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Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005

Type Public General Act

Publication 2005-03-24

Last updated 2026-01-20

State In force

Department Statute Law Database

Source legislation.gov.uk

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(1) In this Part, references to calculating the profits of a property business in accordance with GAAP are to calculating the profits in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice, subject to any adjustment required or authorised by law in calculating profits for income tax purposes.

(2) A requirement under this Part to calculate profits in accordance with GAAP does not—

(a) require a person to comply with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 or subordinate legislation made under that Act except as to the basis of calculation, or

(b) impose any requirements as to audit or disclosure.

(3) See section 272 (application of trading income rules: GAAP) which applies only where profits are calculated in accordance with GAAP.

271C

The profits of a property business for a tax year must be calculated on the cash basis if none of conditions A, B, C, D or E in section 271A is met.

271D

(1) In this Part, references to calculating the profits of a property business on the cash basis are to calculating the profits in accordance with subsections (2) and (3).

(2) In calculating the profits, receipts of the business are brought into account at the time they are received, and expenses of the business are brought into account at the time they are paid.

(3) Subsection (2) is subject to any adjustment required or authorised by law in calculating profits for income tax purposes.

(4) For provision about the application of Chapter 4 (profits of property businesses: lease premiums etc) in relation to profits calculated on the cash basis, see section 276A.

(5) For provision about the application of Chapter 5 (rules about deductions and receipts) in relation to profits calculated on the cash basis, see section 307A.

(6) The following provisions apply only where profits are calculated on the cash basis—

(a) section 272ZA (application of trading income rules: cash basis), and

(b) Chapter 7A (cash basis: adjustments for capital allowances).

271E

(1) The profits of a property business are calculated in the same way as the profits of a trade.

(2) But this is subject to—

(a) section 272, which limits the rule in subsection (1) in relation to a property business whose profits are calculated in accordance with GAAP, and

(b) section 272ZA, which limits that rule in relation to a property business whose profits are calculated on the cash basis.

272ZA

(1) In relation to a property business whose profits are calculated on the cash basis, the provisions of Part 2 (trading income) which apply as a result of section 271E(1) are limited to the following—

In Chapter 3 (basic rules)—	In Chapter 3 (basic rules)—
section 26	losses calculated on same basis as profits
section 28A	money's worth
section 29	interest
In Chapter 4 (rules restricting deductions)—	In Chapter 4 (rules restricting deductions)—
section 34	expenses not wholly and exclusively for trade and unconnected losses
sections 38 to 42 and 44	employee benefit contributions
sections 45 to 47	business entertainment and gifts
section 52	exclusion of double relief for interest
section 53	social security contributions
section 54	penalties , interest and VAT surcharges and interest
section 55	crime-related payments
section 55A	expenditure on integral features
In Chapter 5 (rules allowing deductions)—	In Chapter 5 (rules allowing deductions)—
section 57	pre-trading expenses
sections 58 and 59	incidental costs of obtaining finance
section 69	payments for restrictive undertakings
sections 70 and 71	seconded employees
section 72	payroll deduction schemes: contributions to agents' expenses
sections 73 to 75	counselling and retraining expenses
sections 76 to 80	redundancy payments etc
section 81	personal security expenses
sections 82 to 86	contributions to local enterprise organisations or urban regeneration companies
sections 86A and 86B	contributions to flood and coastal erosion risk management projects
sections 87 and 88	scientific research
sections 89 and 90	expenses connected with patents, designs and trade marks
section 91	payments to Export Credits Guarantee Department
*In Chapter 5A (deductions allowable at a fixed rate)—*	*In Chapter 5A (deductions allowable at a fixed rate)—*
section 94C	exclusion of provisions of Chapter 5A for firms with partner who is not an individual
sections 94D to 94G	expenditure on vehicles
In Chapter 6 (receipts)—	In Chapter 6 (receipts)—
section 96	capital receipts
section 97	debts incurred and later released
section 104	distribution of assets of mutual concerns
section 105(1) and (2)(b) and (c)	industrial development grants
section 106	sums recovered under insurance policies etc
In Chapter 6A (amounts not reflecting commercial transactions)—	In Chapter 6A (amounts not reflecting commercial transactions)—
section 106C	amounts not reflecting commercial transactions
section 106D	capital receipts
section 106E	gifts to charities etc
In Chapter 7 (gifts to charities etc)—	In Chapter 7 (gifts to charities etc)—
section 109	receipt by donor or connected person of benefit attributable to certain gifts

(2) In those provisions, the expression “this Part” is to be read as a reference to those provisions as applied by subsection (1) and to the other provisions of Part 3.

