Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/208 of 8 December 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle functional safety requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles Text with EEA relevance

• 5.2.2.1.In-service conditions may be best approximated by placing the field generating device as far from the vehicle as practical. This distance shall lie within the range 1 to 5 m.

• 5.2.2.2.If the test is carried out in an enclosed facility, the field generating device’s radiating elements shall be no closer than 1,0 m to any radio absorbent material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the enclosed facility. There shall be no absorbent material between the transmitting antenna and the vehicle under test.

5.3.   Antenna location relative to vehicle

• 5.3.1.The field generating device’s radiating elements shall not be closer than 0,5 m to the outer body surface of the vehicle.

• 5.3.2.The field generating device shall be positioned on the vehicle’s centre line (plane of longitudinal symmetry).

• 5.3.3.No part of a TLS, with the exception of the plane on which the vehicle rests, shall be closer than 0,5 m to any part of the vehicle.

• 5.3.4.Any field generating device which is placed over the vehicle shall extend centrally over at least 75 % of the length of the vehicle.

5.4.   Reference point

• 5.4.1.For the purposes of this Part the reference point is the point at which the field strength shall be established and shall be defined as follows:

• 5.4.1.1. at least 2 m horizontally from the antenna phase centre or at least 1 m vertically from the radiating elements of a TLS,

• 5.4.1.2. on the vehicle's centre line (plane of longitudinal symmetry),

• 5.4.1.3. at a height of 1,0 ± 0,05 m above the plane on which the vehicle rests or 2,0 ± 0,05 m if the minimum height of the roof of any vehicle in the model range exceeds 3,0 m,

• 5.4.1.4. for front illumination, either:
• — 1,0 ± 0,2 m inside the vehicle, measured from the point of intersection of the windscreen and bonnet (see point C in Figure 1 of point 8), or
• — 0,2 ± 0,2 m from the centre line of the front axle of the tractor, measured towards the centre of the tractor (see point D in Figure 2 of point 8), whichever results in a reference point closer to the antenna,

• 5.4.1.5. for rear illumination, either:
• — 1,0 ± 0,2 m inside the vehicle, measured from the point of intersection of the windscreen and bonnet (see point C in Figure 1 of point 8), or
• — 0,2 ± 0,2 m from the centre line of the rear axle of the tractor, measured towards the centre of the tractor (see point D in Figure 2 of point 8), whichever results in a reference point closer to the antenna.

• 5.5. If it is decided to radiate the rear of the vehicle, the reference point shall be established as in point 5.4. The vehicle shall then be installed facing away from the antenna and positioned as if it had been horizontally rotated 180° around its centre point, namely in such a way that the distance from the antenna to the nearest part of the outer body of the vehicle remains the same, as illustrated in Figure 3 of point 8.

6. Test requirements

6.1.   Frequency range, dwell times, polarisation

The vehicle shall be exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the 20 to 2 000 MHz frequency range.

• 6.1.1.To confirm that the vehicle meets the requirements of this Part, the vehicle shall be tested at up to 14 spot frequencies in the range, for example: 27, 45, 65, 90, 120, 150, 190, 230, 280, 380, 450, 600, 750, 900 and from 1 000 to 2 000 MHz, in accordance with the increment specified in ISO 11451-1, 3rd ed., 2005 and Amd 1:2008.

• 6.1.2.One mode of polarisation shall be used at each frequency — see point 5.1.3.

• 6.1.3.All other test parameters shall be as defined in this Part.

• 6.1.4.If a vehicle fails the test defined in point 6.1.1, the technical service shall verify as having failed under the relevant test conditions and not as a result of the generation of uncontrolled fields.

7. Generation of required field strength

7.1.   Test methodology

• 7.1.1. The ‘substitution method’ shall be used to establish the test field conditions.

• 7.1.2. Calibration phase

At each test frequency, a level of power shall be fed into the field generating device to produce the required field strength at the reference point (as defined in point 5) in the test area with the vehicle absent, the level of forward power, or another parameter directly related to the forward power required to define the field, shall be measured and the results recorded. Test frequencies shall lie in the range 20 to 2 000 MHz. Calibration shall be made, starting at 20, in steps not greater than two per cent of the previous frequency finishing at 2 000 MHz. These results shall be used for type-approval tests unless changes occur in the facilities or equipment which necessitate this procedure being repeated.

• 7.1.3. Test phase

The vehicle shall then be introduced into the test facility and positioned in accordance with the requirements of point 5. The required forward power defined in point 7.1.2 at each frequency as defined in point 6.1.1 shall then be applied to the field generating device.

• 7.1.4. Whatever parameter was chosen in point 7.1.2 to define the field, the same parameter shall be used to establish the field strength during the test.

• 7.1.5. The field generating equipment and its layout employed during the test shall be to the same specification as that used during the operations performed in point 7.1.2.

• 7.1.6. Field strength measuring device

A suitable compact field strength measuring device shall be used to determine the field strength during the calibration phase of the substitution method.

• 7.1.7. During the calibration phase of the substitution method, the phase centre of the field strength measuring device shall be positioned at the reference point.

• 7.1.8. If a calibrated receiving antenna is used as the field strength measuring device, readings shall be obtained in three mutually orthogonal directions and the isotropic equivalent value of the readings shall be taken as the field strength

• 7.1.9. To take account of different vehicle geometries, a number of antennae positions or reference points may need to be established for a given test facility.

7.2.   Field strength contour

• 7.2.1.During the calibration phase of the substitution method (prior to a vehicle being introduced into the test area), the field strength in at least 80 % of the calibration steps shall not be less than 50 % of the nominal field strength, at the following locations:

• (a) for all field generating devices, 0,5 ± 0,05 m either side of the reference point on a line passing through the reference point and at the same height as the reference point, and perpendicular to the vehicle plane of longitudinal symmetry;

• (b) in the case of a TLS, 1,50 ± 0,05 m on a line passing through the reference point at the same height as the reference point and along the line of longitudinal symmetry.

7.3.   Chamber resonance

Notwithstanding the condition set out in point 7.2.1, tests shall not be performed at chamber resonant frequencies.

7.4.   Characteristics of the test signal to be generated

The vehicle shall be exposed to electromagnetic radiation in the 20 to 2 000 MHz frequency ranges in vertical polarisation.

7.4.1.   Maximum envelope excursion

The maximum envelope excursion of the test signal shall equal the maximum envelope excursion of an unmodulated sine wave whose rms value in volts/m is defined in point 3.4.2 of Part 2 (see Figure 3 of this Part).

7.4.2.   Test signal wave form

The test signal modulation shall be:

• (a) Amplitude Modulation (AM), with 1 kHz modulation and 80 % modulation depth (m = 0,8 ± 0,04) in the 20 – 1 000 MHz frequency range (as defined in Figure 3 of this part), and

• (b) Pulse Modulation (PM), with ton = 577 μs and period = 4 600 μs, in the 1 000 – 2 000 MHz frequency range, as specified in ISO 11451-1, 3rd ed., 2005 and Amd1:2008.

