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Companies Act 2014

Type Act

Publication 2014-12-23

Last updated 2026-07-15

State Partially repealed

Text Latest available text

Source Irish Statute Book

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This is the most recent text the official source publishes. It is not a snapshot of the law as it stood on the date of each change.

87 amending acts · 2026-07-15, NATIONAL TREASURY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) ACT 2026

Act to consolidate, with amendments, certain enactments relating to companies and to provide for related matters

Reform history JSON API

(h) any money due and owing (or payable) by or to the transferor company under or by virtue of any such contract, agreement or instrument as is mentioned in paragraph (g) shall become due and owing (or payable) by or to the relevant successor company or companies instead of the transferor F333[company;]

(i) an offer or invitation to treat made to or by the transferor company before the effective date shall be read and have effect, respectively, as an offer or invitation to treat made to or by the relevant successor company or F333[companies; and]

F334[(j) any fully paid shares previously issued by a successor company, and held by a transferor company, and which are acquired by a successor company in itself pursuant to a division under this Chapter, shall be deemed to be treasury shares held by the successor company concerned to which section 109 applies.]

(5) The following provisions have effect for the purposes of subsection (4)—

(a) “instrument” in that subsection includes—

(i) a lease, conveyance, transfer or charge or any other instrument relating to real property (including chattels real); and

(ii) an instrument relating to personalty;

(b) paragraph (f)(ii) of that subsection applies in the case of references to the transferor company and its successors and assigns as it applies in the case of references to the transferor company personally;

(c) paragraph (g) of that subsection applies in the case of rights, obligations and liabilities mentioned in that paragraph whether they are expressed in the contract, agreement or instrument concerned to be personal to the transferor company or to benefit or bind (as appropriate) the transferor company and its successors and assigns.

(6) Without prejudice to subsections (7) and (8), such of the successor companies as is or are appropriate shall comply with registration requirements and any other special formalities required by law and as directed by the court for the transfer of the assets and liabilities of the transferor company to be effective in relation to other persons.

(7) There shall be entered by the keeper of any register in the State—

(a) upon production of a certified copy of the order under subsection (2); and

(b) without the necessity of there being produced any other document (and, accordingly, any provision requiring such production shall, if it would otherwise apply, not apply),

the name of the relevant successor company (or, as appropriate, the names of the relevant successor companies) in place of the transferor company in respect of the information, act, ownership or other matter in that register and any document kept in that register.

(8) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (7), the Property Registration Authority, as respects any deed (within the meaning of section 32 of the Registration of Deeds and Title Act 2006) registered by that Authority or produced for registration by it, shall, upon production of the document referred to in subsection (7)(a) but without the necessity of there being produced that which is referred to in subsection (7)(b), enter the name of the relevant successor company (or, as appropriate, the names of the relevant successor companies) in place of the transferor company in respect of such deed.

(9) Without prejudice to the application of subsection (7) to any other type of register in the State, each of the following shall be deemed to be a register in the State for the purposes of that subsection:

(a) the register of members of a company referred to in section 169;

(b) the register of holders of debentures of a public limited company kept pursuant to section 1120;

(d) the register of charges kept by the Registrar pursuant to section 414;

(e) the Land Registry;

(f) any register of shipping kept under the Mercantile Marine Act 1955.

(10) If the taking effect of the division would fall at a time (being the time ascertained by reference to the general law and without regard to this subsection) on the particular date appointed under subsection (2) that is a time that would not, in the opinion of the court, be suitable having regard to the need of the parties to co-ordinate various transactions, the court may, in appointing a date under subsection (2) with respect to when the division takes effect, specify a time, different from the foregoing, on that date when the division takes effect and, where such a time is so specified—

(a) the division takes effect on that time of the date concerned, and

(b) references in this section to the effective date shall be read accordingly.

504. Certain provisions not to apply where court so orders

504. Where the court makes an order confirming a division under this Chapter, the court may, if it sees fit for the purpose of enabling the division properly to have effect, include in the order provision permitting—

(a) the giving of financial assistance which may otherwise be prohibited under section 82,

(b) a reduction in company capital which may otherwise be restricted under section 84.

505. Registration and publication of confirmation of division

505. (1) If the court makes an order confirming a division, a certified copy of the order shall forthwith be sent to the Registrar by such officer of the court as the court may direct.

(2) Where the Registrar receives a certified copy of the order of the court in accordance with subsection (1), the Registrar shall—

(a) on, or as soon as practicable after, the effective date — register that certified copy and the dissolution of the transferor company, and

(b) within 14 days after the date of that delivery — cause to be published in the CRO Gazette notice that a copy of an order of the court confirming the division has been delivered to him or her.

506. Civil liability of directors and experts

506. (1) Any shareholder of any of the companies involved in the division who has suffered loss or damage by reason of misconduct in the preparation or implementation of the division by a director of any such company or by the expert, if any, who has made a report under section 492 shall be entitled to have such loss or damage made good to him or her by—

(a) in the case of misconduct by a person who was a director of that company at the date of the common draft terms of division — that person,

(b) in the case of misconduct by any expert who made a report under section 492 in respect of any of the companies involved in the division — that person.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), any shareholder of any of the companies involved in the division who has suffered loss or damage arising from the inclusion of any untrue statement in any of the following, namely:

(a) the common draft terms of division;

(b) the explanatory report referred to in section 491;

(d) the division financial statement, if any, prepared under section 493,

shall, subject to subsections (3) and (4), be entitled to have such loss or damage made good to him or her—

(i) in the case of the document or report referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (d) — by every person who was a director of that company at the date of the common draft terms of division, or

(ii) in the case of the report referred to in paragraph (c) — by the person who made that report in relation to that company.

(3) A director of a company shall not be liable under subsection (2) if he or she proves—

(a) that the document or report referred to in subsection (2)(a), (b) or (d), as the case may be, was issued without his or her knowledge or consent and that, on becoming aware of its issue, he or she forthwith informed the shareholders of that company that it was issued without his or her knowledge or consent, or

(b) that as regards every untrue statement he or she had reasonable grounds, having exercised all reasonable care and skill, for believing and did, up to the time the division took effect, believe that the statement was true.