(3) In section 106D, the reference to subsection (4) or (5) of section 96A is to be read as a reference to subsection (2), (3) or (5) of section 307F (deemed capital receipts under, or after leaving, cash basis).

Calculation of profits: other general rules

276A

The following provisions of this Chapter do not apply in calculating the profits of a property business on the cash basis—

(a) sections 291 to 294 (tenants under taxed leases: deductions), and

(b) sections 296 and 298 (ICTA modifications).

Cash basis: application of Chapter

307A

(1) The following provisions of this Chapter apply only where the profits of a property business are calculated on the cash basis—

(a) section 307B (cash basis: capital expenditure),

(b) section 307C (cash basis: deduction for costs of loans), and

(2) Sections 307E and 307F make provision about capital receipts in certain cases where the profits of a property business are calculated on the cash basis or have previously been calculated on the cash basis.

Property businesses using cash basis

307B

(1) This section applies in relation to the calculation of the profits of a property business on the cash basis.

(2) No deduction is allowed for an item of a capital nature incurred on, or in connection with, the acquisition or disposal of a business or part of a business.

(3) No deduction is allowed for an item of a capital nature incurred on, or in connection with, education or training.

(4) No deduction is allowed for an item of a capital nature incurred on, or in connection with, the provision, alteration or disposal of land.

(5) But subsection (4) does not prevent a deduction being made for expenditure that—

(a) is incurred on the provision of a depreciating asset which, in being provided, is installed or otherwise fixed to qualifying land (see subsection (8)) so as to become, in law, part of the land, but

(b) is not incurred on, or in connection with, the provision of—

(i) a building,

(ii) a wall, floor, ceiling, door, gate, shutter or window or stairs,

(iii) a waste disposal system,

(iv) a sewerage or drainage system, or

(v) a shaft or other structure in which a lift, hoist, escalator or moving walkway may be installed.

(6) No deduction is allowed for an item of a capital nature incurred on, or in connection with, the provision, alteration or disposal of an asset for use in ... residential property (see subsection (8)). But see section 311A (replacement domestic items relief).

(7) If an asset is provided partly for use in ... residential property and partly for other purposes, such apportionment of the expenditure incurred on, or in connection with, the provision, alteration or disposal of the asset is to be made for the purposes of subsection (6) as is just and reasonable.

(8) In relation to the calculation of profits for a tax year—

(a) “residential property” means land consisting of a dwelling-house or part of a dwelling-house in relation to which a UK property business or an overseas property business is carried on in the tax year, and

(b) “qualifying land” means land not falling within paragraph (a).

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(10) No deduction is allowed for an item of a capital nature incurred on, or in connection with, the provision, alteration or disposal of—

(a) any asset that is not a depreciating asset (see subsections (11) and (12)),

(b) any asset not acquired or created for use on a continuing basis in the property business,

(d) a non-qualifying intangible asset (see subsections (13) to (16)), or

(e) a financial asset (see subsection (17)).

(11) An asset is a “depreciating” asset if, on the date the item of a capital nature is incurred, it is reasonable to expect that before the end of 20 years beginning with that date—

(a) the useful life of the asset will end, or

(b) the asset will decline in value by 90% or more.

(12) The useful life of an asset ends when it could no longer be of use to any person for any purpose as an asset of a business.

(13) “Intangible asset” means anything that is capable of being an intangible asset within the meaning of FRS 105 and, in particular, includes—

(a) an internally-generated intangible asset, and

(b) intellectual property.

(14) An intangible asset is “non-qualifying” unless, by virtue of having a fixed maximum duration, it must cease to exist before the end of 20 years beginning with the date on which the item of a capital nature is incurred.

(15) An intangible asset is “non-qualifying” if it consists of a right, whether conditional or not, to obtain an intangible asset without a fixed maximum duration by virtue of which that asset must, assuming the right is exercised at the last possible time, cease to exist before the end of 20 years beginning with the date on which the item of a capital nature is incurred.

(16) Where—

(a) the person carrying on the property business (“P”) has an intangible asset, and

(b) P grants a licence or any other right in respect of that asset to another person,

any intangible asset that consists of a licence or other right granted to P in respect of the intangible asset mentioned in paragraph (a) is “non-qualifying”.

