 2(6) of the Space Industry Act 2018.

[^f00052]: “space site” is defined in paragraph 5(3) of Schedule 4 to the Space Industry Act 2018. Regulation 2(2) makes provision for references to “space site” to be treated as if they include references to a ship from which a launch vehicle is launched or is to be launched, on which a launch vehicle or carrier aircraft is landed or is to be landing, spaceflight activities are controlled or are to be controlled, range control services are provided or are to be provided or from or on which one or more of these activities are carried out or are to be carried out.

[^f00053]: 1982 c. 36. Part 2A (security planning for aerodromes) of the Aviation Security Act 1982 was inserted by section 79 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009 (c. 26) and applies to NASP directed aerodromes. Section 24AE (aerodrome security plans) was amended by section 15(3) of, and paragraph 186 of Schedule 8 to, the Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22).

[^f00054]: See regulation 168 for the definition of “space site security restricted area”.

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