Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance

• (4) they hold a flight test rating issued in accordance with point FCL.820.

• (b) Notwithstanding (a), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types, pilots may hold a special certificate given by the competent authority, authorising them to perform the flights. This authorisation shall have its validity limited to the specific flights.

FCL.705   Privileges of the holder of a class or type rating

The privileges of the holder of a class or type rating are to act as pilot on the class or type of aircraft specified in the rating.

FCL.710   Class and type ratings — variants

• (a)Pilots shall complete differences training or familiarisation in order to extend their privileges to another variant of aircraft within a class or type rating, or, in the case of point FCL.710(d)(1) of this Annex, in order to maintain those privileges. In the case of variants within a class or type rating, the differences training or familiarisation shall include the relevant elements defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, where applicable. When extending the privileges of an SEP aeroplane class rating to a variant with another type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), of this Regulation, the differences training shall consist of dual flight instruction and theoretical knowledge instruction which shall include, with regard to that other type of engine and related aircraft systems, at least all of the following subjects:

• (1) Aircraft general knowledge;

• (2) Operational procedures;

• (3) Flight performance and planning.

• (b)The differences training shall be conducted at any of the following:

• (1) an ATO;

• (2) a DTO in the case of aircraft referred to in points (a)(1)(c) and (a)(2)(c) of point DTO.GEN.110 of Annex VIII;

• (3) an AOC holder having an approved differences training programme for the relevant class or type.

• (c)Notwithstanding the requirement in point (b), differences training for the following aircraft may be conducted by an appropriately qualified instructor unless otherwise provided in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012:

• (1) aeroplanes requiring a class rating:
• (i) TMGs;
• (ii) SEP aeroplanes;
• (iii) MEP aeroplanes;
• (iv) SET aeroplanes, except for complex or high-performance SET aeroplanes;

• (2) single-engine helicopters with a maximum take-off mass not exceeding 3 175  kg.

• (d)Pilots who, after having extended their privileges to another variant within a class or type rating in accordance with this point, have not flown that variant within the preceding 2 years shall, before exercising their privileges in that variant, complete any of the following in that variant:

• (1) further differences training in accordance with points (a) and (b) or, if applicable, (c);

• (2) a proficiency check;

• (3) in the case of a variant within the SEP class rating with a particular engine type referred to in Article 2, point (8c), refresher training in accordance with point FCL.740.A(b)(1)(ii)(C).

• (da)Point FCL.710(d) shall not apply in the case of variants within the TMG class rating and variants within the SEP class rating that have the same type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), of this Regulation.

• (e)The differences training or the proficiency check in that variant shall be entered in the pilots’ logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor or examiner as appropriate.

FCL.725   Requirements for the issue of class and type ratings

• (a) Training course. An applicant for a class or type rating shall complete a training course at an ATO. An applicant for a non-high-performance SEP aeroplane class rating, a TMG class rating or a single-engine type rating for helicopters referred to in point DTO.GEN.110(a)(2)(c) of Annex VIII (Part-DTO) to this Regulation may complete the training course at a DTO. The type rating training course shall include the mandatory training elements for the relevant type as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012.

• (b) Theoretical knowledge examination. The applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a theoretical knowledge examination organised by the ATO to demonstrate the level of theoretical knowledge required for the safe operation of the applicable aircraft class or type.

• (1) For multi-pilot aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the main subjects of the syllabus.

• (2) For single-pilot multi-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and the number of multiple-choice questions shall depend on the complexity of the aircraft.

• (3) For single-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be conducted verbally by the examiner during the skill test to determine whether or not a satisfactory level of knowledge has been achieved.

• (4) For single-pilot aeroplanes that are classified as high performance aeroplanes, the examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the subjects of the syllabus.

• (5) For single-pilot single-engine and single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes (sea), the examination shall be in a written form and shall comprise at least 30 multiple-choice questions.

• (c) Skill test. An applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the skill required for the safe operation of the applicable class or type of aircraft.

The applicant shall pass the skill test within a period of 6 months after commencement of the class or type rating training course and within a period of 6 months preceding the application for the issue of the class or type rating.

• (d) Single- and multi-pilot operations in single-pilot aircraft – type ratings

• (1) The privileges of holders of a type rating for a single-pilot aircraft include the privileges to fly the aircraft in single-pilot operations and multi-pilot operations. However, such holders shall exercise those privileges for a particular form of operation only if they comply with all of the following:
• (i) they have successfully completed flight training for the relevant form of operation in the relevant aircraft type in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex, unless specified otherwise in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012. That flight training for a particular form of operation shall either be included in the initial type rating training course at an ATO or, following the initial issuance of the type rating, be completed in the form of additional training at either of the following:
• (A) an ATO;
• (B) an organisation that is subject to Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 and that is entitled to provide such training on the basis of either an approval or a declaration;
• (ii) they have completed a skill test or a proficiency check:
• (A) for single-pilot operations in one of the following ways:
• (1) in single-pilot operations;
• (2) in multi-pilot operations with additional elements for single-pilot operations as specified in Appendix 9;
• (B) for multi-pilot operations, in multi-pilot operations.
• (iii) additionally, in the case of multi-pilot operations in single-pilot aircraft:
• (A) they meet the requirements that are specified in:
• (1) point FCL.720.A(b)(4) or point FCL.720.H(a)(2), as applicable;
• (2) point FCL.720.A(b)(5), for single-pilot aeroplanes, before starting flight training for multi-pilot operations in accordance with point FCL.725(d)(1)(i);
• (B) they exercise their privileges only at an organisation that is subject to Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012.

• (2) When applicants for the initial issue of a type rating for a single-pilot aircraft complete the flight training and the skill test in multi-pilot operations only, the type rating shall be issued with a restriction to multi-pilot operations. That restriction shall be removed when applicants complete, in accordance with Appendix 9, additional training and a proficiency check that include the necessary elements for single-pilot operations. In all other cases, the form of operation shall not be entered onto the licence.