(17) A “financial asset” means any right under or in connection with—

(a) a financial instrument, or

(b) an arrangement that is capable of producing a return that is economically equivalent to a return produced under any financial instrument.

(18) A reference to acquisition, provision, alteration or disposal includes potential acquisition, provision, alteration or (as the case may be) disposal.

(19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(20) In this section—

“arrangement” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable);

“building” includes any fixed structure;

“car” has the same meaning as in Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 268A of that Act);

“financial instrument” has the same meaning as in FRS 105;

“FRS 105” means Financial Reporting Standard 105 (the Financial Reporting Standard applicable to the Micro-entities Regime), issued by the Financial Reporting Council in July 2015;

“intellectual property” means—any patent, trade mark, registered design, copyright or design right, plant breeders' rights or rights under section 7 of the Plant Varieties Act 1997,any right under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom corresponding or similar to a right within paragraph (a),any information or technique not protected by a right within paragraph (a) or (b) but having industrial, commercial or other economic value, orany licence or other right in respect of anything within paragraph (a), (b) or (c);

“provision” includes creation, construction or acquisition.

307C

(1) Section 307D applies in calculating the profits of a property business for a tax year if conditions A to D are met.

(2) Condition A is that the profits of the business are calculated on the cash basis for the tax year.

(3) Condition B is that a deduction for costs of a loan is allowed in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year or, ignoring section 272A (restricting deductions for finance costs related to residential property) and section 307D (cash basis: modification of deduction for costs of loans), would be so allowed. In this section such a loan is referred to as a “relevant loan”.

(4) Condition C is that an amount of the principal of one or more relevant loans is outstanding at the end time (and a relevant loan in respect of which such an amount is outstanding at the end time is referred to in this section as an “outstanding relevant loan”).

(5) Condition D is that—

$$L > V$where—L is the total outstanding amount of relevant loans (see subsections (6) and (7)), andV is the sum of the values of all relevant properties (see subsections (8) to (10)).$

(6) The “total outstanding amount of relevant loans”—

(a) if there is only one outstanding relevant loan, is the outstanding business amount of that loan, and

(b) if there are two or more outstanding relevant loans, is found by calculating the outstanding business amount of each such loan and adding those amounts together.

(7) The “outstanding business amount” of a relevant loan is given by—

$$X Y × A$where—A is the amount of the principal of the loan which is outstanding at the end time,X is the amount of the deduction for costs of the loan that would be allowed, apart from sections 272A and 307D, in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year, andY is the amount of the deduction for costs of the loan that would be allowed, apart from the wholly and exclusively rule and sections 272A and 307D, in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year.$

(8) A property is a “relevant property” if—

(a) it is involved in the property business at the end time, or

(b) although it is not involved in the business at the end time—

(i) it was last involved in the business at an earlier time in the tax year, and

(ii) the person carrying on the business holds the property throughout the period beginning with that earlier time and ending with the end time.

(9) The “value” of a relevant property is the total of—

(a) the market value of the property at the time that it is first involved in the property business, and

(b) such amount of any expenditure of a capital nature incurred by the person carrying on the business in respect of the property as is not brought into account in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year or any previous tax year.

(10) A property is “involved in the property business” if it is a property whose exploitation forms the whole or part of the business.

(11) The “end time” is—

(a) the time immediately before the end of the tax year, or

(b) if in the tax year the person carrying on the business permanently ceases to carry it on, the time immediately before the person permanently ceases to carry on the business.

(12) “Costs”, in relation to a loan, means—

(a) interest on the loan,

(b) an amount in connection with the loan that, for the person receiving or entitled to the amount, is a return in relation to the loan which is economically equivalent to interest, or

(13) Section 58(2) to (4) (meaning of “incidental costs of obtaining finance”) apply for the purposes of subsection (12)(c).

(14) In this section—

“market value”, in relation to a property, means the price which the property might reasonably be expected to fetch—in the market conditions then prevailing, andbetween persons dealing with each other at arm's length in the open market;

“property” means an estate, interest or right in or over land;

“the wholly and exclusively rule” means the rule in section 34 (expenses not wholly and exclusively for trade and unconnected losses), as applied by section 272ZA (application of trading income rules: cash basis).