(4) A person who makes a report under section 492 in relation to a company shall not be liable in the case of any untrue statement in the report if he or she proves—

(a) that, on becoming aware of the statement, he or she forthwith informed that company and its shareholders of the untruth, or

(b) that he or she was competent to make the statement and that he or she had reasonable grounds for believing and did up to the time the division took effect believe that the statement was true.

507. Criminal liability for untrue statements in division documents

507. (1) Where any untrue statement has been included in—

(a) the common draft terms of division,

(b) the explanatory report referred to in section 491, or

the following:

(i) each of the persons who was a director of any of the companies involved in the division at the date of the common draft terms of division or, in the case of the foregoing explanatory report or division financial statement, at the time of the report’s or statement’s preparation; and

(ii) any person who authorised the issue of the document,

shall be guilty of a category 2 offence.

(2) Where any untrue statement has been included in the expert’s report prepared under section 492, the expert and any person who authorised the issue of the report shall be guilty of a category 2 offence.

(3) In any proceedings against a person in respect of an offence under subsection (1) or (2), it shall be a defence to prove that, having exercised all reasonable care and skill, the defendant had reasonable grounds for believing and did, up to the time of the issue of the document concerned, believe that the statement concerned was true.

PART 10 EXAMINERSHIPS

CHAPTER 1 Interpretation

508. Interpretation (Part 10)

508. (1) In this Part—

“court” shall be read in accordance with section 509(7);

“director” includes a shadow director;

“examiner” means an examiner appointed under section 509;

“independent expert” shall be read in accordance with section 511(2);

“insurer” has the same meaning as it has in the Insurance Act 1989;

“interested party”, in relation to a company to which section 509 relates, means—

(a) a creditor of the company, or

(b) a member of the company;

F335["Preventive Restructuring Directive" means Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019² on preventive restructuring frameworks, on discharge of debt and disqualifications, and on measures to increase the efficiency of procedures concerning restructuring, insolvency and discharge of debt, and amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132;]

“petition” means a petition referred to in section 509(1) (and, for the purposes of the Circuit Court’s jurisdiction under this Part, “petition” includes any originating process specified by rules of court for those purposes) and references to the presentation of a petition are references to its presentation under section 509(1).

F335[(1A) A word or expression that is used in Chapter 2 or 7 of Part 5, this Part or Part 11 and that is also used in the Preventive Restructuring Directive shall have the same meaning in Chapter 2 or 7 of Part 5, this Part or Part 11, as the case may be, as it has in the Preventive Restructuring Directive.]

(2) This Part is subject to the Insolvency Regulation.

(3) The provisions of Chapter 15 of Part 11 apply to proceedings under this Part with the substitution of references to “examiner” for references to “liquidator” and any other necessary modifications.

CHAPTER 2 Appointment of examiner

509. Power of court to appoint examiner

509. (1) Subject to subsection (2), where it appears to the court that—

(a) a company is, or is likely to be, unable to pay its debts,

(b) no resolution subsists for the winding up of the company, and

the court may, on application by petition presented, appoint an examiner to the company for the purpose of examining the state of the company’s affairs and performing such functions in relation to the company as may be conferred by or under this Part.

F336[(2) The court shall not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied that –

(a) there is a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company and the whole or any part of its undertaking as a going concern, and

(b) the individual to be appointed as examiner has, in cases including cross-border elements, in addition to meeting the requirements of section 519, sufficient experience and expertise to perform the role, having due consideration to the examiner’s experience and to the specific features of the case.]

(3) For the purposes of F336[this section, sections 224A, 271A and 520A], a company is unable to pay its debts if—

(a) it is unable to pay its debts as they fall due,

(b) the value of its assets is less than the amount of its liabilities, taking into account its contingent and prospective liabilities, or

(4) In deciding whether to make an order under this section, the court may also have regard to whether the company has sought from its creditors significant extensions of time for the payment of its debts, from which it could reasonably be inferred that the company was likely to be unable to pay its debts.

(5) The court shall not make an order under this section unless—

(a) the court is satisfied that the company has no obligations in relation to a bank asset that has been transferred to the National Asset Management Agency or a NAMA group entity, or

(b) if the company has any such obligation—

(i) a copy of the petition has been served on that Agency, and

(ii) the court has heard that Agency in relation to the making of the order.

(6) In subsection (5) “bank asset” and “NAMA group entity” have the same respective meanings as in the National Asset Management Agency Act 2009.

(7) In this section “court” means—

(a) in the case of any company (including one referred to in paragraph (b)), the High Court; or

(b) in the case of a company that, in respect of the latest financial year of the company that has ended prior to the date of the presentation of the petition, fell to be treated as a small company by virtue of F337[section 280A or 280B], the Circuit Court,

and—

(i) subject to subsection (9), all subsequent references to the court in this Part shall, as respects the powers and jurisdiction of the court with respect to an examinership on foot of an appointment made under this section by the Circuit Court, be read accordingly; and

(ii) the jurisdiction under section 512(7) to appoint an examiner on an interim basis, and the jurisdiction to do the things referred to in section 513, are likewise available to the Circuit Court in the case of a company specified in paragraph (b).

(8) For the purpose of paragraph (b) of subsection (7), if the latest financial year of the company concerned ended within 3 months prior to the date of the presentation of the petition, the reference in that paragraph to the latest financial year of the company shall be read as a reference to the financial year of the company that preceded its latest financial year (but that reference shall only be so read if that preceding financial year ended no more than 15 months prior to the date of the presentation of the petition).

(9) Subsection (7) does not confer on the Circuit Court any jurisdiction that is provided under this Part to hear a petition for the winding up of, or to wind up, a company.