7.4.3.   Modulation depth

The modulation depth m is defined as:

m	=	Image omitted; see official source.

7.4.4.   Exposure time

The exposure time for each test frequency shall be sufficient to allow the tested vehicle to respond under normal conditions. In any case, it must not be less than 2 seconds.

8. Figures

Figure 1

Image omitted; see official source

Figure 2

Image omitted; see official source

Figure 3

Characteristics of test signal to be generated

Image omitted; see official source

PART 6

Method of measurement of radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from electrical / electronic sub-assemblies

1. General

• 1.1. The test method described in this Part may be applied to ESAs which may be subsequently fitted to vehicles which comply with Part 3.

• 1.2. Measuring apparatus

The measuring equipment shall comply with the requirements of publication No 16-1 series of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

A quasi-peak detector shall be used for the measurement of broadband electromagnetic emissions in this Part, or if a peak detector is used an appropriate correction factor shall be used depending on the interference pulse rate.

• 1.3. Test method

This test is intended to measure broadband electromagnetic emissions from ESAs.

2. Expression of results

The results of measurements shall be expressed in dB microvolts/m (microvolts/m), for 120 kHz band width. If the actual band width B (expressed in kHz) of the measuring apparatus differs from 120 kHz, the readings taken in microvolts/m shall be converted to 120 kHz band width through multiplication by a factor 120/B.

3. Measuring location

• 3.1. The test site shall comply with the requirements of CISPR publication No 16-1 series (see point 7).

• 3.2. The measuring set, test hut or vehicle in which the measurement set is located shall be outside the boundary shown in point 7.

• 3.3. Enclosed test facilities may be used if correlation can be shown between the enclosed test facility and an approved outdoor site. Enclosed test facilities do not need to meet the dimensional requirements of point 7 other than the distance from the antenna to the ESA under test and the height of the antenna (see Figures 1 and 2 in point 8).

• 3.4. Ambient

To ensure that there is no extraneous noise or signal of a magnitude sufficient to affect materially the measurement, measurements shall be taken before and after the main test. In both of these measurements, the extraneous noise or signal shall be at least 10 dB below the limits of interference given in point 3.5.2.1 of Part 2, except for intentional narrowband ambient transmissions.

4. ESA state during tests

• 4.1. The ESA under test shall be in normal operation mode.

• 4.2. Measurements shall not be made while rain or other precipitation is falling on the ESA under test or within 10 minutes after such rain or other precipitation has stopped.

• 4.3. Test arrangements

• 4.3.1.The ESA under test and its wiring harnesses shall be supported 50 ± 5 mm above a wooden or equivalent non-conducting table. However, if any part of the ESA under test is intended to be electrically bonded to a vehicle's metal bodywork, that part shall be placed on a ground plane and shall be electrically bonded to the ground plane. The ground plane shall be a metallic sheet with a minimum thickness of 0,5 mm. The minimum size of the ground plane depends on the size of the ESA under test but shall allow for the distribution of the ESA's wiring harness and components. The ground plane shall be connected to the protective conductor of the earthing system. The ground plane shall be situated at a height of 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the test facility floor and shall be parallel to it.

• 4.3.2.The ESA under test shall be arranged and connected according to its requirements. The power supply harness shall be positioned along, and within 100 mm of, the edge of the ground plane/table closest to the antenna.

• 4.3.3.The ESA under test shall be connected to the grounding system according to the manufacturer's installation specification, no additional grounding connections shall be permitted.

• 4.3.4.The minimum distance between the ESA under test and all other conductive structures, such as walls of a shielded area (with the exception of the ground plane/table underneath the test object) shall be 1,0 m.

• 4.4. Power shall be applied to the ESA under test via a 5 μH/50 Ω artificial network (AN) which shall be electrically bonded to the ground plane. The electrical supply voltage shall be maintained to ±10 % of its nominal system operating voltage. Any ripple voltage shall be less than 1,5 % of the nominal system operating voltage measured at the AN monitoring port.

• 4.5. If the ESA under test consists of more than one unit, the interconnecting cables shall ideally be the wiring harness as intended for use in the vehicle. If these are not available, the length between the electronic control unit and the AN shall be 1 500 ± 75 mm.

All cables in the loom shall be terminated as realistically as possible and preferably with real loads and actuators.

If extraneous equipment is required for the correct operation of the ESA under test, compensation shall be made for the contribution it makes to the emissions measured.

5. Antenna type, position and orientation

5.1.   Antenna type

Any linearly polarised antenna may be used provided it can be normalised to the reference antenna.

5.2.   Height and distance of measurement

5.2.1.   Height

The phase centre of the antenna shall be 150 ± 10 mm above ground plane.

5.2.2.   Distance of measurement

The horizontal distance from the phase centre, or tip of the antenna as appropriate, to the edge of the ground plane shall be 1,00 ± 0,05 m. No part of the antenna shall be closer than 0,5 m to the ground plane.

The antenna shall be placed parallel to a plane which is perpendicular to the ground plane and coincident with the edge of the ground plane along which the principal portion of the harness runs.

• 5.2.3. If the test is carried out in a facility enclosed for radio frequency electromagnetic screening purposes, the antenna's receiving elements shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any radio absorbent material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the enclosed facility. There shall be no absorbent material between the receiving antenna and the ESA under test.

5.3.   Antenna orientation and polarisation

At the measuring point, readings shall be taken both with the antenna in a vertical and in a horizontal polarisation.

5.4.   Readings

The maximum of the two readings taken (in accordance with point 5.3) at each spot frequency shall be taken as the characteristic reading at the frequency at which the measurements were made.

6. Frequencies

6.1.   Measurements

Measurements shall be made throughout the 30 to 1 000  MHz frequency range. An ESA is considered as very likely to satisfy the required limits over the whole frequency range if it satisfies them at the following 13 frequencies in the range: 45, 65, 90, 120, 150, 190, 230, 280, 380, 450, 600, 750 and 900 MHz

In the event that the limit is exceeded during the test, investigations shall be made to ensure that this is due to the ESA and not to background radiation.

• 6.1.1.The limits apply throughout the frequency range 30 to 1 000  MHz.

• 6.1.2.Measurements can be performed with either quasi-peak or peak detectors. The limits given in points 3.2 and 3.5 of Part 2 are for quasi-peak. If peak is used, add 38 dB for 1 MHz band width or subtract 22 dB for 1 kHz band width.

6.2.   Tolerances

Spot frequency (MHz)	Tolerance (MHz)
45, 65, 90, 120, 150, 190 and 230	± 5
280, 380, 450, 600, 750 and 900	± 20

The tolerances apply to frequencies quoted and are intended to avoid interference from transmissions operating on or near the nominal spot frequencies during the time of measurement.

7. Electrical / electronic sub-assembly test area boundary

Level clear area free from electromagnetic reflecting surfaces

Image omitted; see official source

8. Radiated electromagnetic emissions at tests

Figure 1

Radiated electromagnetic emissions from an ESA test layout (general plan view)

Image omitted; see official source

Figure 2

Radiated electromagnetic emissions from an ESA view of test bench plane of longitudinal symmetry

Image omitted; see official source

PART 7

Method of measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions from electrical / electronic sub-assemblies

1. General

• 1.1. The test method described in this Part may be applied to ESAs.