307D

(1) Where section 307C provides that this section applies in calculating the profits of a property business for a tax year, the amount which is allowed as a deduction for costs of a loan in calculating the profits for the tax year is the non-adjusted deduction multiplied by the relevant fraction. This is subject to section 272A (restricting deductions for finance costs related to residential property).

(2) “The non-adjusted deduction” means the deduction for costs of the loan that would be allowed, apart from section 272A and this section, in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year.

(3) “The relevant fraction” means—

$$V L$where V and L have the same meaning as in section 307C.$

(4) For the meaning of “costs of a loan” see section 307C.

Property businesses that use, or have used, cash basis

307E

(1) This section applies in relation to a property business carried on by a person in two cases—

(a) Case 1 (see subsections (2) to (4)), and

(b) Case 2 (see subsections (5) to (8)).

(2) Case 1 is a case in which conditions A and B are met.

(3) Condition A is that the person receives disposal proceeds or a capital refund in relation to an asset in a tax year for which the profits of the property business are calculated on the cash basis (see section 271D).

For the meaning of “disposal proceeds” and “capital refund” see subsections (9) and (10).

(4) Condition B is that—

(a) an amount of capital expenditure (see subsection (11)) relating to the asset has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the property business on the cash basis, or

(b) an amount of relevant capital expenditure (see subsection (17)) relating to the asset has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the property business in accordance with GAAP (see section 271B)—

(i) by means of a deduction allowed under section 58 or 59 (incidental costs of obtaining finance) (as applied by section 272) or section 311A (replacement domestic items relief), or

(ii) under CAA 2001 (see subsection (20)).

(5) Case 2 is a case in which—

(a) condition C is met, and

(b) condition D or E is met.

(6) Condition C is that disposal proceeds or a capital refund arise to the person in relation to an asset in a tax year—

(a) for which the profits of the property business are calculated in accordance with GAAP, and

(b) which is after a tax year for which the profits of the business had been calculated on the cash basis.

(7) Condition D is that an amount of capital expenditure relating to the asset—

(a) has been paid in a tax year for which the profits of the property business were calculated on the cash basis,

(b) has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the business on the cash basis, and

(c) on the assumption that the profits had not been calculated on the cash basis at the time the expenditure was paid, would not have been qualifying expenditure.

(8) Condition E is that—

(a) an amount of capital expenditure relating to the asset has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the property business for a tax year in accordance with GAAP by means of a deduction allowed under section 58 or 59 (as applied by section 272) or section 311A, and

(b) that tax year is before the tax year for which the person last entered the cash basis.

(9) “Disposal proceeds” means—

(a) any proceeds arising from the disposal of an asset or any part of it,

(b) any proceeds arising from the grant of any right in respect of, or any interest in, the asset, or

See also section 307F for circumstances in which a person is to be regarded as disposing of an asset.

(10) “Capital refund” means an amount that is (in substance) a refund of capital expenditure relating to an asset.

(11) “Capital expenditure” means expenditure of a capital nature incurred, or treated as incurred, on or in connection with—

(a) the provision, alteration or disposal of an asset, or

(b) the potential provision, alteration or disposal of an asset.

(12) The disposal proceeds or capital refund mentioned in condition A or (as the case may be) condition C are to be brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the property business.

(13) In a case where only part of the total capital expenditure incurred, or treated as incurred, by the person in relation to the asset has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the property business (whether or not on the cash basis), the amount brought into account under subsection (12) is proportionately reduced. The reference in this subsection to expenditure brought into account includes a reference to expenditure brought into account under CAA 2001 (see subsection (20)).

(14) Subsection (12) does not apply if the whole of the amount which would otherwise be brought into account under that subsection—

(a) has already been brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the property business under this section,

(b) is brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the business under any other provision of this Part (except section 334D(4) (assets not fully paid for)), or

The reference to any other provision of this Part in paragraph (b) includes a reference to any provision applied by section 272 or 272ZA.

(15) If part of the amount which would otherwise be brought into account under subsection (12) has already been or is brought into account as mentioned in subsection (14), subsection (12) applies in relation to the remainder of that amount.

(16) For the purposes of this section, any question as to whether or to what extent expenditure is brought into account in calculating the profits of a property business is to be determined on such basis as is just and reasonable in all the circumstances.