(10) The jurisdiction of the Circuit Court under this Part in relation to a company shall be exercisable by the judge of the Circuit Court—

(a) for the circuit in which the registered office of the company is situated at the time of the presentation of the petition or in which it has, at that time, its principal place of business, or

(b) if, at that time, there is no registered office of the company and its principal place of business is outside the State, for the Dublin Circuit.

(11) On the making of an order appointing an examiner to a company, the proper officer of the Central Office of the High Court or, as the case may be, the county registrar shall, on request and payment of the prescribed fee and subject to any conditions that may be specified in rules of court, give to the examiner concerned—

(a) a copy of the order, certified by the officer to be a true copy, and

(b) any other prescribed particulars.

510. Petition for court

510. (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), a petition in relation to a company may be presented by all or any of the following (separately or together):

(a) the company;

(b) the directors of the company;

(d) a member or members of the company holding at the date of the presentation of the petition not less than one tenth of such of the paid-up share capital of the company as carries at that date the right of voting at general meetings of the company.

(2) Where the company referred to in section 509 is the holding company of an insurer, a petition may be presented only by the Central Bank, and subsection (1) shall not apply to the company.

(3) Where the company referred to in section 509 is—

(a) the holding company of a credit institution, or

(b) a company which one or more trustee savings banks have been reorganised into pursuant to an order under section 57 of the Trustee Savings Banks Act 1989,

a petition may be presented only by the Central Bank, and subsection (1) shall not apply to the company.

(4) Where the company referred to in section 509 is a Schedule 5 company, the following provisions shall apply:

(a) a petition may be presented by—

(i) any of the persons referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d) of subsection (1) (including by one or more of such persons acting together);

(ii) the Central Bank; or

(iii) one or more of such persons and the Central Bank acting together;

(b) if the Central Bank does not present a petition—

(i) the petitioner shall, before he or she presents the petition at the office of the court, cause to be received by the Central Bank a notice in writing of his or her intention to present the petition, and shall serve a copy of the petition on the Central Bank as soon as may be after the presentation of it at that office;

(ii) the Central Bank shall be entitled to appear and be heard at any hearing relating to the petition.

(5) In this section “Schedule 5 company” means a company falling within any provision (in so far as applicable to a private company limited by shares) of Schedule 5.

511. Independent expert’s report

511. (1) In addition to the matters specified in section 512, a petition shall be accompanied by a report in relation to the company prepared by a person who is either the statutory auditor of the company or a person who is qualified to be appointed as an examiner of the company.

(2) The person who undertakes the preparation of that report is referred to in this Part as the “independent expert”.

(3) The report of the independent expert shall comprise the following:

(a) the names and addresses of the officers of the company;

(b) the names of any other bodies corporate of which the directors of the company are also directors;

(c) a statement as to the affairs of the company, showing in so far as it is reasonably possible to do so, particulars of the company’s assets and liabilities (including contingent and prospective liabilities) as at the latest practicable date, the names and addresses of its creditors, the securities held by each of them and the dates when the securities were given to each of them;

(d) his or her opinion as to whether any deficiency between the assets and liabilities of the company has been satisfactorily accounted for or, if not, as to whether there is evidence of a substantial F338[dissipation] of property that is not adequately accounted for;

(e) his or her opinion as to whether the company, and the whole or any part of its undertaking, would have a reasonable prospect of survival as a going concern and a statement of the conditions which he or she considers are essential to ensure such survival, whether as regards the internal management and controls of the company or otherwise;

(f) his or her opinion as to whether the formulation, acceptance and confirmation of proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement would offer a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company, and the whole or any part of its undertaking, as a going concern;

F339[(g) his or her opinion as to whether an attempt to continue the whole or any part of the undertaking meets the best-interest-of-creditors test and would be likely to be more advantageous to the members as a whole than a winding-up of the company;]

(h) recommendations as to the course he or she thinks should be taken in relation to the company including, if warranted, draft proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement;

(i) his or her opinion as to whether the facts disclosed would warrant further inquiries with a view to proceedings under sections 610 and 611 or section 722;

(j) details of the extent of the funding required to enable the company to continue trading during the period of protection and the sources of that funding;

(k) his or her recommendations as to which liabilities incurred before the presentation of the petition should be paid;

(l) his or her opinion as to whether the work of the examiner would be assisted by a direction of the court in relation to the role or membership of any creditor’s committee referred to in section 538; and

(m) such other matters as he or she thinks relevant.

512. Supplemental provisions in relation to sections 510 and 511 — other matters to be mentioned in petition, hearing of petition, etc.

512. (1) A petition shall nominate a person to be appointed as examiner.

(2) A petition shall be accompanied—

(a) by a consent signed by the person nominated to be examiner, and

(b) if proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement in relation to the company’s affairs have been prepared for submission to interested parties for their approval, by a copy of the proposals.

(3) The court shall not give a hearing to a petition presented by a contingent or prospective creditor until such security for costs has been given as the court thinks reasonable.

(4) The court shall not give a hearing to a petition if a receiver stands appointed to the whole or any part of the property or undertaking of the company the subject of the petition and such receiver has stood so appointed for a continuous period of at least 3 days prior to the date of the presentation of the petition.

(5) On hearing a petition the court may dismiss it, or adjourn the hearing conditionally or unconditionally, or make any interim order, or any other order it thinks fit.

(6) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (5), an interim order under that subsection may restrict the exercise of any powers of the directors or of the company (whether by reference to the consent of the court or otherwise).

(7) Without limiting subsection (5) or (6), on or after the presentation of a petition, the court may, on application to it, appoint an examiner to the company on an interim basis.

513. Cases in which independent expert’s report not available at required time: powers of court

513. (1) If a petition is presented and the court is satisfied—

(a) that, by reason of exceptional circumstances outside the control of the petitioner, the report of the independent expert is not available in time to accompany the petition, and

(b) that the petitioner could not reasonably have anticipated the circumstances referred to in paragraph (a),

and, accordingly, the court is unable to consider the making of an order under section 509, the court may make an order under this section placing the company concerned under the protection of the court for such period as the court thinks appropriate in order to allow for the submission of the independent expert’s report.