• 1.2. Measuring apparatus

The measuring equipment shall comply with the requirements of publication No 16-1series of the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).

An average detector or a peak detector shall be used for the measurement of radiated narrowband electromagnetic emissions in this Part.

• 1.3. Test method

• 1.3.1.This test is intended to measure the narrowband electromagnetic radiation such as might emanate from a microprocessor-based system.

• 1.3.2.As a short (2 to 3 minutes) initial step, choosing one antenna polarisation, it is permitted to make sweeps of the frequency range identified in point 6.1 using a spectrum analyser to indicate the existence and/or whereabouts of peak emissions. This may assist in the choice of frequencies to be tested (see point 6).

2. Expression of results

The results of measurements shall be expressed in dB microvolts/m (microvolts/m).

3. Measuring location

• 3.1. The test site shall comply with the requirements of CISPR publication No 16-1 series (see point 7 of Part 6).

• 3.2. The measuring set, test hut or vehicle in which the measurement set is located shall be outside the boundary shown in point 7 of Part 6.

• 3.3. Enclosed test facilities may be used if correlation can be shown between the enclosed test facility and an outdoor site. Enclosed test facilities do not need to meet the dimensional requirements of point 7 of Part 6 other than the distance from the antenna to the ESA under test and the height of the antenna (see Figures 1 and 2 in point 8 of Part 6).

• 3.4. Ambient

To ensure that there is no extraneous noise or signal of a magnitude sufficient to affect materially the measurement, measurements shall be taken before and after the main test. In both of these measurements, the extraneous noise or signal shall be at least 10 dB below the limits of interference given in point 3.6.2.1 of Part 2, except for intentional narrowband ambient transmissions.

4. ESA state during tests

• 4.1. The ESA under test shall be in normal operation mode.

• 4.2. Measurements shall not be made while rain or other precipitation is falling on the ESA under test or within 10 minutes after rain or other precipitation has stopped.

• 4.3. Test arrangements

• 4.3.1.The ESA under test and its wiring harnesses shall be supported 50 ± 5 mm above a wooden or equivalent non-conducting table. However, if any part of the ESA under test is intended to be electrically bonded to a vehicle's metal bodywork, that part shall be placed on a ground plane and shall be electrically bonded to the ground plane.

• The ground plane shall be a metallic sheet with a minimum thickness of 0,5 mm. The minimum size of the ground plane depends on the size of the ESA under test but shall allow for the distribution of the ESA's wiring harness and components. The ground plane shall be connected to the protective conductor of the earthing system. The ground plane shall be situated at a height of 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the test facility floor and shall be parallel to it.

• 4.3.2.The ESA under test shall be arranged and connected according to its requirements. The power supply harness shall be positioned along, and within 100 mm of, the edge of the ground plane/table closest to the antenna.

• 4.3.3.The ESA under test shall be connected to the grounding system according to the manufacturer's installation specification, no additional grounding connections shall be permitted.

• 4.3.4.The minimum distance between the ESA under test and all other conductive structures, such as walls of a shielded area (with the exception of the ground plane/table underneath the test object) shall be 1,0 m.

• 4.4. Power shall be applied to the ESA under test via a 5 μH/50 Ω resistance artificial network (AN) which shall be electrically bonded to the ground plane. The electrical supply voltage shall be maintained to ±10 % of its nominal system operating voltage. Any ripple voltage shall be less than 1,5 % of the nominal system operating voltage measured at the AN monitoring port.

• 4.5. If the ESA under test consists of more than one unit, the interconnecting cables shall ideally be the wiring harness as intended for use in the vehicle. If these are not available, the length between the electronic control unit and the AN shall be 1 500 ± 75 mm. All cables in the loom shall be terminated as realistically as possible and preferably with real loads and actuators. If extraneous equipment is required for the correct operation of the ESA under test, compensation shall be made for the contribution it makes to the emissions measured.

5. Antenna type, position and orientation

5.1.   Antenna type

Any linearly polarised antenna may be used provided it can be normalised to the reference antenna.

5.2.   Height and distance of measurement

5.2.1.   Height

The phase centre of the antenna shall be 150 ± 10 mm above ground plane.

5.2.2.   Distance of measurement

The horizontal distance from the phase centre, or tip of the antenna as appropriate, to the edge of the ground plane shall be 1,00 ± 0,05 m. No part of the antenna shall be closer than 0,5 m to the ground plane.

The antenna shall be placed parallel to a plane which is perpendicular to the ground plane and coincident with the edge of the ground plane along which the principal portion of the harness runs.

• 5.2.3. If the test is carried out in a facility enclosed for radio frequency electromagnetic screening purposes, the antenna's receiving elements shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any radio absorbent material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the enclosed facility. There shall be no absorbent material between the receiving antenna and the ESA under test.

5.3.   Antenna orientation and polarisation

At the measuring point, readings shall be taken both with the antenna in a vertical and in a horizontal polarisation.

5.4.   Readings

The maximum of the two readings taken (in accordance with point 5.3) at each spot frequency shall be taken as the characteristic reading at the frequency at which the measurements were made.

6. Frequencies

6.1.   Measurements

Measurements shall be made throughout the 30 to 1 000  MHz frequency range. This range shall be divided into 13 bands. In each band one spot frequency may be tested to demonstrate that the required limits are satisfied. To confirm that the ESA under test meets the requirements of this Part, the testing authority shall test one such point in each of the following 13 frequency bands:

30 to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, 100 to 130, 130 to 165, 165 to 200, 200 to 250, 250 to 320, 320 to 400, 400 to 520, 520 to 660, 660 to 820, 820 to 1 000  MHz.

In the event that the limit is exceeded during the test, investigations shall be made to ensure that this is due to the ESA under test and not to background radiation.

• 6.2. If during the initial step which may have been carried out as described in point 1.3, the radiated narrowband emissions for any of the bands identified in point 6.1 are at least 10 dB below the reference limit, then the ESA shall be deemed to comply with the requirements set out in this Part in respect of that frequency band.

PART 8

Method(s) of testing for immunity of electrical / electronic sub-assemblies to electromagnetic radiation

1. General

• 1.1. The test method(s) described in this Part may be applied to ESAs.

• 1.2. Test methods

• 1.2.1.ESAs may comply with the requirements of any combination of the following test methods at the manufacturer's discretion provided that this results in the full frequency range specified in point 5.1 being covered.

• — Stripline testing: see point 11

• — Bulk current injection testing: see point 12

• — TEM cell testing: see point 13

• — Free field test: see point 14

• 1.2.2.Due to radiation of electromagnetic fields during these tests, all testing shall be conducted in a shielded area, such as the TEM cell.

2. Expression of results

For the tests described in this Part, field strengths shall be expressed in volts/m and injected current shall be expressed in milliamps.