• (da) Single- and multi-pilot operations – aeroplane class ratings

The privileges of holders of a class rating for a single-pilot aeroplane include the privileges to fly the aeroplane in multi-pilot operations, provided that such holders:

• (1) comply with the requirements set out in:
• (i) point FCL.720.A(b)(4);
• (ii) point FCL.720.A(b)(5), before starting flight training for multi-pilot operations in accordance with point FCL.725(da)(2);

• (2) have completed flight training and passed a proficiency check for multi-pilot operations in the relevant aeroplane class in accordance with Section B, point 5(g), of Appendix 9 at an organisation that is specified in point FCL.725(d)(1)(i); and

• (3) exercise their privileges only at an organisation that is subject to Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012. Additional privileges for multi-pilot operations in a single-pilot aeroplane class shall not be entered onto the licence.

• (db) If a skill test or proficiency check for a single-pilot aircraft class or type rating is conducted in either of the following, the form or forms of operation in which that skill test or a proficiency check is conducted shall be entered in the logbook of the applicants and signed by the examiner:

• (1) multi-pilot operations;

• (2) single-pilot and multi-pilot operations.

• (e) Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820 who were involved in development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type, and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC on test flights in that type, shall be entitled to apply for the issue of the relevant type rating, provided that they comply with the experience requirements and the prerequisites for the issue of that type rating, as established in this Subpart for the relevant aircraft category.

• (f) Applicants for a class rating for TMGs who also hold an SPL in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including the privileges to fly on TMGs, shall receive full credits towards the requirements in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c).

FCL.740   Validity and renewal of class and type ratings

• (a) Validity
• (1) The validity period of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot single-engine class ratings for which the validity period shall be 2 years, unless otherwise determined in the OSD. If pilots choose to fulfil the revalidation requirements earlier than prescribed in points FCL.740.A, FCL.740.H, FCL.740.PL and FCL.740.As, the new validity period shall commence from the date of the proficiency check.
• (2) Applicants for the revalidation of a class or type rating shall receive full credits for the proficiency check as required in this Subpart when they complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10 at an operator that has implemented EBT for the relevant class or type rating.

• (b) Renewal For the renewal of a class or type rating, applicants shall comply with all of the following:
• (1) in order to determine whether refresher training is necessary for the applicant to reach the level of proficiency to safely operate the aircraft, they shall undergo an assessment at one of the following:
• (i) at an ATO;
• (ii) at a DTO or at an ATO, if the expired rating concerned a non-high-performance SEP aeroplane class rating, a TMG class rating or a single-engine type rating for helicopters referred to in point DTO.GEN.110(a)(2)(c) of Annex VIII;
• (iii) at a DTO, at an ATO or with an instructor, if the rating expired no more than 3 years ago and the rating concerned a non-high-performance SEP aeroplane class rating or a TMG class rating;
• (iv) at an EBT operator that is specifically approved for such refresher training;
• (2) if deemed necessary by the organisation or the instructor providing the assessment as per point (1), they shall complete refresher training at that organisation or with that instructor;
• (3) after complying with point (1) and, as applicable, point (2), they shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 or complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10. That EBT practical assessment may be combined with the refresher training specified in point (2). By way of derogation from points (b)(1), (b)(2) and (b)(3), pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with point FCL.820 who were involved in the development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC in test flights in that type during the year prior to the date of their application, shall be entitled to apply for the revalidation or renewal of the relevant type rating. Applicants shall be exempted from the requirement in points (b)(1) and (b)(2) if they hold a valid rating for the same class or type of aircraft on a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention and if they are entitled to exercise the privileges of that rating.

• (c) Pilots who leave an operator’s EBT programme after having failed to demonstrate an acceptable level of competence in accordance with that EBT programme shall not exercise the privileges of that type rating until they have complied with one of the following:
• (1) they have completed EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10;
• (2) they have passed a proficiency check in accordance with point FCL.625(c)(3) or point FCL.740(b)(3), as applicable. In such a case, point FCL.625(b)(4) and point FCL.740(a)(2) shall not apply.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.720.A   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of class or type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (OSD), applicants for the issue of a class or type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

(a) Single-pilot aeroplanes

(1) Single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes

Applicants for the issue of a first class or type rating on a single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane shall have completed at least 70 hours as PIC in aeroplanes.

(2) Single-pilot high-performance non-complex aeroplanes

Before starting flight training, applicants for the issue of a class or type rating for a single-pilot aeroplane classified as a high-performance aeroplane shall:

• (i) have at least 200 hours of total flying experience, of which 70 hours as PIC in aeroplanes; and

• (ii) comply with one of the following requirements:
• (A) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of a course for additional theoretical knowledge undertaken at an ATO; or
• (B) have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance with this Annex (Part-FCL); or
• (C) hold, in addition to a licence issued in accordance with this Annex (Part-FCL), an ATPL(A) or CPL(A)/IR with theoretical knowledge credit for ATPL(A), issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention.

• (3) Single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes

Applicants for the issue of a type rating for a complex single-pilot aeroplane classified as a high-performance aeroplane shall, in addition to meeting the requirements in point (2), comply with all of the following:

• (i) they shall hold or have held a single- or multi-engine IR(A), as appropriate and as established in Subpart G;

• (ii) for the issue of the first type rating, they shall, before starting the type rating training course, meet the requirements in point (b)(5).

(b) Multi-pilot aeroplanes

Applicants for the issue of the first type rating for a multi-pilot aeroplane shall be student pilots currently undergoing training on an MPL training course or shall, before starting the type rating training course, comply with the following requirements:

• (1) have at least 70 hours of flight experience as PIC in aeroplanes;

• (2) hold or have held a multi-engine IR(A);

• (3) have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance with this Annex (Part-FCL);

• (4) except when the type rating course is combined with an MCC course:
• (i) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of an MCC course in aeroplanes; or
• (ii) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of MCC in helicopters and have more than 100 hours of flight experience as pilots of multi-pilot helicopters; or
• (iii) have at least 500 hours as pilots of multi-pilot helicopters; or
• (iv) have at least 500 hours as pilots in multi-pilot operations on single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes, in commercial air transport in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements; and

• (5) have completed the training course specified in point FCL.745.A, unless they comply with any of the following:
• (i) they completed, within the preceding 3 years, the training and checking in accordance with points ORO.FC.220 or ORO.FC.230 of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012;
• (ii) they have completed the training specified in point FCL.915(e)(1)(ii).