(17) In subsection (4)(b) “relevant capital expenditure” means capital expenditure which—

(a) has been incurred (or treated as incurred) by the person before the tax year for which the person last entered the cash basis, and

(b) is cash basis deductible in relation to that tax year.

(18) For the purposes of this section, a person carrying on a property business “enters the cash basis” for a tax year if the profits of the business are calculated—

(a) on the cash basis for the tax year, and

(b) in accordance with GAAP for the previous tax year.

(19) Expenditure is “cash basis deductible” in relation to a tax year if, on the assumption that the expenditure was paid in that tax year, a deduction would be allowed in respect of the expenditure in calculating the profits of the property business on the cash basis for that tax year.

(20) For the purposes of this section, expenditure is “brought into account under CAA 2001” in calculating the profits of a property business if and to the extent that—

(a) a capital allowance made under Part 2 of that Act in respect of the expenditure is treated as an expense in calculating those profits (see sections 248 and 250 of that Act), or

(b) qualifying expenditure (within the meaning of Part 2 of CAA 2001) is allocated to a pool for a relevant qualifying activity and is set-off against different disposal receipts.

(21) An amount of qualifying expenditure is “set-off against different disposal receipts” if—

(a) the amount would have been unrelieved qualifying expenditure carried forward in the pool for the relevant qualifying activity, but

(b) the amount is not so carried forward because (and only because) one or more disposal values in respect of one or more assets, other than the asset in respect of which the qualifying expenditure was incurred (or treated as incurred), have at any time been brought into account in that pool.

(22) For the purposes of subsections (20) and (21), an activity is a “relevant qualifying activity” if—

(a) it is a qualifying activity mentioned in section 15(1)(b) or (d) of CAA 2001 (property business activities), and

(b) the property business consists of or includes that qualifying activity.

(23) For the purposes of subsection (21), an amount of qualifying expenditure incurred (or treated as incurred) by a person is not to be regarded as not carried forward because the person enters the cash basis.

(24) In this section—

“disposal value” means—in subsection (14)(c)—a disposal value for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see, in particular, section 61 of that Act), orproceeds from a balancing event for the purposes of Part 3A of that Act (see section 360O of that Act), andin subsection (21), a disposal value for the purposes of Part 2 of that Act;

“pool” means the main pool or a class pool to which qualifying expenditure is allocated under Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 54 of that Act);

“provision” includes creation, construction or acquisition;

“qualifying expenditure” means qualifying expenditure within the meaning of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 11(4) of that Act for the general rule);

“unrelieved qualifying expenditure” means unrelieved qualifying expenditure for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 59(1) and (2) of that Act).

307F

(1) This section makes provision supplementary to section 307E.

(2) If—

(a) at any time a person ceases to use an asset or any part of it for the purposes of a property business (other than in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (5)), but

(b) the person does not dispose of the asset (or that part) at that time,

the person is to be regarded for the purposes of section 307E as disposing of the asset (or that part) at that time for an amount equal to the market value amount.

(3) If at any time there is a material increase in the person's non-business use of an asset or any part of it, the person is to be regarded for the purposes of section 307E as disposing of the asset (or that part) at that time for an amount equal to the relevant proportion of the market value amount.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a) there is an increase in a person's non-business use of an asset (or part of an asset) if—

(i) the proportion of the person's use of the asset (or that part) that is for the purposes of the property business decreases, and

(ii) the proportion of the person's use of the asset (or that part) that is for other purposes (the “non-business use”) increases;

(b) “the relevant proportion” is the difference between—

(i) the proportion of the person's use of the asset (or part of the asset) that is non-business use, and

(ii) the proportion of the person's use of the asset (or that part) that was non-business use before the increase mentioned in subsection (3).

(5) If—

(a) the property business in respect of which capital expenditure relating to an asset has been brought into account as mentioned in section 307E is an overseas property business, and

(b) there is a move overseas,

the person is to be regarded for the purposes of section 307E as disposing of the asset at the time of the move overseas for an amount equal to the market value amount.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) there is a “move overseas” if—

(a) the person ceases to be UK resident, or

(b) the tax year is, as respects the person, a split year, and the overseas part of the tax year is the later part.

(7) The move overseas occurs—

(a) in a case falling within subsection (6)(a), on the last day of the tax year for which the person is UK resident, or

(b) in a case falling within subsection (6)(b), on the last day of the UK part of the tax year.