3. Measuring location

• 3.1.The test facility shall be capable of generating the required test signal over the frequency ranges defined in this Part. The test facility shall comply with legal requirements regarding the emission of electromagnetic signals.

• 3.2.The measuring equipment shall be located outside the chamber.

4. State of ESA during tests

• 4.1.The ESA under test shall be in normal operation mode. It shall be arranged as defined in this Part unless individual test methods dictate otherwise.

• 4.2.Power shall be applied to the ESA under test via an (5 μ H/50 Ω) artificial network (AN), which shall be electrically grounded. The electrical supply voltage shall be maintained to ±10 % of its nominal system operating voltage. Any ripple voltage shall be less than 1.5 % of the nominal system operating voltage measured at the AN monitoring port.

• 4.3.Any extraneous equipment required to operate the ESA under test shall be in place during the calibration phase. No extraneous equipment shall be closer than 1 m from the reference point during calibration.

• 4.4.To ensure reproducible measurement results are obtained when tests and measurements are repeated, the test signal generating equipment and its layout shall be to the same specification as that used during each appropriate calibration phase (points 7.2, 7.3.2.3, 8.4, 9.2 and 10.2).

• 4.5.If the ESA under test consists of more than one unit, the interconnecting cables shall ideally be the wiring harness as intended for use in the vehicle. If these are not available, the length between the electronic control unit and the AN shall be 1 500 ± 75 mm. All cables in the loom shall be terminated as realistically as possible and preferably with real loads and actuators.

5. Frequency range, dwell times

• 5.1.Measurements shall be made in the 20 to 1 000  MHz frequency range.

• 5.2.To confirm that the ESA(s) meet(s) the requirements of this Part, the tests shall be performed at up to 14 spot frequencies in the range, for example:

• 27, 45, 65, 90, 120, 150, 190, 230, 280, 380, 450, 600, 750 and 900 MHz.

• The response time of the equipment under test shall be considered and the dwell time shall be sufficient to allow the equipment under test to react under normal conditions. In any case, it shall not be less than two seconds.

6. Characteristics of test signal to be generated

6.1.   Maximum envelope excursion

The maximum envelope excursion of the test signal shall equal the maximum envelope excursion of an unmodulated sine wave whose rms value is defined in point 3.4.2 of Part 2 (see Figure 3 in point 8 of Part 5).

6.2.   Test signal wave form

The test signal shall be a radio frequency sine wave, amplitude modulated by a 1 kHz sine wave at a modulation depth m of 0,8 ± 0,04.

6.3.   Modulation depth

The modulation depth m is defined as:

m	=	Image omitted; see official source

7. Stripline testing

7.1.   Test method

This test method consists of subjecting the wiring harness connecting the components in an ESA to specified field strengths.

7.2.   Field strength measurement in the stripline

At each desired test frequency a level of power shall be fed into the stripline to produce the required field strength in the test area with the ESA under test absent, this level of forward power, or another parameter directly related to the forward power required to define the field, shall be measured and the results recorded. These results shall be used for type-approval tests unless changes occur in the facilities or equipment which necessitate this procedure being repeated. During this process, the position of the field probe head shall be under the active conductor, centred in longitudinal, vertical and transversal directions. The housing of the probe's electronics shall be as far away from the longitudinal stripline axis as possible.

7.3.   Installation of the ESA under test

7.3.1.   150 mm stripline testing

The test method allows the generation of homogeneous fields between an active conductor (the stripline 50 Ω impedance), and a ground plane (the conducting surface of the mounting table), between which part of the wiring harness may be inserted. The electronic controller(s) of the ESA under test shall be installed on the ground plane but outside the stripline with one of its edges parallel to the active conductor of the stripline. It shall be 200 ± 10 mm from a line on the ground plane directly under the edge of the active conductor.

The distance between any edge of the active conductor and any peripheral device used for measurement shall be at least 200 mm.

The wiring harness section of the ESA under test shall be placed in a horizontal attitude between the active conductor and the ground plane (see Figures 1 and 2 in point 11).

• 7.3.1.1.The minimum length of the wiring harness, which shall include the power harness to the electronic control unit and shall be placed under the stripline, shall be 1,5 m unless the wiring harness in the vehicle is less than 1,5 m. In this case, the length of the wiring harness shall be that of the longest length of harness used in the vehicle installation. Any line branches occurring in this length shall be routed perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the line.

• 7.3.1.2.Alternatively, the fully extended length of the wiring harness, including the length of the longest of any branches, shall be 1,5 m.

7.3.2.   800 mm stripline testing

7.3.2.1.   Test method

The stripline consists of two parallel metallic plates separated by 800 mm. Equipment under test is positioned centrally between the plates and subjected to an electromagnetic field (see Figures 3 and 4 in point 11).

This method can test complete electronic systems including sensors and actuators as well as the controller and wiring loom. It is suitable for apparatus whose largest dimension is less than one-third of the plate separation.

7.3.2.2.   Positioning of stripline

The stripline shall be housed in a screened room (to prevent external emissions) and positioned 2 m away from walls and any metallic enclosure to prevent electromagnetic reflections. RF absorber material may be used to damp these reflections. The stripline shall be placed on non-conducting supports at least 0,4 m above the floor.

7.3.2.3.   Calibration of the stripline

A field measuring probe shall be positioned within the central one-third of the longitudinal, vertical and transverse dimensions of the space between the parallel plates with the system under test absent. The associated measuring equipment shall be sited outside the screen room.

At each desired test frequency, a level of power shall be fed into the stripline to produce the required field strength at the antenna. This level of forward power, or another parameter directly related to the forward power required to define the field, shall be used for type-approval tests unless changes occur in the facilities or equipment which necessitate this procedure being repeated.

7.3.2.4.   Installation of the ESA under test

The main control unit shall be positioned within the central one-third of the longitudinal, vertical and transverse dimensions of the space between the parallel plates. It shall be supported on a stand made from non-conducting material.

7.3.2.5.   Main wiring loom and sensor/actuator cables

The main wiring loom and any sensor/actuator cables shall rise vertically from the control unit to the top ground plate (this helps to maximise coupling with the electromagnetic field). Then they shall follow the underside of the plate to one of its free edges where they shall loop over and follow the top of the ground plate as far as the connections to the stripline feed. The cables shall then be routed to the associated equipment which shall be sited in an area outside the influence of the electromagnetic field, for example: on the floor of the screened room 1 m longitudinally away from the stripline.

8. Free field ESA immunity test

8.1.   Test method

This test method allows the testing of vehicle electrical/electronic systems by exposing an ESA to electromagnetic radiation generated by an antenna.

8.2.   Test bench description

The test shall be performed inside a semi-anechoic chamber on a bench top.