• (c) Notwithstanding point FCL.720.A(b), applicants who comply with Section B, point 6(i), of Appendix 9 shall be issued with a type rating with restricted privileges for a multi-pilot aeroplane that allows holders of such a rating to act as cruise relief co-pilots above Flight Level 200, provided that two other members of the crew have a type rating in accordance with point FCL.720.A(b).

To remove the restriction, applicants shall comply with all of the following:

• (1) undergo an assessment at an ATO which shall determine their training needs to have the restriction removed;

• (2) based on the assessment specified in point (1), complete, at that ATO, training which shall allow them to reach the level of proficiency to safely operate the aircraft;

• (3) after the completion of the training specified in point (2), complete a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9;

• (4) after the completion of the skill test specified in point (3), meet one of the following conditions:
• (i) comply with point ORO.FC.220(e) of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012, provided that they meet the experience requirements specified in point FCL.730.A of this Annex;
• (ii) complete flight training in the aircraft which includes manoeuvres on take-off, landing and go-around.

• (d) When so determined in the OSD, the exercise of the privileges of a type rating may be initially limited to flight under the supervision of an instructor. The flight hours under supervision shall be entered in the pilots' logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor. The limitation shall be removed when pilots demonstrate that the hours of flight under supervision required in the OSD have been completed.

FCL.725.A   Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012:

• (a) for single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes:
• (1) the theoretical knowledge course for a single-pilot multi-engine class rating shall include at least 7 hours of instruction in multi-engine aeroplane operations; and
• (2) the flight training course for a single-pilot multi-engine class or type rating shall include at least 2 hours and 30 minutes of dual flight instruction under normal conditions of multi-engine aeroplane operations, and not less than 3 hours 30 minutes of dual flight instruction in engine failure procedures and asymmetric flight techniques.

• (b) for single-pilot aeroplanes (sea):
• (1) the training course for single-pilot aeroplane (sea) ratings shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction; and
• (2) the flight training for a class or type rating (sea) for single-pilot aeroplanes (sea) shall include at least 8 hours of dual flight instruction if applicants hold the land version of the relevant class or type rating, or 10 hours if applicants do not hold such a rating; and

• (c) for single-pilot non-high-performance complex aeroplanes, single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes and multi-pilot aeroplanes, the training courses shall include UPRT theoretical knowledge and flight instruction related to the specificities of the relevant class or type. For the flight instruction, FSTDs may be used in accordance with Section A, point 18 of Appendix 9.

FCL.730.A   Specific requirements for pilots undertaking a zero flight time type rating (ZFTT) course — aeroplanes

• (a) A pilot undertaking instruction at a ZFTT course shall have completed, on a multi-pilot turbo-jet aeroplane certificated to the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness code or on a multi-pilot turbo-prop aeroplane having a maximum certificated take-off mass of not less than 10 tonnes or a certificated passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers, at least:

• (1) if an FFS qualified to level CG, C or interim C is used during the course:
• (i) in the case of cruise relief co-pilots, 1 500  hours of flight time;
• (ii) in all other cases, 1 500  hours of flight time or 250 route sectors;

• (2) if an FFS qualified to level DG or D is used during the course:
• (i) in the case of cruise relief co-pilots, 750 hours of flight time;
• (ii) in all other cases, 500 hours of flight time or 100 route sectors.

• (b) When a pilot is changing from a turbo-prop to a turbo-jet aeroplane or from a turbo-jet to a turbo-prop aeroplane, additional simulator training shall be required.

FCL.735.A   Multi-crew cooperation training course — aeroplanes

• (a) The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

• (1) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and

• (2) 20 hours of practical MCC training, or 15 hours in the case of student pilots attending an ATP integrated course.

An FNPT II MCC or an FFS shall be used. When the MCC training is combined with initial type rating training, the practical MCC training may be reduced to no less than 10 hours if the same FFS is used for both the MCC and type rating training.

• (b) The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

• (c) Unless the MCC course has been combined with a type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

• (d) An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1).

FCL.740.A   Revalidation of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

• (a) Revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings. For revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings, the applicant shall:

• (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 or complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10 in the relevant class or type of aeroplane or an FSTD representing that class or type, within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and

• (2) complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least:
• (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane; or
• (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check.

• (3) A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the class or type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2).

• (4) The revalidation of a BIR or an IR(A), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

• (b) Revalidation of single-pilot single-engine class ratings.

• (1) SEP aeroplane class ratings and TMG class ratings. For the revalidation of SEP aeroplane class ratings or TMG class ratings, applicants shall:
• (i) within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency check in the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner; or
• (ii) within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, complete 12 hours of flight time in the relevant class, including the following:
• (A) 6 hours as PIC;
• (B) 12 take-offs and 12 landings;
• (C) refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with and to the satisfaction of a flight instructor (FI) or a class rating instructor (CRI) who shall select those flight exercises that allow the applicant to refresh their competence in safely operating the aircraft and applying normal, abnormal and emergency procedures. Applicants shall be exempted from this refresher training if they have passed any of the following, in any class or type of aeroplane:
• (1) a class or type rating proficiency check;
• (2) a skill test;
• (3) an EBT practical assessment;
• (4) an assessment of competence.

• (2) When applicants hold both an SEP aeroplane-land class rating and a TMG class rating, they may complete the requirements of point (1) in either class or a combination of those classes, and achieve revalidation of both ratings.

• (3) Single-pilot single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes. For revalidation of single-engine turbo-prop class ratings applicants shall pass a proficiency check on the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner, within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating.