(2) That period shall be a period that expires not later than the 10th day after the date of the making of the order concerned or, if the 10th day after that date would fall on a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, the first following day that is not a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday.

(3) For the avoidance of doubt, the fact that a receiver stands appointed to the whole or any part of the property or undertaking of the company at the time of the presentation of a petition in relation to the company shall not, in itself, constitute, for the purposes of subsection (1), exceptional circumstances outside the control of the petitioner.

(4) If the petition concerned has been presented by any of the persons referred to in section 510(1)(c) or (d) and an order under subsection (1) is made in relation to the company concerned, the directors of the company shall co-operate in the preparation of the report of the independent expert, particularly in relation to the matters specified in section 511(3)(a) to (c).

(5) If the directors of the company concerned fail to comply with subsection (4), the petitioner concerned or the independent expert may apply to the court for an order requiring the directors to do specified things by way of compliance with subsection (4) and the court may, as it thinks fit, grant such an order accordingly.

(6) If the report of the independent expert is submitted to the court before the expiry of the period of protection specified in an order under subsection (1), the court shall proceed to consider the petition together with the report as if they were presented in accordance with section 509.

(7) If the report of the independent expert is not submitted to the court before the expiry of the period of protection specified in an order under subsection (1), then, at the expiry of that period, the company concerned shall cease to be under the protection of the court, but without prejudice to the presentation of a further petition.

514. Certain liabilities may not be certified under section 529(2)

514. Any liabilities incurred by the company concerned during the period of protection specified in an order under section 513(1) may not be the subject of a certificate under section 529(2).

515. Creditors to be heard

515. (1) The court shall not make an order dismissing a petition presented to it or an order appointing an examiner to a company without having afforded each creditor of the company who has indicated to the court his or her desire to be heard in the matter an opportunity to be so heard.

(2) Nothing in this section shall affect the power of the court under section 512(5) or (7) to make an interim order, including the appointment of an examiner on an interim basis, in the matter.

516. Availability of independent expert’s report

516. (1) The independent expert shall supply a copy of the report prepared by him or her under section 511 to the company concerned or any interested party on written application being made to the independent expert in that behalf.

(2) If the court, on application to it in that behalf, directs that that supply may be the subject of such omission, there may be omitted from any copy of the report supplied to the company or an interested party such parts of it as are specified in the direction of the court.

(3) The court may, in particular, on such an application, direct that there may be omitted from such a supply of a copy of the report any information the inclusion of which in such a copy would be likely to prejudice the survival of the company or the whole or any part of its undertaking as a going concern.

(4) If—

(a) the company concerned is a company referred to in section 509(4), and

(b) the Central Bank does not propose to present, or has not presented, (whether alone or acting together with other persons) a petition in relation to the company,

the independent expert shall, as soon as may be after it is prepared, supply a copy of the report prepared by him or her under section 511 to the Central Bank and subsections (2) and (3) shall not apply to such a copy.

517. (1) Subject to subsections (2), (3), (6) and (8), where the court appoints an examiner to a company, it may, at the same or any time thereafter, make an order—

(a) appointing the examiner to be examiner for the purposes of this Act to a related company; or

(b) conferring on the examiner, in relation to such company, all or any of the functions conferred on him or her in relation to the first-mentioned company.

(2) In deciding whether to make an order under subsection (1), the court shall have regard to whether the making of the order would be likely to facilitate the survival of the company, or of the related company, or both, and the whole or any part of its or their undertaking, as a going concern.

(3) However, the court shall not, in any case, make such an order unless it is satisfied that there is a reasonable prospect of the survival of the related company, and the whole or any part of its undertaking, as a going concern.

(4) A related company to which an examiner is appointed by an order under subsection (1) shall be deemed to be under the protection of the court for the period beginning on the date of the making of the order and continuing for the period during which the company to which it is related is under such protection.

(5) Where an examiner stands appointed to 2 or more related companies, he or she shall have the same functions in relation to each company, taken separately, unless the court otherwise directs.

(6) The court shall not make an order under this section unless—

(a) the court is satisfied that the related company has no obligations in relation to a bank asset that has been transferred to the National Asset Management Agency or a NAMA group entity, or

(b) if the related company has any such obligation—

(i) a copy of the application for the order has been served on that Agency, and

(ii) the court has heard that Agency in relation to the making of the order.

(7) In subsection (6) “bank asset” and “NAMA group entity” have the same respective meanings as in the National Asset Management Agency Act 2009.

(8) The Circuit Court shall only have jurisdiction to make an order referred to in subsection (1)(a) or (b) if the related company is a company that, in respect of the latest financial year of it that has ended prior to the relevant time referred to in subsection (1), fell to be treated as a small company by virtue of F340[section 280A or 280B].

(9) For the purposes of subsection (8), if the latest financial year of the company concerned ended within 3 months prior to the relevant time referred to in subsection (1), the reference in subsection (8) to the latest financial year of the company shall be read as a reference to the financial year of the company that preceded its latest financial year (but that reference shall only be so read if that preceding financial year ended no more than 15 months prior to the relevant time referred to in subsection (1)).

518. Duty to act in utmost good faith

518. The court may decline to hear a petition presented to it or, as the case may be, may decline to continue hearing such a petition if it appears to the court that, in the preparation or presentation of the petition or in the preparation of the report of the independent expert, the petitioner or independent expert—

(a) has failed to disclose any information available to him or her which is material to the exercise by the court of its powers under this Part; or

(b) has in any other way failed to exercise utmost good faith.

519. Qualification of examiners

519. (1) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed or act as an examiner of a company unless he or she would be qualified to act as its liquidator (but disregarding for this purpose the requirements of section 634 concerning professional indemnity cover).

(2) A person who acts as examiner of a company when he or she is not qualified to do so under subsection (1) shall be guilty of a category 2 offence.