8.2.1.   Ground plane

• 8.2.1.1.For free field immunity testing, the ESA under test and its wiring harnesses shall be supported 50 ± 5 mm above a wooden or equivalent non-conducting table. However, if any part of the ESA under test is intended to be electrically bonded to a vehicle's metal bodywork, that part shall be placed on a ground plane and shall be electrically bonded to the ground plane. The ground plane shall be a metallic sheet with a minimum thickness of 0,5 mm. The minimum size of the ground plane depends on the size of the ESA under test but shall allow for the distribution of the ESA's wiring harness and components. The ground plane shall be connected to the protective conductor of the earthing system. The ground plane shall be situated at a height of 1,0 ± 0,1 m above the test facility floor and shall be parallel to it.

• 8.2.1.2.The ESA under test shall be arranged and connected according to its requirements. The power supply harness shall be positioned along, and within 100 mm of, the edge of the ground plane/table closest to the antenna.

• 8.2.1.3.The ESA under test shall be connected to the grounding system according to the manufacturer's installation specification, no additional grounding connections shall be permitted.

• 8.2.1.4.The minimum distance between the ESA under test and all other conductive structures, such as walls of a shielded area (with the exception of the ground plane/table underneath the test object) must be 1,0 m.

• 8.2.1.5.The dimension of any ground plane shall be 2,25 square metres or larger in area with the smaller side no less than 750 mm. The ground plane shall be bonded to the chamber with bonding straps such that the DC bonding resistance shall not exceed 2,5 milliohms.

8.2.2.   Installation of ESA under test

For large equipment mounted on a metal test stand, the test stand shall be considered a part of the ground plane for testing purposes and shall be bonded accordingly. The faces of the test sample shall be located at a minimum of 200 mm from the edge of the ground plane. All leads and cables shall be a minimum of 100 mm from the edge of the ground plane and the distance to the ground plane (from the lowest point of the harness) shall be 50 ± 5 mm above the ground plane. Power shall be applied to the ESA under test via an (5 μ H/50 Ω) artificial network (AN).

8.3.   Field generating device type, position and orientation

8.3.1.   Field generating device type

• 8.3.1.1.The field generating device type(s) shall be chosen such that the desired field strength is achieved at the reference point (see point 8.3.4) at the appropriate frequencies.

• 8.3.1.2.The field generating device(s) may be (an) antenna(s) or a plate antenna.

• 8.3.1.3.The construction and orientation of any field generating device shall be such that the generated field is polarised: from 20 to 1 000  MHz horizontally or vertically.

8.3.2.   Height and distance of measurement

8.3.2.1.   Height

The phase centre of any antenna shall be 150 ± 10 mm above the ground plane on which the ESA under test rests. No parts of any antenna's radiating elements shall be closer than 250 mm to the floor of the facility.

8.3.2.2.   Distance of measurement

• 8.3.2.2.1.In-service conditions may best be approximated by placing the field generating device as far from the ESA as practical. This distance shall lie within the range 1 to 5 m.

• 8.3.2.2.2.If the test is carried out in an enclosed facility, the field generating device's radiating elements shall be no closer than 0,5 m to any radio absorbent material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the facility. There shall be no absorbent material interposed between the transmitting antenna and the ESA under test.

8.3.3.   Antenna location relative to ESA under test

• 8.3.3.1.The field generating device's radiating elements shall not be closer than 0,5 m to the edge of the ground plane.

• 8.3.3.2.The phase centre of the field generating device shall be on a plane which:

• (a) is perpendicular to the ground plane;

• (b) bisects the edge of the ground plane and the midpoint of the principal portion of the wiring harness; and

• (c) is perpendicular to the edge of the ground plane and the principal portion of the wiring harness.

• The field generating device shall be placed parallel to this plane (see Figures 8 and 9 in point 14).

• 8.3.3.3.Any field generating device which is placed over the ground plane or ESA under test shall extend over the ESA under test.

8.3.4.   Reference point

For the purpose of this Part the reference point is the point at which the field strength shall be established and shall be defined as follows:

• 8.3.4.1. at least 1 m horizontally from the antenna phase centre or at least 1 m vertically from the radiating elements of a plate antenna;

• 8.3.4.2. on a plane which:
• (a) is perpendicular to the ground plane;
• (b) is perpendicular to the edge of the ground plane along which the principal portion of the wiring harness runs;
• (c) bisects the edge of the ground plane and the midpoint of the principal portion of the wiring harness; and
• (d) is coincident with the midpoint of the principal portion of the harness which runs along the edge of the ground plane closest to the antenna;

• 8.3.4.3. 150 ± 10 mm above the ground plane.

8.4.   Generation of required field strength: test methodology

• 8.4.1. The ‘substitution method’ shall be used to establish the test field conditions.

• 8.4.2. Substitution method

At each desired test frequency, a level of power shall be fed into the field generating device to produce the required field strength at the reference point (as defined in point 8.3.4 in the test area with the ESA under test absent), this level of forward power, or another parameter directly related to the forward power required to define the field, shall be measured and the results recorded. These results shall be used for type-approval tests unless changes occur in the facilities or equipment which necessitates this procedure being repeated.

• 8.4.3. Extraneous equipment shall be a minimum of 1 m from the reference point during calibration.

• 8.4.4. Field strength measuring device

A suitable compact field strength measuring device shall be used to determine the field strength during the calibration phase of the substitution method.

• 8.4.5. The phase centre of the field strength measuring device shall be positioned at the reference point.

• 8.4.6. The ESA under test which may include an additional ground plane shall then be introduced into the test facility and positioned in accordance with point 8.3. If a second ground plane is used, then it shall be within 5 mm of the bench ground plane and electrically bounded to it. The required forward power defined in point 8.4.2 at each frequency as defined in point 5 shall then be applied to the field generating device.

• 8.4.7. Whatever parameter was chosen in point 8.4.2 to define the field, the same parameter shall be used to determine the field strength during the test.

8.5.   Field strength contour

• 8.5.1. During the calibration phase of the substitution method (prior to an ESA under test being introduced into the test area), the field strength shall not be less than 50 % of the nominal field strength 0,5 ± 0,05 m either side of the reference point on a line parallel to the edge of the ground plane nearest to the antenna and passing through the reference point.

9. TEM cell testing

9.1.   Test method

The transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) cell generates homogeneous fields between the internal conductor (septum) and housing (ground plane). It is used for testing ESAs (see Figure 6 in point 13).

9.2.   Field strength measurement in a TEM cell

• 9.2.1.The electric field in the TEM cell shall be determined by using the equation:

Image omitted; see official source

E	=	Electric field (volts/metre)
---	---	---
P	=	Power flowing into cell (W)
---	---	---
Z	=	Impedance of cell (50 Ω)
---	---	---
d	=	Separation distance (metres) between the upper wall and the plate (septum).

• 9.2.2.Alternatively an appropriate field strength sensor shall be placed in the upper half of the TEM cell. In that part of the TEM cell the electronic control unit(s) has only a small influence on the test field. The output of this sensor shall determine the field strength.

9.3.   Dimensions of TEM cell

In order to maintain a homogeneous field in the TEM cell and to obtain repeatable measurement results, the test object shall not be larger than one-third of the cell inside height.

Recommended TEM cell dimensions are given in point 13, Figure 7.