• (4) When applicants hold both an SEP aeroplane-land class rating and an SEP aeroplane-sea class rating, they may complete the requirements of point (1)(ii) in either class or a combination of those classes, and achieve the fulfilment of those requirements for both ratings. At least 1 hour of the required PIC time and 6 of the required 12 take-offs and 12 landings shall be completed in each class.

• (5) The proficiency check for the revalidation of a single-pilot single-engine aeroplane class rating may be combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of a BIR, in accordance with point FCL.835(g)(8).

• (c) Applicants who fail to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a class or type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

FCL.745.A Advanced UPRT course — aeroplanes

• (a) The advanced UPRT course shall be completed at an ATO and shall comprise at least:
• (1) 5 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction;
• (2) preflight briefings and postflight debriefings; and
• (3) 3 hours of dual flight instruction with a flight instructor for aeroplanes FI(A) qualified in accordance with point FCL.915(e) and consisting of advanced UPRT in an aeroplane qualified for the training task. Flight time that does not include advanced UPRT but serves to go to or return from the UPRT training area shall not count towards those 3 hours.

• (b) Upon completion of the UPRT course, applicants shall be issued with a certificate of completion by the ATO.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.720.H   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — helicopters

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, an applicant for the issue of the first helicopter type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

• (a) Multi-pilot helicopters. An applicant for a type rating for a multi-pilot helicopter type shall, before starting the type rating training course:
• (1) have at least 70 hours as PIC on helicopters;
• (2) except when the type rating course is combined with an MCC course:
• (i) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of an MCC course in helicopters; or
• (ii) have completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot in multi-pilot operations in any aircraft category. —————
• (3) have passed the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge examinations.

• (b) A graduate from an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), CPL(H)/IR or CPL(H) integrated course who does not comply with the requirement of point (a)(1), shall be entitled to undergo the type rating training course for a multi-pilot helicopter type rating and shall have the type rating issued with the privileges limited to exercising functions as co-pilot only. The limitation shall be removed once the pilot has complied with all of the following:
• (1) completed 70 hours as PIC or pilot-in-command under supervision of helicopters;
• (2) passed the multi-pilot skill test on the applicable helicopter type as PIC.

• (c) Multi-engine helicopters. An applicant for the issue of a first type rating for a multi-engine helicopter shall:
• (1) before starting flight training:
• (i) have passed the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge examinations; or
• (ii) hold a certificate of completion of a pre-entry course conducted by an ATO. The course shall cover the following subjects of the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge course:
• — Aircraft General Knowledge: airframe/systems/power plant, and instrument/electronics,
• — Flight Performance and Planning: mass and balance, performance;
• (2) in the case of applicants who have not completed an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), or CPL(H)/IR integrated training course, have completed at least 70 hours as PIC on helicopters.

FCL.735.H   Multi-crew cooperation training course — helicopters

• (a) The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

• (1) for MCC/IR:
• (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and
• (ii) 20 hours of practical MCC training or 15 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 10 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating;

• (2) for MCC/VFR:
• (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and
• (ii) 15 hours of practical MCC training or 10 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 7 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating.

• (b) The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

An FNPT II or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

• (c) Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

• (d) An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i) or (a)(2)(i), as applicable.

• (e) An applicant for MCC/IR training who has completed MCC/VFR training shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i), and shall complete 5 hours of practical MCC/IR training.

FCL.740.H   Revalidation of type ratings – helicopters

• (a) Revalidation. For the revalidation of type ratings for helicopters, applicants shall comply with one of the following, as applicable:
• (1) they shall take the following steps:
• (i) within the validity period of the type rating, complete at least 2 hours as pilot in the relevant helicopter type;
• (ii) within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the type rating, pass a proficiency check:
• (A) which is conducted in accordance with Appendix 9 in the relevant type of helicopter or an FSTD representing that type;
• (B) the duration of which may be counted towards the flight time specified in point (i);
• (2) for type ratings for single-engine helicopters up to a maximum take-off mass of 3 175  kg, they shall meet one of the following conditions:
• (i) comply with point (a)(1);
• (ii) complete, in the relevant type of helicopter, both of the following:
• (A) within the validity period of the type rating, at least 6 hours as PIC;
• (B) within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating, a refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with and to the satisfaction of an instructor who shall select those flight exercises that allow the applicant to refresh their competence in safely operating the aircraft and applying normal, abnormal and emergency procedures. Applicants may choose to complete the refresher training in the aircraft or an FSTD representing the relevant type, or in a combination of both.

• (b) When applicants hold more than one type rating for SEP helicopters, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by passing the proficiency check in accordance with point (a)(1)(ii) or completing the refresher training in accordance with point (a)(2)(ii)(B) in only one of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed either of the following flight times as PIC in each of the other relevant types during the validity period:
• (1) if they completed a proficiency check in accordance with point (a)(1)(ii), at least 2 hours;
• (2) if they completed a refresher training in accordance with point (a)(2)(ii)(B), at least 6 hours. The proficiency check or the refresher training, as applicable, shall be performed each time on a different type. The new validity period of all type ratings revalidated in accordance with this point shall commence together with the validity period of the type rating for which the proficiency check or the refresher training is performed.

• (c) When applicants hold more than one type rating for SET helicopters with a maximum certified take-off mass up to 3 175  kg, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by passing the proficiency check in accordance with point (a)(1)(ii) or completing the refresher training in accordance with point (a)(2)(ii)(B) in only one of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed all of the following:
• (1) 300 hours as PIC on helicopters;
• (2) 15 hours on each of the types held;
• (3) either of the following flight times as PIC in each of the other relevant types during the validity period:
• (i) if they completed a proficiency check in accordance with point (a)(1)(ii), at least 2 hours;
• (ii) if they completed a refresher training in accordance with point (a)(2)(ii)(B), at least 6 hours. The proficiency check or the refresher training, as applicable, shall be performed each time on a different type. The new validity period of all type ratings revalidated in accordance with this point shall commence together with the validity period of the type rating for which the proficiency check or the refresher training is completed.