(8) In this section—

“capital expenditure” has the same meaning as in section 307E,

“market value amount” means the amount that would be regarded as normal and reasonable—in the market conditions then prevailing, andbetween persons dealing with each other at arm's length in the open market.

Property allowance

307G

(1) The rules for calculating the profits of an individual's property business are subject to Chapter 2 of Part 6A (property allowance).

(2) That Chapter gives relief on relevant property income and, where relief is given, disallows all deductions under this Part which relate to that income (see, in particular, sections 783BC, 783BF and 783BH).

329A

This Chapter applies if—

(a) the profits of a property business are calculated—

(i) on the cash basis for a tax year (see section 271D), and

(ii) in accordance with GAAP (see section 271B) for the following tax year, or

(b) the profits of a property business are calculated—

(i) in accordance with GAAP for a tax year, and

(ii) on the cash basis for the following tax year.

Spreading of adjustment income on leaving cash basis

334A

Sections 239A (spreading on leaving cash basis) and 239B (election to accelerate charge under section 239A) apply for the purposes of this Chapter as they apply for the purposes of Chapter 17 of Part 2, but as if—

(a) for section 239A(1) there were substituted—

(1) This section applies if the profits of a property business are calculated— (a) on the cash basis for a tax year (see section 271D), and (b) in accordance with GAAP (see section 271B) for the following tax year.

, and

(b) any reference to section 239A or 239B were to the section concerned as applied by this section.

CHAPTER 7A — Cash basis: adjustments for capital allowances

334B

For the purposes of this Chapter, a person carrying on a property business enters the cash basis for a tax year if the profits of the business are calculated—

(a) on the cash basis for the tax year (see section 271D), and

(b) in accordance with GAAP (see section 271B) for the previous tax year.

334C

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person carrying on a property business enters the cash basis for a tax year (“the current tax year”), and

(b) the person would, apart from section 59(4A) of CAA 2001, have unrelieved qualifying expenditure relating to the property business to carry forward from the chargeable period which is the previous tax year.

(2) But this section does not apply if section 334D applies.

(3) In calculating the profits of the property business for the current tax year, a deduction is allowed for any cash basis deductible amount of the expenditure relating to the property business.

(4) A “cash basis deductible amount” of the expenditure means any amount of the expenditure for which a deduction would be allowed in calculating the profits of the property business on the cash basis on the assumption that the expenditure was paid in the current tax year.

(5) Any cash basis deductible amount of the expenditure is to be determined on such basis as is just and reasonable in all the circumstances.

(6) In this section—

“unrelieved qualifying expenditure” means unrelieved qualifying expenditure for the purposes of Part 2 of CAA 2001 (see section 59(1) and (2) of that Act).

334D

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person carrying on a property business enters the cash basis for a tax year (“the current tax year”),

(b) at any time before the end of the chargeable period which is the previous tax year the person has incurred relevant expenditure, and

(2) “Relevant expenditure” means expenditure on plant or machinery—

(a) for which a deduction would be allowed in calculating the profits of the property business on the cash basis on the assumption that the expenditure was paid in the current tax year, and

(b) in respect of which the person has obtained capital allowances.

(3) If the amount of the relevant expenditure that the person has actually paid exceeds the amount of capital allowances given in respect of the relevant expenditure, the difference is to be deducted in calculating the profits of the property business for the current tax year.

(4) If the amount of the relevant expenditure that the person has actually paid is less than the amount of capital allowances given in respect of the relevant expenditure, the difference is to be treated as a receipt in calculating the profits of the property business for the current tax year.

(5) Any question as to whether or to what extent expenditure is relevant expenditure, or as to whether or to what extent any capital allowance obtained is in respect of relevant expenditure, is to be determined on such basis as is just and reasonable in all the circumstances.

(6) If the amount of capital allowances given in respect of the relevant expenditure has been reduced under section 205 or 207 of CAA 2001 (reduction where asset provided or used only partly for qualifying activity), the amount of the relevant expenditure that the person has actually paid is to be proportionately reduced for the purposes of this section.

334E

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person carrying on a property business enters the cash basis for a tax year,

(b) the person is the successor for the purposes of section 266 of CAA 2001, and

(c) as a result of an election under that section, relevant plant or machinery is treated as sold by the predecessor to the successor at any time during the tax year.

(2) The provisions of this Chapter have effect in relation to the successor as if everything done to or by the predecessor had been done to or by the successor.