9.4.   Power, signal and control wires

The TEM cell shall be attached to a co-axial socket panel and connected as closely as possible to a plug connector with an adequate number of pins. The supply and signal leads from the plug connector in the cell wall shall be directly connected to the test object.

The external components such as sensors, power supply and control elements can be connected:

• (a) to a screened peripheral;

• (b) to a vehicle next to the TEM cell; or

• (c) directly to the screened patchboard.

Screened cables must be used in connecting the TEM cell to the peripheral or the vehicle if the vehicle or peripheral is not in the same or adjacent screened room.

10. Bulk current injection testing

10.1.   Test method

This is a method of carrying out immunity tests by inducing currents directly into a wiring harness using a current injection probe. The injection probe consists of a coupling clamp through which the cables of the ESA under test are passed. Immunity tests can then be carried out by varying the frequency of the induced signals.

The ESA under test may be installed on a ground plane as in point 8.2.1 or in a vehicle in accordance with the vehicle design specification.

10.2.   Calibration of bulk current injection probe prior to commencing tests

The injection probe shall be mounted in a calibration jig. Whilst sweeping the test frequency range, the power required to achieve the current specified in point 3.7.2.1 shall be monitored. This method calibrates the bulk current injection system forward power versus current prior to testing, and it is this forward power which shall be applied to the injection probe when connected to the ESA under test via the cables used during calibration. It should be noted that the monitored power applied to the injection probe is the forward power.

10.3.   Installation of the ESA under test

For an ESA mounted on a ground plane as in point 8.2.1 all cables in the wiring harness shall be terminated with realistic loads and actuators. For both vehicle mounted and ground plane mounted ESAs the current injection probe shall be mounted in turn around all the wires in the wiring harness to each connector and 150 ± 10 mm from each connector of the ESA under test electronic control units (ECU), instrument modules or active sensors as illustrated in point 12.

10.4.   Power, signal and control wires

For an ESA under test mounted on a ground plane as in point 8.2.1, a wiring harness shall be connected between an artificial network (AN) and the principal electronic control unit (ECU). This harness shall run parallel to the edge of the ground plane and 200 mm minimum from its edge. This harness shall contain the power feed wire which is used to connect the vehicle battery to this ECU and the power return wire if used on the vehicle.

The distance from the ECU to the AN shall be 1,0 ± 0,1 m or shall be the harness length between the ECU and the battery as used on the vehicle, if known, whichever is the shorter. If a vehicle harness is used then any line branches which occur in this length shall be routed along the ground plane but perpendicular away from the edge of the ground plane. Otherwise the ESA under test wires which are in this length shall break out at the AN.

11. Stripline testing and dimensions

Figure 1

150 mm stripline testing

Image omitted; see official source

All dimensions in millimetres

1	=	Shielded room
---	---	---
2	=	Cable harness
---	---	---
3	=	Test object
---	---	---
4	=	Terminating resistance
---	---	---
5	=	Frequency generator
---	---	---
6/7	=	Alternative battery
---	---	---
8	=	Power supply
---	---	---
9	=	Filter
---	---	---
10	=	Peripheral
---	---	---
11	=	Filter
---	---	---
12	=	Video peripheral
---	---	---
13	=	Opto-electrical converter
---	---	---
14	=	Optical lines
---	---	---
15	=	Non irradiation-proof peripheral
---	---	---
16	=	Linear or radiation-proof peripheral
---	---	---
17	=	Opto-electrical converter
---	---	---
18	=	Insulating base
---	---	---
19	=	Video camera

Figure 2

150 mm stripline testing

Image omitted; see official source

All dimensions in millimetres

L	=	2 500  mm
---	---	---
S	=	800 mm
---	---	---
W	=	740 mm
---	---	---
h	=	150 mm

Image omitted; see official source

1	=	Test object
---	---	---
2	=	Cable harness
---	---	---
3	=	Peripheral
---	---	---
4	=	Terminating resistance
---	---	---
5	=	Insulating base

Figure 3

800 mm stripline testing

Image omitted; see official source

1	=	Ground plate
---	---	---
2	=	Main loom and sensor/actuator cables
---	---	---
3	=	Wooden frame
---	---	---
4	=	Driven plate
---	---	---
5	=	Insulator
---	---	---
6	=	Test object

Figure 4

800 mm stripline dimensions

Side view

Image omitted; see official source

Plan view

Image omitted; see official source

All dimensions in millimetres

12. Example of BCI test configuration

Figure 5

Image omitted; see official source

1	=	DUT
---	---	---
2	=	RF measuring probe (optional)
---	---	---
3	=	RF injection probe
---	---	---
4	=	Artificial network
---	---	---
5	=	Shielded room filter network
---	---	---
6	=	Power source
---	---	---
7	=	DUT interface: stimulation and monitoring equipment
---	---	---
8	=	Signal generator
---	---	---
9	=	Broadband amplifier
---	---	---
10	=	RF 50 Ω directional complex
---	---	---
11	=	RF power level measuring device or equivalent
---	---	---
12	=	Spectrum analyser or equivalent (optional)

13. TEM cell testing

Figure 6

TEM cell testing

Image omitted; see official source

1	=	Outer conductor, shield
---	---	---
2	=	Inner conductor (septum)
---	---	---
3	=	Insulator
---	---	---
4	=	Input
---	---	---
5	=	Insulator
---	---	---
6	=	Door
---	---	---
7	=	Socket panel
---	---	---
8	=	Test object power supply
---	---	---
9	=	Terminating resistance 50 Ω
---	---	---
10	=	Insulation
---	---	---
11	=	Test object (maximum height one third of distance between cell floor and septum)

Figure 7

Design of rectangular TEM cell — typical TEM cell dimensions

Image omitted; see official source Image omitted; see official source

The following table shows the dimensions for constructing a cell with specified upper frequency limits:

Upper frequency (MHz)	Cell form factor W: b	Cell form factor L/W	Plate separation b (cm)	Septum S (cm)
200	1,69	0,66	56	70
200	1,00	1,00	60	50

14. Free field ESA immunity test

Figure 8

Test layout (general plan view)

Image omitted; see official source

Figure 9

View of test bench plane of longitudinal symmetry

Image omitted; see official source

PART 9

Manufacturers may choose whether to apply either the requirements of Parts 2 to 8 or the requirements of UNECE Regulation No 10 as referenced in Annex I or the requirements of ISO 14982: 1998.

ANNEX XVI

Requirements on audible warning devices

• 1. The audible warning device shall be granted component type-approval according to the requirements for N-category vehicles in the UNECE Regulation No 28 as referenced in Annex I.

• 1. Characteristics of the audible warning device when fitted to the tractor

2.1.   Acoustic tests

When a tractor is type approved, the characteristics of the warning device fitted to that type of tractor shall be tested as follows:

• 2.1.1. The sound pressure level of the device when fitted to the tractor shall be measured at a point 7 metres in front of the tractor, at a site which is open and as level as possible. The engine of the tractor shall be stopped. The effective voltage shall be that laid down in paragraph 6.2.3 of UNECE Regulation No 28 as referenced in Annex I.