• (d) Applicants who successfully complete a skill test for the issue of an additional type rating or a proficiency check for the renewal of a type rating shall achieve revalidation for the relevant type ratings already held in the common groups, as specified in points (b) and (c). The new validity period of all type ratings revalidated in accordance with this point shall commence together with the validity period of the type rating for which the skill test or proficiency check is completed.

• (e) The revalidation of an IR(H), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for a type rating.

• (f) Applicants who fail to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved. In the case of points (b) and (c), applicants shall not exercise their privileges in any of the types.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the powered-lift aircraft category

FCL.720.PL   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of a powered-lift type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

• (a) for pilots of aeroplanes:
• (1) hold a CPL/IR(A) with ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL(A);
• (2) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course;
• (3) have completed more than 100 hours as pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes;
• (4) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in helicopters;

• (b) for pilots of helicopters:
• (1) hold a CPL/IR(H) with ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL/IR(H);
• (2) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course;
• (3) have completed more than 100 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters;
• (4) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes;

• (c) for pilots qualified to fly both aeroplanes and helicopters:
• (1) hold at least a CPL(H);
• (2) hold an IR and ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL in either aeroplanes or helicopters;
• (3) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course in either helicopters or aeroplanes;
• (4) have completed at least 100 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters or aeroplanes;
• (5) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or helicopters, as applicable, if the pilot has no experience as ATPL or on multi-pilot aircraft.

FCL.725.PL   Flight instruction for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

The flight instruction part of the training course for a powered-lift type rating shall be completed in both the aircraft and an FSTD representing the aircraft and adequately qualified for this purpose.

FCL.740.PL   Revalidation of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

• (a) Revalidation. For revalidation of powered-lift type ratings, the applicant shall:

• (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of powered-lift within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating;

• (2) complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least:
• (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft; or
• (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check.

• (3) A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2).

• (b) An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until the a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.720.As   Prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — airships

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of an airship type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

• (a) for multi-pilot airships:
• (1) have completed 70 hours of flight time as PIC on airships;
• (2) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of MCC on airships.
• (3) An applicant who does not comply with the requirement in (2) shall have the type rating issued with the privileges limited to exercising functions as co-pilot only. The limitation shall be removed once the pilot has completed 100 hours of flight time as PIC or pilot-in-command under supervision of airships.

FCL.735.As   Multi-crew cooperation training course — airships

• (a) The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

• (1) 12 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and

• (2) 5 hours of practical MCC training;

An FNPT II, or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

• (b) The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

• (c) Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

• (d) An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirements in (a).

FCL.740.As   Revalidation of type ratings — airships

• (a) Revalidation. For revalidation of type ratings for airships, the applicant shall:

• (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of airship within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and

• (2) complete at least 2 hours as a pilot of the relevant airship type within the validity period of the rating. The duration of the proficiency check may be counted towards the 2 hours.

• (3) The revalidation of an IR(As), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

• (b) An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SUBPART I

ADDITIONAL RATINGS

FCL.800   Aerobatic rating

• (a) Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall undertake aerobatic flights only if they hold an aerobatic rating in accordance with this point.

• (b) Applicants for an aerobatic rating shall have completed:

• (1) after the issue of the licence, at least 30 hours of flight time as PIC in aeroplanes or TMGs;

• (2) a training course at a DTO or at an ATO, including:
• (i) theoretical knowledge instruction appropriate for the rating;
• (ii) at least 5 hours of aerobatic instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs flown with engine power.

• (c) The privileges of the aerobatic rating shall be limited to aerobatic flight in either aeroplanes or TMGs flown with engine power, depending on which aircraft the requirements of (b)(1) and (b)(2)(ii) were complied with. This limitation shall be lifted upon application if a pilot has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights in aeroplanes or TMGs flown with engine power, as applicable, covering the full aerobatic training syllabus.

• (d) Applicants for an aerobatic rating who also hold a TMG class rating as well as advanced aerobatic privileges for sailplanes with privileges as specified in point SFCL.200(d) of Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976 shall:

• (1) be exempted from getting their aerobatic rating limited to aeroplanes, as specified in paragraph (c) if they have complied with the requirements of (b)(1) and (b)(2)(ii) in aeroplanes, or

• (2) receive full credit towards the requirements in paragraph (b) for the issue of an aerobatic rating restricted to TMGs flown with engine power. This limitation shall be lifted upon application if a pilot has completed the training as specified in paragraph (c).

FCL.805   Sailplane towing and banner towing ratings

• (a) Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall only tow sailplanes or banners when they hold the appropriate sailplane towing or banner towing rating.

• (b) Applicants for a sailplane towing rating shall have completed:

• (1) at least 30 hours of flight time as PIC and 60 take-offs and landings in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMGs, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs, completed after the issue of the licence;

• (2) a training course at a DTO or at an ATO, including:
• (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures;
• (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a sailplane, including at least 5 dual instruction flights; and
• (iii) except for holders of an SPL in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, 5 familiarisation flights in a sailplane which is launched by an aircraft.

• (c) Applicants for a banner towing rating shall have completed:

• (1) at least 100 hours of flight time and 200 take-offs and landings as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG, after the issue of the licence. At least 30 of these hours shall be in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMG, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs;

• (2) a training course at a DTO or at an ATO, including:
• (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures;
• (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a banner, including at least 5 dual flights.

• (d) The privileges of the sailplane and banner towing ratings shall be limited to aeroplanes or TMGs appropriately to aircraft on which the flight instruction was completed. For banner towing, the privileges shall be limited to the towing method used for flight instruction. The privileges shall be extended if pilots have successfully completed at least three dual training flights covering the full towing training syllabus in either aircraft and towing method for banner towing.

• (e) In order to exercise the privileges of the sailplane or banner towing ratings, the holder of the rating shall have completed a minimum of 5 tows during the last 24 months.