520. Effect of petition to appoint examiner on creditors and others

520. (1) Subject to section 513, a company is, for the purposes of this Part, under the protection of the court during the following period.

(2) That period is one—

(a) beginning with the date of the presentation of a petition in relation to the company, and

(b) (subject to F341[section 534(3) and (4)] ending on—

(i) the expiry of 70 days after that date, or

(ii) the withdrawal of, or refusal by the court of, the petition,

whichever first happens.

(3) The reference in subsection (2) to the refusal by the court of the petition shall be deemed to include a reference to its deciding to decline to hear, or to continue to hear, the petition under section 518.

(4) For so long as a company is under the protection of the court in a case under this Part, the following provisions shall have effect:

(a) no proceedings for the winding up of the company may be commenced or resolution for winding up passed in relation to the company and any resolution so passed shall have no effect;

(b) no receiver over any part of the property or undertaking of the company shall be appointed, or, if so appointed before the presentation of a petition shall, subject to section 522, be able to act;

(c) no attachment, sequestration, distress or execution shall be put into force against the property or effects of the company, except with the consent of the examiner;

(d) where any claim against the company is secured by a mortgage, charge, lien or other encumbrance or a pledge of, on or affecting the whole or any part of the property, effects or income of the company, no action may be taken to realise the whole or any part of that security, except with the consent of the examiner;

(e) no steps may be taken to repossess goods in the company’s possession under any hire-purchase agreement (within the meaning of section 530), except with the consent of the examiner;

(f) where, under any enactment, rule of law or otherwise, any person other than the company is liable to pay all or any part of the debts of the company—

(i) no attachment, sequestration, distress or execution shall be put into force against the property or effects of such person in respect of the debts of the company; and

(ii) no proceedings of any sort may be commenced against such person in respect of the debts of the company;

(g) no order for relief shall be made under section 212 against the company in respect of complaints as to the conduct of the affairs of the company or the exercise of the powers of the directors prior to the presentation of the petition.

(5) Subject to F342[subsections (4) and (5A)], no other proceedings in relation to the company may be commenced except by leave of the court and subject to such terms as the court may impose and the court may, on the application of the examiner, make such order as it thinks proper in relation to any existing proceedings including an order to stay such proceedings.

F343[(5A) Notwithstanding subsections (4) and (5), nothing in this section shall prevent an employee of the company from seeking to commence or advance actions or proceedings falling within subsection (4) against the company.]

(6) Complaints concerning the conduct of the affairs of the company while it is under the protection of the court shall not constitute a basis for the making of an order for relief under section 212.

520A. F344[Restrictions on certain contracts during examinership

520A. (1) In respect of any executory contract concluded between a creditor and a company to which the circumstances in paragraphs (a) to (c) of section 509(1) apply, the creditor shall not –

(a) withhold performance of,

(b) terminate,

(d) in any other way modify,

the contract to the detriment of the company, notwithstanding any contractual clause to the contrary, solely by reason of –

(i) the making of an application by petition to appoint an examiner to the company under section 509,

(ii) the appointment of an interim examiner to the company under section 512,

(iii) the appointment of an examiner to a related company to the company under section 517, or

(iv) the company being placed under the protection of the court under section 520.

(2) For so long as a company is under the protection of the court in a case under this Part, any creditor with a claim to which section 520 applies shall not, in respect of any essential executory contract concluded between that creditor and the company –

(a) withhold performance of,

(b) terminate,

(d) in any other way modify,

the contract to the detriment of the company, solely by virtue of the fact that the company is deemed to be unable to pay its debts within the meaning of section 509(3).

(3) In this section –

"executory contract" means a contract between a company and one or more creditors under which the parties still have obligations to perform at the commencement of the period referred to in section 520(2);

"essential executory contract" shall have the same meaning as it has in Article 7(4) of the Preventive Restructuring Directive.]

521. Restriction on payment of pre-petition debts

521. (1) No payment may be made by a company, during the period it is under the protection of the court, by way of satisfaction or discharge of the whole or a part of a liability incurred by the company before the date of the presentation of the petition in relation to it unless—

(a) the report of the independent expert contains a recommendation that the whole or, as the case may be, the part of that liability should be discharged or satisfied, or

(b) the court authorises such payment under subsection (2).

(2) The court may, on application being made to it in that behalf by the examiner or any interested party, authorise the discharge or satisfaction, in whole or in part, by the company concerned of a liability referred to in subsection (1) if it is satisfied that a failure to discharge or satisfy, in whole or in part, that liability would considerably reduce the prospects of the company or the whole or any part of its undertaking surviving as a going concern.

522. Effect on receiver or provisional liquidator of order appointing examiner

522. (1) Where, at the date of the presentation of a petition in relation to a company, a receiver stands appointed to the whole or any part of the property or undertaking of that company the court may make such order as it thinks fit, including an order as to any or all of the following matters:

(a) that the receiver shall cease to act as such from a date specified by the court;

(b) that the receiver shall, from a date specified by the court, act as such only in respect of certain assets specified by the court;

(c) directing the receiver to deliver all books, papers and other records, which relate to the property or undertaking of the company (or any part of it) and are in his or her possession or control, to the examiner within a period to be specified by the court;

(d) directing the receiver to give the examiner full particulars of all his or her dealings with the property or undertaking of the company.

(2) Where, at the date of the presentation of a petition in relation to a company, a provisional liquidator stands appointed to that company, the court may make such order as it thinks fit, including an order as to any or all of the following matters:

(a) that the provisional liquidator be appointed as examiner of the company;

(b) appointing some other person as examiner of the company;

(d) directing the provisional liquidator to deliver all books, papers and other records, which relate to the property or undertaking of the company (or any part of it) and are in his or her possession or control, to the examiner within a period to be specified by the court;

(e) directing the provisional liquidator to give the examiner full particulars of all his or her dealings with the property or undertaking of the company.