• 2.1.2. Measurements shall be made on the ‘A’ weighting scale of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard.

• 2.1.3. The maximum sound pressure level shall be determined at a height between 0,5 and 1,5 metres above ground level.

• 2.1.4. The maximum value for the sound-pressure level shall be at least 93 dB(A) and at the most 112 dB(A).

ANNEX XVII

Requirements on heating systems

1. Requirements for all T- and C-category vehicles, where such system is fitted

• 1.1.Tractors with cab shall be fitted with a heating system which complies with this Annex. Tractors with cab may be fitted with air conditioning systems. Where fitted, such systems shall comply with this Annex.

• 1.2.The heating system, in combination with the cab ventilation, shall be able to defrost and demist the windscreen. Heating and cooling systems shall be tested in accordance with sections 8 and 9, paragraphs 8.1.1 to 8.1.4 and 9.1.1 to 9.1.4 of ISO 14269-2:2001, respectively. During the test, system controls shall be set according to the manufacturer's specifications. The test reports shall be included into the information document.

• 1.3.The manufacturer may choose whether to comply with either the requirements set out in this Annex on heating system or with the requirements for N-category vehicles set out in UNECE Regulation No 122 as referenced in Annex I.

ANNEX XVIII

Requirements on devices to prevent unauthorised use

1. Requirements for all T- and C-category vehicles

Manufacturers may choose to apply either this point or point 2.

1.1.   Starting and stopping the engine

• 1.1.1.A means shall be provided to enable prevention of inadvertent and/or unauthorised starting of the engine. Examples of such means include but are not limited to:

• — an ignition or start switch with a removable key,

• — a lockable cab,

• — a lockable cover over the ignition or start switch,

• — a security ignition or starting lock (e.g. key card activated),

• — a lockable battery disconnect switch.

2. Requirements for all T- and C-category vehicles according to UNECE regulations or international standards

• 2.1.For vehicles which are fitted with handlebars, all the relevant requirements of UNECE Regulation No 62, as referenced in Annex I, shall apply.

• 2.2.For vehicles which are not fitted with handlebars, manufacturers shall apply all the relevant requirements as prescribed for vehicle category N2 in points 2, 5 except point 5.6, 6.2 and 6.3, of UNECE Regulation No 18, as referenced in Annex I to this Regulation or the requirements of appropriate standards on programmable electronic devices in order to prevent unauthorised use, should such standards exist from 1 January 2018.

3. Requirements for all S-category vehicles and interchangeable towed equipment falling in R-category due to technically permissible maximum laden mass to the unladen mass equal to or greater than 3,0

At least one device shall be installed on a S-category vehicle or interchangeable towed equipment falling in R-category due to technically permissible maximum laden mass to the unladen mass equal to or greater than 3,0 to enable prevention of inadvertent or unauthorised use of such vehicles.

Such device may consist in the following:

• — a lockable cover over the coupling device,

• — a chain and padlock through the ring of the coupling device,

• — a wheel clamp,

• — a padlock in a hole in the sector of the park brake;

The Operator’s Manual shall contain information on the use of the devices installed on the vehicle.

ANNEX XIX

Requirements on registration plates

1. Shape and dimensions of the space for mounting rear registration plates

The space for mounting shall comprise a flat or virtually flat rectangular surface with the following minimum dimensions:

either

width	:	520 mm
---	---	---
height	:	120 mm

or

width	:	255 mm
---	---	---
height	:	165 mm.

2. Location of the space for mounting and the fixing of the plates

The space for mounting shall be such that, after correct fixing, the plates shall have the following characteristics:

2.1.   Lateral position of the plate

The centre of the plate shall not be further to the right than the plane of symmetry of the vehicle. The left lateral edge of the plate shall not be further to the left than the vertical plane parallel to the plane of symmetry of the vehicle and tangent to the point where the cross section of the vehicle is at its widest.

2.2.   Position of the plate in relation to the longitudinal plane of symmetry of the vehicle

The plate shall be perpendicular or practically perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the vehicle.

2.3.   Position of the plate in relation to the vertical plane

The plate shall be vertical within a tolerance of 5°. However, where the shape of the vehicle so requires, it may be inclined to the vertical:

• 2.3.1. at not more than 30° when the surface bearing the registration number is inclined upwards, provided that the height of the upper edge of the plate is not more than 1,2 metres from the ground.

• 2.3.2. at not more than 15° when the surface bearing the registration number is inclined downwards, provided that the height of the upper edge of the plate is more than 1,2 metres from the ground.

2.4.   Height of the plate from the ground

The height of the lower edge of the plate above ground shall not be less than 0,3 metres; the height of the upper edge of the plate above ground shall not exceed 4 metres.

2.5.   Determination of the height of the plate from the ground

The heights given in points 2.3 and 2.4 shall be measured with the vehicle unladen.

• 2.6. Geometrical visibility:

• 2.6.1. If the height of the upper edge of the plate from the ground surface does not exceed 1,20 m, the plate shall be visible in the whole space included within the following four planes:
• (a) the two vertical planes touching the two lateral edges of the plate and forming an angle measured outwards to the left and to the right of the plate of 30^o to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle;
• (b) the plane touching the upper edge of the plate and forming an angle measured upwards of 15^o to the horizontal;
• (c) the horizontal plane through the lower edge of the plate.

• 2.6.1.a. If the height of the upper edge of the plate from the ground surface exceeds 1,20 m, the plate shall be visible in the whole space included within the following four planes:
• (a) the two vertical planes touching the two lateral edges of the plate and forming an angle measured outwards to the left and to the right of the plate of 30^o to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle;
• (b) the plane touching the upper edge of the plate and forming an angle measured upwards of 15^o to the horizontal;
• (c) the plane touching the lower edge of the plate and forming an angle measured downwards of 15^o to the horizontal.

• 2.6.2. No structural element, even when fully transparent, shall be located in the space described in points 2.6.1 and 2.6.1a.

ANNEX XX

Requirements on statutory plates and markings

1. Definitions

For the purposes of this Annex:

• 1.1. ‘Statutory plate’ means the plate that the manufacturer shall affix to each vehicle manufactured in conformity with the approved type as set out in Article 34 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and it shall have the appropriate marking in accordance with this Annex.

• 1.2. ‘Statutory markings’ means any mandatory markings together with the type-approval mark set out in Article 34 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 which, in accordance with this Annex, shall be affixed to vehicles, components or separate technical units when they are manufactured in conformity with the approved type or for its identification during the type approval processes.

2. General

• 2.1.All agricultural or forestry vehicles shall be provided with the plate and inscriptions described in the following points. The plate and inscriptions shall be attached by the manufacturer.

• 2.2.All components or separate technical units conforming to a type approved pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall bear an EU type-approval mark described in point 6 of this Annex or a mark provided in Article 34(2) of that Regulation and set out in Article 5 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504.