• (f) When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (e), before resuming the exercise of his/her privileges, the pilot shall complete the missing tows with or under the supervision of an instructor.

• (g) Applicants for a sailplane towing or banner towing rating on TMGs in accordance with this point shall receive full credit towards the requirements of paragraph (b) or (c), as applicable, if they hold a sailplane towing or banner towing rating in accordance with point SFCL.205 of Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, as applicable, or if they have fulfilled all the requirements for the issue of that rating.

FCL.810   Night rating

• (a) Aeroplanes, TMGs, airships.

• (1) Applicants shall have completed a training course within a period of up to 6 months at a DTO or at an ATO to exercise the privileges of an LAPL or a PPL for aeroplanes, TMGs or airships in VFR conditions at night. The course shall comprise:
• (i) theoretical knowledge instruction;
• (ii) at least 5 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation with at least one dual cross-country flight of at least 50 km (27 NM) and 5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings.

• (2) Before completing the training at night, LAPL holders shall have completed the basic instrument flight training required for the issue of the PPL.

• (3) When applicants hold both an SEP aeroplane-land and a TMG class rating, they may meet the requirements in point (1) in either class or in both classes.

• (4) Applicants for a night rating for aeroplanes or TMGs in accordance with this subparagraph shall receive full credit towards the requirements of subparagraphs (1) and (2) if they hold a TMG night rating in accordance with point SFCL.210 of Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976 or if they have fulfilled all the requirements for the issue of that rating.

• (b) Helicopters. If the privileges of a PPL for helicopters are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, the applicant shall have:

• (1) completed at least 100 hours of flight time as pilot in helicopters after the issue of the licence, including at least 60 hours as PIC on helicopters and 20 hours of cross-country flight;

• (2) completed a training course at a DTO or at an ATO. The course shall be completed within a period of 6 months and comprise:
• (i) 5 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction;
• (ii) 10 hours of helicopter dual instrument instruction time; and
• (iii) 5 hours of flight time at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo night circuits. Each circuit shall include a take-off and a landing. An applicant that holds or has held an IR in an aeroplane or TMG shall be credited with 5 hours towards the requirement in point (2)(ii) above.

• (c) Gyroplanes. If the privileges of a GPL are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall have:

• (1) completed at least 50 hours of flight time as pilot in gyroplanes after the issue of the licence, including at least 20 hours as PIC on gyroplanes and 20 hours of cross-country flight;

• (2) completed a training course at a DTO or at an ATO. The course shall be completed within a period of 6 months and comprise:
• (i) 5 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction;
• (ii) 3 hours of gyroplane dual instrument instruction time; and
• (iii) 5 hours of flight time at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and five solo night circuits; each circuit shall include a take-off and a landing.

An applicant that holds or has held an instrument rating in an aeroplane or a helicopter shall be credited with 2 hours towards the requirement in point (2)(ii) above. An applicant that holds a night rating in an aeroplane, helicopter or TMG shall receive a full credit for the element specified in point (2)(i).

FCL.815   Mountain rating

• (a) Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a mountain rating are to conduct flights with aeroplanes or TMGs to and from surfaces which are designated to require such a rating by the appropriate authorities designated by the Member States.

Holders of an LAPL or a PPL with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs may obtain the initial mountain rating either on:

• (1) wheels, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are not covered by snow; or

• (2) skis, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are covered by snow.

• (3) The privileges of the initial rating may be extended to either wheel or ski privileges when the pilot has undertaken an appropriate additional familiarisation course, including theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training, with a mountain flight instructor.

• (b) Training course. Applicants for a mountain rating shall have completed, within a period of 24 months, a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training at a DTO or at an ATO. The content of the course shall be appropriate to the privileges of the mountain rating applied for.

• (c) Skill test. After the completion of the training, the applicant shall pass a skill test with an FE qualified for this purpose. The skill test shall contain:

• (1) a verbal examination of theoretical knowledge;

• (2) 6 landings on at least 2 different surfaces designated as requiring a mountain rating other than the surface of departure.

• (d) In order to exercise the privileges of the mountain rating, the holder of the rating shall, during the last 2 years, have complied with either of the following conditions:

• (1) completed at least six landings on a surface designated to require a mountain rating;

• (2) passed a proficiency check that complies with the requirements in point (c). The completion of the proficiency check shall be entered in the logbook of the pilot and signed by the responsible examiner.

FCL.820   Flight test rating

• (a) Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes or helicopters shall only act as PIC in category 1 or 2 flight tests, as defined in Part-21, when they hold a flight test rating.

• (b) The obligation to hold a flight test rating established in point (a) shall only apply to flight tests conducted on:

• (1) helicopters certificated or to be certificated in accordance with the standards of CS-27 or CS-29 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or

• (2) aeroplanes certificated or to be certificated in accordance with:
• (i) the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or
• (ii) the standards of CS-23 or equivalent airworthiness codes, except for aeroplanes with a maximum take-off mass of 2 000  kg or less.

• (c) The privileges of the holder of a flight test rating are to, within the relevant aircraft category:

• (1) in the case of a category 1 flight test rating, conduct all categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot;

• (2) in the case of a category 2 flight test rating:
• (i) conduct category 1 flight tests, as defined in Part-21:
• — as a co-pilot, or
• — as PIC, in the case of aeroplanes referred to in (b)(2)(ii), except for those within the commuter category or having a design diving speed above 0,6 mach or a maximum ceiling above 25 000 feet;
• (ii) conduct all other categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot;

• (3) conduct flights without a type or class rating as defined in Subpart H, except that the flight test rating shall not be used for commercial air transport operations.

• (d) Applicants for the first issue of a flight test rating shall:

• (1) hold at least a CPL and an IR in the appropriate aircraft category;

• (2) have completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category, of which at least 400 hours as PIC;

• (3) have completed a training course at an ATO appropriate to the intended aircraft and category of flights. The training shall cover at least the following subjects:
• — Performance,
• — Stability and control/Handling qualities,
• — Systems,
• — Test management,
• — Risk/Safety management.