(3) The court shall not make an order under subsection (1)(a) or (b) or subsection (2)(c) unless the court is satisfied that there is a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company, and the whole or any part of its undertaking, as a going concern; this subsection is in addition to sections 509(2) and 517(3).

(4) Where the court makes an order under subsection (1) or (2), it may, for the purpose of giving full effect to the order, include such conditions in the order and make such ancillary or other orders as it deems fit.

(5) Where a petition is presented in respect of a company at a date subsequent to the presentation of a petition for the winding up of that company, but before a provisional liquidator has been appointed or an order made for its winding up, both petitions shall be heard together.

523. Disapplication of section 440 to receivers in certain circumstances

523. (1) This section applies where either—

(a) an examiner has been appointed to a company, or

(b) an examiner has not been appointed to a company but, in the opinion of the court, such an appointment may yet be made.

(2) Where this section applies, on application being made to it in that behalf, the court may, subject to subsections (4) and (5), make, in relation to a receiver who stands appointed to the whole or any part of the property or undertaking of the company referred to in subsection (1), the following order.

(3) That order of the court is one providing that section 440 shall not apply as respects payments made by the receiver out of assets coming into his or her hands as such receiver.

(4) The court shall only make such an order if it would, in the opinion of the court, be likely to facilitate the survival of the company, and the whole or any part of its undertaking, as a going concern.

(5) An order referred to in subsection (2) shall not be made without each creditor of the company of the following class being afforded an opportunity to be heard, namely a creditor any of the debts owed to whom by the company are debts which in a winding up are (by virtue of the provisions of Part 11 relating to preferential payments) required to be paid in priority to all other debts.

(6) Subsection (2) is without prejudice to the generality of section 522(1).

CHAPTER 3 Powers of examiner

524. Powers of an examiner

524. (1) Any provision of this Act relating to the rights and powers of a statutory auditor of a company and the supplying of information to and co-operation with such auditor shall, with the necessary modifications, apply to an examiner.

(2) Notwithstanding any provision of this Act relating to notice of general meetings, an examiner shall have power to convene, set the agenda for, and preside at meetings of the board of directors and general meetings of the company to which he or she is appointed and to propose motions or resolutions and to give reports to such meetings.

(3) An examiner shall be entitled to reasonable notice of, to attend and be heard at, all meetings of the board of directors of a company and all general meetings of the company to which he or she is appointed.

(4) For the purpose of subsection (3) “reasonable notice” shall be deemed to include a description of the business to be transacted at any such meeting.

(5) An examiner has the power referred to in subsection (6) where he or she becomes aware of any actual or proposed act, omission, course of conduct, decision or contract, by or on behalf of—

(a) the company to which he or she has been appointed,

(b) that company’s officers, employees, members or creditors, or

in relation to the income, assets or liabilities of the company which, in the examiner’s opinion, is or is likely to be to the detriment of the company, or any interested party.

(6) That power of the examiner is to take whatever steps are necessary, subject to the right of parties acquiring an interest in good faith and for value in such income, assets or liabilities, to halt, prevent or rectify the effects of such act, omission, course of conduct, decision or contract.

(7) The examiner may apply to the court—

(a) to determine any question arising in the course of his or her office, or

(b) for the exercise in relation to the company of all or any of the following powers which the court may exercise under this Act, namely those exercisable by it upon the application of any member, contributory, creditor or director of a company.

(8) The examiner shall, if so directed by the court, have power to ascertain and agree claims against the company to which he or she has been appointed.

(9) No professional or legal duty to which an examiner is subject by virtue of his or her appointment as such to a company shall be regarded as contravened by, and no liability to the company, its shareholders, creditors or other interested parties shall attach to, an examiner by reason of his or her compliance with an obligation imposed on the examiner by or under this section.

525. Repudiation by examiner of contracts made before period of protection and of negative pledge clauses whenever made: prohibitions and restrictions

525. (1) Without prejudice to subsection (2), nothing in section 524 shall enable an examiner to repudiate a contract that has been entered into by the company to which he or she has been appointed prior to the period during which the company is under the protection of the court.

(2) A provision referred to in subsection (4) shall not be binding on the company at any time after the service of the notice under subsection (3)(b) and before the expiration of the period during which the company is under the protection of the court if the following 2 conditions are satisfied.

(3) Those conditions are—

(a) the examiner is of the opinion that the provision, were it to be enforced, would be likely to prejudice the survival of the company or the whole or any part of its undertaking as a going concern; and

(b) the examiner serves a notice on the other party or parties to the agreement in which the provision is contained informing the party or parties of that opinion.

(4) The provision referred to in subsection (2) is a provision of an agreement entered into by the company concerned and any other person or persons at any time (including a time that is prior to the period during which the company is under the protection of the court) that provides that the company shall not, or shall not otherwise than in specified circumstances—

(a) borrow moneys or otherwise obtain credit from any person other than that person or those persons; or

(b) create or permit to subsist any mortgage, charge, lien or other encumbrance or any pledge over the whole or any part of the property or undertaking of the company.

526. Production of documents and evidence

526. (1) It shall be the duty of the officers and agents of a company or a related company to which an examiner has been appointed to—

(a) produce to the examiner all books and documents of, or relating to, any such company which are in their custody or power,

(b) attend before the examiner when required by the examiner so to do, and

(c) otherwise give to the examiner all assistance in connection with the examiner’s functions which they are reasonably able to give.

(2) If the examiner considers that a person, other than an officer or agent of any foregoing company, is or may be in possession of any information concerning the company’s affairs, the examiner may require that person to—

(a) produce to the examiner any books or documents in his or her custody or power relating to the company,

(b) attend before the examiner, and

(c) otherwise give to the examiner all assistance in connection with the examiner’s functions which that person is reasonably able to give,

and it shall be the duty of that person to comply with the requirement.