3. Statutory plate

• 3.1.A statutory plate, modelled as set out in Annex IV to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504, shall be firmly attached in a conspicuous and readily accessible position on a part normally not subject to replacement during normal use, regular maintenance or repair (e.g. due to accident damage). It shall show clearly and indelibly the information specified in the model for the EU type-approval mark set out in Annex IV to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504.

• 3.2.The manufacturer may give additional information below or to the side of the prescribed inscriptions, outside a clearly marked rectangle enclosing only the information required by Annex IV of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504.

4. Vehicle Identification Number

The vehicle identification number is a fixed combination of characters unequivocally attributed to a particular vehicle by the manufacturer. Its purpose is to ensure that every vehicle, and in particular its type, can be clearly identified over a period of 30 years through the intermediary of the manufacturer, without a need for further reference.

The identification number shall comply with the following requirements:

• 4.1. The VIN shall be marked on the statutory plate, as well as on the chassis, frame or a similar structure of the vehicle when the vehicle leaves the production line.

• 4.2. It shall wherever possible be entered on a single line.

• 4.3. It shall be marked on the chassis or other similar structure, where possible on the front right-hand side of the vehicle.

• 4.4. It shall be hammered, punched, etched or laser-engraved directly onto an easily accessible part, preferably on the front right side of the vehicle in a way which avoids obliteration, alteration and removal.

5. Characters

The characters specified in the model for the EU type-approval mark set out Annex IV to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504 shall be used for the markings referred to in sections 3 and 4.

6. Marking requirements for components and separate technical units

Every separate technical unit or component, conforming to a type in respect of which EU separate technical unit or component type-approval has been granted in accordance with Chapter V of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013, shall bear an EU separate technical unit or component type-approval mark, pursuant to Article 34(2) of that Regulation and in accordance with Article 5 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/504. The markings shall be visible when installed on the vehicle without the need to remove any parts with the use of tools and shall be durably affixed (e.g. stamped, etched, laser inscribed, self-destructing adhesive label).

ANNEX XXI

Requirements on dimensions and trailer masses

1. Definitions

For the purposes of this Annex:

• 1.1. ‘Length of the vehicle’ means:
• — the length of the vehicle measured between the vertical planes at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and passing the outermost points thereof, but excluding:
• — all mirrors,
• — all starting handles,
• — all front or lateral position (side) lamps.

• 1.2. ‘Width of the vehicle’ means:
• — the width of the vehicle measured between the vertical planes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and passing through the outermost points thereof, but excluding:
• — any mirrors,
• — any direction indicators,
• — any front, lateral or rear position (side) lamps and any parking lamps,
• — any folding components such as lift-up footrests and flexible mud-flaps.

• 1.3. ‘Height of the vehicle’ means the vertical distance between the ground and the point on the vehicle the greatest distance from the ground, excluding the aerial. When this height is determined, the vehicle must be fitted with new tyres having the greatest rolling radius, expressed by the speed radius index, specified by their manufacturer;

• 1.4. ‘Permissible towable mass’ means the mass which a type of tractor may tow;

• 1.5. ‘Technically permissible towable mass(es)’ means one of the following:
• (a) unbraked towable mass;
• (b) towable mass with inertia braking;
• (c) towable mass fitted with hydraulic or pneumatic braking.

Requirements

Vehicles may not exceed the dimensions and masses laid down below:

2. Dimensions

The measurements intended to check these dimensions shall be carried out as follows:

• — with unladen mass of vehicle in running order,

• — on a flat horizontal surface,

• — with the vehicle stationary and, if applicable, the engine switched off,

• — with the new tyres at the normal pressure recommended by the manufacturer,

• — with doors and windows closed, if applicable,

• — with the steering wheel in the straight-ahead position, if applicable,

• — without any detachable agricultural or forestry implement attached to the vehicle and that can be detached without special tools.

• 2.1.The maximum dimensions of any vehicle of category T or C are as follows:

• 2.1.1. length: 12 m;

• 2.1.2. width: 2,55 (ignoring the deflected part of the tyre walls at the point of contact with the ground); The width may be increased up to 3,00 m if this is solely caused by the installation of tyres, rubber tracks or dual tyre configurations, necessary for soil protection, including spray suppression systems, provided that the width of the vehicle permanent structure is limited to 2,55 m and the type-approved vehicle is also fitted with at least one set of tyres or rubber tracks for which its width may not exceed 2,55 m.

• 2.1.3. height: 4 m.

• 2.2.The maximum dimensions of any vehicle of category S are as follows:

• 2.2.1. length: 12 m;

• 2.2.2. width: 3 m (ignoring the deflected part of the tyre walls at the point of contact with the ground);

• 2.2.3. height: 4 m.

• 2.3.The maximum dimensions of any vehicle of category R are as follows:

• 2.3.1. length: 12 m;

• 2.3.2. width: 2,55 m (ignoring the deflected part of the tyre walls at the point of contact with the ground). The width may be increased up to 3,00 m if this is solely caused by either of the following circumstances:
• (a) the use of soil protection tyres configurations, provided that the vehicle can also be fitted with at least one set of tyres where its width does not exceed 2,55 m. The structure of the vehicle necessary for transport purposes may not exceed in width 2,55 m. Where the vehicle can also be fitted with at least one set of tyres with its width not exceeding 2,55 m, the spray suppression systems, if fitted, will be such that the vehicle width is limited to 2,55 m;
• (b) the presence of tools, necessary for the functioning of the vehicle and in compliance with the provisions implementing Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ([^E0013]). The structure of the vehicle necessary for transport purposes may not exceed in width 2,55 m;

• 2.3.3. height: 4 m.

3. Permissible towable mass

• 3.1.The permissible towable mass may consist of one or more trailers towed or agricultural or forestry implements. A distinction is drawn between the technically permissible towable mass stated by the manufacturer and the permissible towable mass as laid down in point 3.2 below.

• 3.2.The permissible towable mass shall not exceed:

• 3.2.1. the technically permissible towable mass, stated by the tractor manufacturer, taking into account the requirements concerning the tractor in Annex XXXIV;

• 3.2.2. the towable mass of the mechanical coupling(s) pursuant to their component type-approval(s) in accordance with this Regulation.

ANNEX XXII

Requirements on the maximum laden mass

1. Definitions

For the purposes of this Annex, definitions of ‘drawbar towed vehicle’ and ‘rigid drawbar towed vehicle’, set out in Article 2 of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/68, shall apply.

The following definitions shall also apply:

Definitions of ‘drawbar towed vehicle’ and ‘rigid drawbar towed vehicle’, in accordance with the requirements laid down on the basis of Article 17(2)(b) and (4) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013, are valid for this Annex.

• 1.1. ‘Technically permissible maximum laden mass’ means the maximum mass allocated to a vehicle on the basis of its construction features and its design performances irrespective from the load capacity of the tyres or tracks.

• 1.2. ‘Technically permissible maximum mass per axle’ means the mass corresponding to the maximum permissible static vertical load transmitted to the ground by the wheels of the axle or track undercarriages, on the basis of the construction features of the axle and of the vehicle and their design performances irrespective from the load capacity of the tyres or tracks.

2. Requirements