• (e) The privileges of holders of a flight test rating may be extended to another category of flight test and another category of aircraft when they have completed an additional course of training at an ATO.

FCL.835   Basic instrument rating (BIR)

• (a) Privileges and conditions
• (1) The privileges of a BIR holder are to conduct flights under IFR on single-pilot aeroplanes for which class ratings are held, with the exception of the following:
• (i) high-performance aeroplanes;
• (ii) aeroplane variants if operational suitability data has determined that an IR is required.
• (2) BIR privileges shall only be exercised in accordance with point FCL.205.A.
• (3) BIR privileges may be exercised at night only if the pilot holds a night rating in accordance with point FCL.810.
• (4) The privileges of a multi-engine BIR shall also be valid on single-engine aeroplanes for which the pilot holds a valid single-engine class rating.
• (5) The exercise of BIR privileges shall be subject to all of the following conditions:
• (i) the decision height (DH) or minimum descent height (MDH) used in aerodrome operating minima shall be at least 200 ft greater than what would otherwise be calculated according to point ‘NCO.OP.110 Aerodrome operating minima – aeroplanes and helicopters’ and point ‘NCO.OP.111 Aerodrome operating minima – NPA, APV, CAT I operations’ to Annex VII of Regulation (EU) No 965/2012; and
• (ii) the visibility used in aerodrome operating minima shall not be less than 1 500 m;
• (iii) the pilot-in-command shall not commence a flight under IFR or undertake a VFR-to-IFR transition, unless:
• (A) at the aerodrome of departure, the visibility is at least 1 500 m and the cloud ceiling is at least 600 ft, or the published circling minimum applicable to the aeroplane category, whichever is the greater; and
• (B) at the destination aerodrome and at any required alternate aerodrome the available current meteorological information indicates, for the period from 1 hour before until 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, or from the actual time of departure to 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, whichever period is shorter, a visibility of at least 1 500 m and a cloud ceiling of at least 600 ft, or the published circling minimum applicable to the aeroplane category, or the DH/MDH incremented by 200 ft in accordance with (i), whichever is the greater.

• (b) Prerequisites. Applicants for the BIR shall hold at least a PPL(A).

• (c) Training course. Applicants for the BIR shall have completed at an ATO:
• (1) theoretical knowledge instruction in accordance with point FCL.615(a); and
• (2) flight instruction that comprises the following instrument flight instruction modules:
• (i) module 1 – the core flying training module of flight handling skills by sole reference to instruments;
• (ii) module 2 – the applied flying training module of IFR departure, holding, 2D and 3D approach procedures;
• (iii) module 3 – the applied flying training module of en-route IFR flight procedures; and
• (iv) module 4 – if a multi-engine BIR is sought, the applied flying training module with one engine inoperative shall include asymmetric instrument approach and go-around procedures; and
• (3) flight instruction that complies with the following requirements:
• (i) The module specified in paragraph (c)(2)(i) shall be completed first. The modules specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) and (c)(2)(iii), and, if applicable, (c)(2)(iv), may be completed in an order chosen by the applicant.
• (ii) The modules specified in paragraph (c)(2) may be completed in aeroplanes, FSTDs or a combination of these. In any case, the applicant shall receive training in the aeroplane to be used for the skill test.
• (iii) The modules specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i), (c)(2)(ii) and (c)(2)(iv) may be commenced outside an ATO but shall be completed at an ATO. The module specified in point (c)(2)(iii) may be completed outside an ATO.
• (iv) Prior to commencing the module specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iv), a pilot who does not hold a multi-engine aeroplane class or type rating shall have received the multi-engine training specified in Subpart H of this Annex (Part-FCL).

• (d) Theoretical knowledge. Prior to taking the skill test and through examinations in the subjects referred to in point FCL.615(b), the applicants shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge that is appropriate to the privileges granted. The theoretical knowledge examination shall consist of one examination paper associated with each module as specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i), (c)(2)(ii) and (c)(2)(iii).

• (e) Skill test. After the completion of the training course specified in paragraph (c), the applicants shall pass a skill test in an aeroplane in accordance with Appendix 7 to this Annex. For a multi-engine BIR, the skill test shall be taken in a multi-engine aeroplane. For a single-engine BIR, the skill test shall be taken in a single-engine aeroplane. A multi-engine centreline thrust aeroplane shall be considered to be a single-engine aeroplane for the purposes of this paragraph.

• (f) By way of derogation from paragraph (d), holders of a single-engine BIR who also hold a multi-engine class rating and who wish to obtain a multi-engine BIR for the first time shall complete a training course at an ATO that comprises the training as specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) and shall pass the skill test referred to in paragraph (e).

• (g) Validity, revalidation and renewal
• (1) A BIR shall be valid for 1 year.
• (2) Applicants for the revalidation of a BIR shall:
• (i) within a period of three months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part; or
• (ii) within the validity period, complete 6 hours as PIC under IFR including three instrument approach procedures and complete a training flight of at least one hour with an instructor who holds privileges to provide training for the BIR.
• (3) For each alternate subsequent revalidation, the holder of the BIR shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with paragraph (2)(i) in an aeroplane.
• (4) If a pilot chooses to fulfil the revalidation requirements specified in paragraph (g)(2)(i) earlier than what is prescribed in that paragraph, the new validity period shall commence from the date of the proficiency check.
• (5) Applicants who fail to pass the relevant sections of a BIR proficiency check before the expiry date of the BIR shall not exercise the BIR privileges until they have passed the proficiency check.
• (6) If a BIR has expired, in order to renew their privileges, applicants shall:
• (i) where necessary to reach the level of proficiency needed, complete refresher training provided by an ATO or, if the BIR is expired for three years or less, by an instructor who holds privileges to provide training for the BIR; and
• (ii) pass a proficiency check in an aeroplane.
• (7) For a multi-engine BIR, the proficiency check for the revalidation or renewal as well as the flying training required in paragraph (g)(2)(ii) shall be completed in a multi-engine aeroplane.
• (8) The proficiency check for the revalidation or renewal of a BIR may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation or renewal of a single-pilot aeroplane class rating on which BIR privileges may be exercised in accordance with point FCL.835(a)(1).