(3) If the examiner has reasonable grounds for believing that a director of any foregoing company maintains or has maintained a bank account of any description, whether alone or jointly with another person and whether in the State or elsewhere, into or out of which there has been paid—

(a) any money which has resulted from or been used in the financing of any transaction, arrangement or agreement particulars of which have not been disclosed in the financial statements of any company for any financial year as required by this Act, or

(b) any money which has been in any way connected with any act or omission, or series of acts or omissions, which, on the part of that director, constituted misconduct (whether fraudulent or not) towards that company or its members,

the examiner may require the director to produce to the examiner all documents in the director’s possession, or under his or her control, relating to that bank account and it shall be the duty of the director to comply with the requirement.

(4) In subsection (3)—

“bank account” includes an account with any person exempt by virtue of section 7(4) of the Central Bank Act 1971 from the requirement of holding a licence under section 9 of that Act; “director” means—

(a) any present or past director (including any present or past shadow director); and

(b) any person connected, within the meaning of section 220, with such a director.

(5) An examiner may examine on oath, either by word of mouth or on written interrogatories, the officers and agents of any such company or other person as is mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) in relation to that company’s affairs and may—

(a) administer an oath accordingly, or

(b) reduce the answers of such person to writing and require him or her to sign them.

(6) If any officer or agent of a foregoing company or other such person—

(a) refuses to produce to the examiner any book or document which it is his or her duty under this section to produce,

(b) refuses to attend before the examiner when requested by the examiner to do so, or

(c) refuses to answer any question which is put to him or her by the examiner with respect to the affairs of the company,

the examiner may provide a certificate under his or her hand to the court stating that such a refusal has occurred.

(7) On such a certificate being provided to it, the court may enquire into the case and, after hearing any witnesses who may be produced against or on behalf of the officer, agent or other person to whom the certificate relates or any statement which may be offered in defence, make any order or direction it thinks fit.

(8) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (7), the court may, after a hearing under that subsection, make a direction—

(a) to the person concerned to attend or re-attend before the examiner or produce particular books or documents or answer particular questions put to him or her by the examiner, or

(b) that the person concerned need not produce a particular book or document or answer a particular question put to him or her by the examiner.

(9) Section 795 shall apply for the purposes of this section as it applies for the purposes of Part 13 and, accordingly, for the purpose of this section, references in section 795 to Part 13, or relevant provisions of that Part, shall be read as references to this section.

(10) In this section—

(a) any reference to officers or to agents includes a reference to past, as well as present, officers or agents, as the case may be; and

(b) “agents”, in relation to a company, includes—

(i) the bankers and solicitors of the company; and

(ii) any persons employed by the company as auditors, accountants, book-keepers or taxation advisers, or other persons employed by it in a professional, consultancy or similar capacity, whether those persons are (or were) or are not (or were not) officers of the company.

527. No lien over company’s books, records, etc.

527. (1) Without prejudice to subsections (2) and (3), where the court has appointed an examiner to a company or a company is under the protection of the court, no person shall be entitled as against the examiner to—

(a) withhold possession of—

(i) any deed, instrument, or other document belonging to the company, or

(ii) any accounting records, receipts, bills, invoices, or other papers of a like nature relating to the accounts or trade, dealings or business of the company,

(b) claim any lien on any document or paper referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) Where a mortgage, charge or pledge has been created by the deposit of any such document or paper with a person, the production of the document or paper to the examiner by the person shall not operate to prejudice the person’s rights under the mortgage, charge or pledge (other than any right to possession of the document or paper).

(3) Where by virtue of this section an examiner has possession of—

(a) any document or papers of a receiver, or

(b) any documents or papers that a receiver is entitled to examine,

the examiner shall, unless the court otherwise orders, make the document or papers available for inspection by the receiver at all reasonable times.

528. Further powers of court

528. (1) Where it appears to the court, on the application of the examiner, that, having regard to the matters referred to in subsection (2), it is just and equitable to do so, it may make an order that all or any of the functions which are vested in the directors (whether by virtue of the constitution of the company or by law or otherwise) shall be performable only by the examiner.

(2) The matters to which the court is to have regard for the purpose of subsection (1) are:

(a) that the affairs of the company are being conducted, or are likely to be conducted, in a manner which is calculated or likely to prejudice the interests of the company or of its employees or of its creditors as a whole; or

(b) that it is expedient, for the purpose of preserving the assets of the company or of safeguarding the interests of the company or of its employees or of its creditors as a whole, that the carrying on of the business of the company by, or the performance of the functions of, its directors or management should be curtailed or regulated in any particular respect; or

(d) any other matter in relation to the company the court thinks relevant.

(3) Where the court makes an order under subsection (1), it may, for the purpose of giving full effect to the order, include such conditions in the order and make such ancillary or other orders as it sees fit.

(4) On an application under subsection (1), in addition to the powers under that subsection and subsection (3), the court may, having regard to the matters referred to in subsection (2), provide, by an order under subsection (1) or by a further order, that the examiner shall have all or any of the powers that he or she would have if he or she were a liquidator appointed by the court in respect of the company.

(5) Where such an order so provides, the court shall have all the powers that it would have if it had made a winding-up order and appointed a liquidator in respect of the company concerned.

529. Incurring of certain liabilities by examiner

529. (1) Any liabilities incurred by the company during the protection period which are specified in subsection (2) shall be treated as expenses properly incurred, for the purpose of section 554, by the examiner.

F345[(2) The liabilities referred to in subsection (1) are those certified in writing by the examiner, at the time they are incurred, to have been incurred in circumstances where, in the opinion of the examiner, the survival of the company as a going concern during the protection period would otherwise be seriously prejudiced, and shall include, at least:

(a) the payment of fees for and costs of negotiating or confirming a scheme of arrangement;

(b) the payment of fees for and costs of seeking professional advice connected with the examinership;

(c) without prejudice to other protections provided in any other enactment, the payment of employees’ wages for work already carried out;

(d) any payments and disbursements made in the ordinary course of business other than those referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) or (c).]