(3) Any expenditure actually incurred by the successor on acquiring the relevant plant or machinery is to be ignored for the purposes of calculating the profits of the property business for the tax year.

(4) In this section—

“the predecessor” has the same meaning as in section 266 of CAA 2001, and

“relevant plant or machinery” has the same meaning as in section 267 of that Act.

507A

(1) An interested person may apply to an officer of Revenue and Customs for a review of a calculation under section 507 on the ground that the gain arising from it is wholly disproportionate.

(2) For the purposes of this section an interested person in relation to a calculation under section 507 is a person who would be liable for all or any part of the amount of tax that would be chargeable under this Chapter if the gain were not recalculated.

(3) Applications under subsection (1) must be—

(a) made in writing, and

(b) received by an officer of Revenue and Customs within—

(i) the four tax years following the tax year in which the gain arose, or

(ii) such longer period as the officer may agree.

(4) In considering whether the gain is wholly disproportionate, the officer may take into account (as well as the amount of the gain) any factor which the officer considers appropriate including, so far as the officer considers it appropriate to do so—

(a) the economic gain on the rights surrendered or assigned,

(b) the amount of the premiums paid under the policy or contract,

(5) If, following an application under subsection (1), an officer considers that the gain arising from the calculation under section 507 is wholly disproportionate, the officer must recalculate the gain on a just and reasonable basis.

(6) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), references in this Chapter (but excluding this section) to a calculation under section 507 are to be regarded as references to a recalculation under this section.

(7) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), an officer of Revenue and Customs must notify the interested person of the result of the recalculation.

(8) If two or more persons are interested persons in relation to a calculation under section 507—

(a) an application under subsection (1) may be made only by all the interested persons jointly, and

(b) subsection (7) applies as if the reference to the interested person were a reference to each of the interested persons.

(9) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), all necessary adjustments and repayments of income tax are to be made.

(10) No recalculation is to be made under this section if the gain mentioned in subsection (1) arises as a result of one or more transactions which form part of arrangements, the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to obtain a tax advantage for any person.

(11) In this section—

“arrangements” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable), and

“tax advantage” has the meaning given by section 1139 of CTA 2010.

512A

(1) An interested person may apply to an officer of Revenue and Customs for a review of a calculation under section 511 on the ground that the gain arising from it is wholly disproportionate.

(2) For the purposes of this section an interested person in relation to a calculation under section 511 is a person who would be liable for all or any part of the amount of tax that would be chargeable under this Chapter—

(a) if the gain were not recalculated, or

(b) if all rights under the policy or contract had been surrendered immediately after the surrender or assignment of rights which gave rise to the calculation.

(3) Applications under subsection (1) must be—

(a) made in writing, and

(b) received by an officer of Revenue and Customs within—

(i) the four tax years following the tax year in which the gain arose, or

(ii) such longer period as the officer may agree.

(4) In considering whether the gain is wholly disproportionate, the officer may take into account (as well as the amount of the gain) any factor which the officer considers appropriate including, so far as the officer considers it appropriate to do so—

(a) the economic gain on the rights surrendered or assigned,

(b) the amount of the premiums paid under the policy or contract,

(5) If, following an application under subsection (1), an officer considers that the gain arising from the calculation under section 511 is wholly disproportionate, the officer must recalculate the gain on a just and reasonable basis.

(6) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), references in this Chapter (but excluding this section) to a calculation under section 511 are to be regarded as references to a recalculation under this section.

(7) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), an officer of Revenue and Customs must notify the interested person of the result of the recalculation.

(8) If two or more persons are interested persons in relation to a calculation under section 511—

(a) an application under subsection (1) may be made only by all the interested persons jointly, and

(b) subsection (7) applies as if the reference to the interested person were a reference to each of the interested persons.

(9) Following a recalculation under subsection (5), all necessary adjustments and repayments of income tax are to be made.

(10) No recalculation is to be made under this section if the gain mentioned in subsection (1) arises as a result of one or more transactions which form part of arrangements, the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of which is to obtain a tax advantage for any person.

(11) In this section—

“arrangements” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable), and

“tax advantage” has the meaning given by section 1139 of CTA 2010.

Exception for certain loans or repayments of loans

628A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

628B

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

628C

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

630A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Excess profit allocation to non-individual partners

Condition C

PART 6A — Income charged under this Act: trading and property allowances

CHAPTER 1 — Trading allowance

Introduction

783A

(1) This Chapter gives relief to an individual on—

(a) the income of a relevant trade (see section 783AA), and

(b) miscellaneous income (see section 783AB).