• (h) Applicants for the BIR who hold a PPL or CPL issued in accordance with Annex I (Part-FCL) and a valid IR(A) issued in accordance with the requirements of Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention by a third country may be credited in full towards the training course referred to in paragraph (c)(2). In order to be issued with the BIR, the applicants shall:
• (1) successfully complete the skill test referred to in paragraph (e);
• (2) demonstrate orally to the examiner during the skill test that they have acquired an adequate level of theoretical knowledge of air law, meteorology, and flight planning and performance; and
• (3) have experience of at least 25 hours of flight time under IFR as PIC on aeroplanes.

• (j) The holder of an IR shall receive full credits for the requirement in paragraph (c)(2).

SUBPART J

INSTRUCTORS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.900   Instructor certificates

• (a) General. A person shall only carry out:

• (1) flight instruction in aircraft when he/she holds:
• (i) a pilot licence issued or accepted in accordance with this Regulation;
• (ii) an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart;

• (2) synthetic flight instruction or MCC instruction when he/she holds an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart.

• (b) Special conditions:

• (1) The competent authority may issue a specific certificate granting privileges for flight instruction when compliance with the requirements established in this Subpart is not possible in the case of the introduction of:
• (i) new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator's fleet; or
• (ii) new training courses in this Annex (Part-FCL). Such a certificate shall be limited to the training flights necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft or the new training course and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year.

• (2) Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for the issue of an instructor certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements established for that category of instructor. Notwithstanding FCL.905.TRI(b), a TRI certificate issued in accordance with this (sub)paragraph will include the privilege to instruct for the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate for the relevant type.

• (c) Instruction provided outside the territory of the Member States:

• (1) By way of derogation from point (a), in the case of flight instruction provided during a training course approved in accordance with this Annex outside the territory for which Member States are responsible under the Chicago Convention, the competent authority shall issue an instructor certificate to applicants who:
• (i) holds a pilot licence that meets all of the following criteria:
• (A) it complies with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention;
• (B) in any case, it is at least a CPL in the relevant aircraft category with a relevant rating or certificate;
• (ii) complies with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant instructor certificate;
• (iii) demonstrates to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise instructional privileges in accordance with this Annex.

• (2) The certificate shall be limited to providing flight instruction during a training course approved in accordance with this Annex which meets all of the following conditions:
• (i) it is provided outside the territory for which Member States are responsible under the Chicago Convention;
• (ii) it is provided to student pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which flight instruction is provided.

FCL.915   General prerequisites and requirements for instructors

(a) General

Applicants for the issue of an instructor certificate shall be at least 18 years of age.

(b) Additional requirements for instructors that provide flight instruction in aircraft

Applicants for the issue of or holders of an instructor certificate with privileges to conduct flight instruction in an aircraft shall:

• (1) for licence training, hold at least the licence or, in the case of point FCL.900(c), the equivalent licence, for which flight instruction is to be given;

• (2) for a rating training, hold the relevant rating or, in the case of point FCL.900(c), the equivalent rating, for which flight instruction is to be given;

• (3) except in the case of flight test instructors (FTIs), have:
• (i) completed at least 15 hours of flight time as pilots of the class or type of aircraft on which flight instruction is to be given, of which a maximum of 7 hours may be in an FSTD representing the class or type of aircraft, if applicable; or
• (ii) passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor on that class or type of aircraft;

• (4) be entitled to act as PIC in the aircraft during such flight instruction; and

• (5) when providing flight instruction in a variant of the SEP aeroplane class with a particular type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), of this Regulation, have complied with one of the following conditions:
• (i) completed at least 5 hours of flight time as pilots in that variant;
• (ii) passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor in that variant.

(c) Credit towards further instructor certificates and for the purpose of revalidation

• (1) Full credit towards the teaching and learning skills may be granted to:
• (i) holders of an instructor certificate who apply for further instructor certificates; and
• (ii) applicants for an instructor certificate who already hold an instructor certificate issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395 or with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976.

• (2) Hours flown as an examiner during skill tests or proficiency checks shall be credited in full towards revalidation requirements for all instructor certificates held.

• (d) Credit for extension to further types shall take into account the relevant elements as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 (OSD).

• (e) Additional requirements for instructing in a training course in accordance with FCL.745.A:

• (1) In addition to (b), before acting as instructors for a training course according to FCL.745.A, holders of an instructor certificate shall:
• (i) have at least 500 hours of flight time as pilots of aeroplanes, including 200 hours of flight instruction;
• (ii) after complying with the experience requirements in point (e)(1)(i), have completed a UPRT instructor training course at an ATO, during which the competence of applicants shall have been assessed continuously; and
• (iii) upon completion of the course, have been issued with a certificate of course completion by the ATO, whose Head of Training (HT) shall have entered the privileges specified in point (e)(1) in the logbook of the applicants.

• (2) The privileges referred to in point (e)(1) shall only be exercised if instructors have, during the last year, received refresher training at an ATO during which the competence required to instruct on a course in accordance with point FCL.745.A is assessed to the satisfaction of the HT.

• (3) Instructors holding the privileges specified in point (e)(1) may act as instructors for a course as specified in point (e)(1)(ii), provided that they:
• (i) have 25 hours of flight instruction experience during training according to FCL745.A;
• (ii) have completed an assessment of competence for this privilege; and
• (iii) comply with the recency requirements in point (e)(2).

• (4) These privileges shall be entered in the logbook of the instructors and signed by the examiner.

FCL.920   Instructor competencies and assessment

All instructors shall be trained to achieve the following competences:

• — Prepare resources,

• — Create a climate conducive to learning,

• — Present knowledge,