F346[(2A) In the event of any subsequent winding up of a company under Part 11 within 6 months of the end of the protection period, liabilities referred to in subsection (1) incurred as part of a transaction that was –

(a) reasonable, and

(b) immediately necessary for the negotiation of the scheme of arrangement,

shall not be declared void, voidable or unenforceable on the ground that the transaction is detrimental to the general body of creditors unless there are other reasons why the transaction should be declared void, voidable or unenforceable.]

(3) In this section “protection period” means the period, beginning with the appointment of an examiner, during which the company is under the protection of the court.

530. Power to deal with charged property, etc.

530. (1) Where, on an application by the examiner, the court is satisfied that—

(a) the disposal (with or without other assets) of any property of the company concerned which is subject to a security which, as created, was a floating charge, or

(b) the exercise by the examiner of his or her powers in relation to such property,

would be likely to facilitate the survival of the whole or any part of the company as a going concern, the court may by order authorise the examiner to dispose of the property, or exercise his or her powers in relation to it, as the case may be, as if it were not subject to the security.

(2) Where, on an application by the examiner, the court is satisfied that the disposal (with or without other assets) of—

(a) any property of the company concerned subject to a security other than a security to which subsection (1) applies, or

(b) any goods in the possession of the company concerned under a hire-purchase agreement,

would be likely to facilitate the survival of the whole or any part of the company as a going concern, the court may by order authorise the examiner to dispose of the property as if it were not subject to the security or to dispose of the goods as if all rights of the owner under the hire-purchase agreement were vested in the company.

(3) Where property is disposed of under subsection (1), the holder of the security shall have the same priority in respect of any property of the company directly or indirectly representing the property disposed of as he or she would have had in respect of the property subject to the security.

(4) An order under subsection (2) shall include a condition that—

(a) the net proceeds of the disposal of the property or goods concerned; and

(b) where those proceeds are less than such amount as may be determined by the court to be the net amount which would be realised on a sale of the property or goods concerned in the open market by a willing vendor, such sums as may be required to make good the deficiency,

shall be applied towards discharging the sums secured by the security or payable under the hire-purchase agreement.

(5) Where a condition imposed in pursuance of subsection (4) relates to 2 or more securities, that condition operates to require the net proceeds of the disposal and, where paragraph (b) of that subsection applies, the sums mentioned in that paragraph to be applied towards discharging the sums secured by those securities in the order of their priorities.

(6) A certified copy of an order under subsection (1) or (2) in relation to a security shall, within 7 days after the date of the making of the order, be delivered by the examiner to the Registrar.

(7) If the examiner, without reasonable excuse, fails to comply with subsection (6), he or she shall be guilty of a category 4 offence.

(8) References in this section to a hire-purchase agreement include references to—

(a) a conditional sale agreement;

(b) a retention of title agreement; and

531. Notification of appointment of examiner

531. (1) Where a petition has been presented, notice of the petition in the prescribed form shall, within 3 days after the date of its presentation, be delivered by the petitioner to the Registrar.

(2) An examiner shall, within the respective periods specified in subsection (3), cause to be published in Iris Oifigiúil and in at least 2 daily newspapers circulating in the district in which the registered office or principal place of business of the company is situated a notice of his or her appointment and the date of that appointment.

(3) The periods referred to in subsection (2) are—

(a) 21 days after the date of the examiner’s appointment — in the case of Iris Oifigiúil, and

(b) 3 days after the date of the examiner’s appointment — in the other case referred to in that subsection.

(4) An examiner shall, within 3 days after the date of his or her appointment, deliver to the Registrar a copy of the order appointing him or her.

(5) Where a company is (by virtue of section 520) under, for the purposes of this Part, the protection of the court, every invoice, order for goods or business letter issued by or on behalf of the company, being a document on or in which the name of the company appears, shall, immediately after the mention of that name, include the words “in examination under Part 10 of the Companies Act 2014”.

(6) A website of a company that is (by virtue of section 520) under, for the purposes of this Part, the protection of the court, and any electronic mail sent to a third party by, or on behalf of, such a company, shall contain a statement that the company is in examination under this Part (and such a statement on a website shall be in a prominent and easily accessible place on it).

(7) In subsection (6) “third party” means a person other than—

(a) an officer or employee of the company concerned, or

(b) a holding company or subsidiary of the company or an officer or employee of that holding company or subsidiary.

(8) A person who fails to comply with subsection (1), (2), (4) or (5) shall be guilty of a category 4 offence.

(9) If default is made in complying with the requirement under subsection (6) concerning the company’s website, the company concerned and any officer of it who is in default shall be guilty of a category 4 offence.

(10) If default is made by a company, or any person acting on its behalf, in complying with the requirement under subsection (6) concerning electronic mail, then—

(a) in every case, the company and any officer of it who is in default, and

(b) where the default is made by a person acting on the company’s behalf, that person,

shall be guilty of a category 4 offence.

532. General provisions as to examiners — resignation, filling of vacancy, etc.

532. (1) An examiner may resign or, on cause shown, be removed by the court.

(2) If, for any reason, a vacancy occurs in the office of examiner, the court, on application to it, may by order fill the vacancy.

(3) An application for an order under subsection (2) may be made by—

(a) any committee of creditors established under section 538 in relation to the company concerned, or

(b) the company concerned, or

(4) An examiner shall be described by the style of “the examiner” of the particular company in respect of which he or she is appointed and not by his or her name.

(5) The acts of an examiner shall be valid notwithstanding any defects that may afterwards be discovered in his or her appointment or qualification.

(6) An examiner shall be personally liable on any contract entered into by him or her in the performance of his or her functions (whether such contract is entered into by the examiner in the name of the company concerned or in his or her own name as examiner or otherwise) unless the contract provides that he or she is not to be personally liable on such contract.

(7) The examiner shall, in respect of that personal liability, be entitled to indemnity out of the assets of the company concerned.

(8) Nothing in subsection (6) or (7) shall be taken as limiting any right to indemnity which the examiner would have apart from either subsection, or as limiting the examiner’s liability on contracts entered into without authority or as conferring any right to indemnity in respect of that liability.

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