(2) If the individual qualifies for full relief (see section 783AE), the individual's relevant income (see section 783AC) is not charged to income tax (see sections 783AF and 783AG).

(3) If the individual qualifies for partial relief (see section 783AH), the individual's relevant income is calculated by alternative methods (see sections 783AI to 783AK).

(4) Any provision of this Chapter which gives relief is subject to sections 783AN to 783AQ, which specify circumstances in which relief under this Chapter is not given.

Basic definitions

783AA

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a trade carried on by an individual is a “relevant trade” of the individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual carries on the trade otherwise than in partnership, and

(b) the trade is not a rent-a-room trade in relation to the individual for the tax year.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a trade is a “rent-a-room trade” in relation to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year, and

(b) the individual has rent-a-room receipts for the tax year which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief), be brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade.

See section 783AR for definitions relevant to this subsection.

(3) In this Chapter references to a trade include references to a profession or vocation.

783AB

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, an individual's “miscellaneous income” for a tax year is all the income arising to the individual in the tax year which would be chargeable to income tax under Chapter 8 of Part 5 (income not otherwise charged) for the tax year.

(2) But if—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year, and

(b) the individual has rent-a-room receipts for the tax year which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7, be chargeable to income tax under Chapter 8 of Part 5,

the rent-a-room receipts are not miscellaneous income.

(3) The reference in subsection (1) to the amount which would be chargeable to income tax under Chapter 8 of Part 5 is to the amount which would be so chargeable—

(a) apart from this Chapter, and

(b) if no deduction were made for expenses or any other matter.

783AC

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, an individual's “relevant income” for a tax year is the sum of the following—

(a) the receipts for the tax year of the individual's relevant trades for the tax year, and

(b) the individual's miscellaneous income for the tax year.

(2) In subsection (1)(a) the reference to the receipts of a trade for a tax year is to all the amounts which would, apart from this Chapter, be brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the trade for the tax year.

783AD

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, an individual's trading allowance for a tax year is £1,000.

(2) The Treasury may by regulations amend subsection (1) so as to substitute a higher sum for the sum for the time being specified in that subsection.

Full relief

783AE

(1) An individual qualifies for full relief for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year,

(b) the relevant income does not exceed the individual's trading allowance for the tax year, and

(c) no election by the individual under section 783AL has effect for the tax year (election for full relief not to be given).

(2) An individual also qualifies for full relief for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year which consists of or includes receipts of one or more relevant trades,

(b) the relevant income exceeds the individual's trading allowance for the tax year,

(d) no election by the individual under section 783AL has effect for the tax year, and

(e) no election by the individual under section 783AM has effect for the tax year (election for partial relief).

(3) The conditions are that—

(a) the cash basis applies for the tax year in relation to one or more of the trades mentioned in subsection (2)(a);

(b) the individual's relevant income would not exceed the individual's trading allowance for the tax year if it were to be assumed that an election by the individual under section 25C(1) had effect for the tax year, in relation to one or more of the trades mentioned in paragraph (a)

(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

783AF

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an individual qualifies for full relief for a tax year, and

(b) the individual's relevant income for the tax year consists of or includes receipts of one or more relevant trades.

(2) The profits or losses of each such trade for the tax year are treated as nil.

783AG

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an individual qualifies for full relief for a tax year, and

(b) the individual's relevant income for the tax year consists of or includes miscellaneous income.

(2) The amount of—

(a) the miscellaneous income arising in the tax year, less

(b) any expenses associated with that income,

is treated as nil.

Partial relief

783AH

An individual qualifies for partial relief for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year,

(b) the relevant income exceeds the individual's trading allowance for the tax year, and

783AI

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an individual qualifies for partial relief for a tax year, and

(b) the individual's relevant income for the tax year consists of or includes receipts of one or more relevant trades.

(2) The profits or losses for the tax year of each of the individual's relevant trades are given by taking the following steps—

Step 1 Calculate the total of all the amounts which would, apart from this Chapter, be brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the trade for the tax year.

Step 2 Subtract the deductible amount.

...

(3) Subject to section 783AK, the deductible amount is equal to the individual's trading allowance for the tax year.

(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

783AJ

(1) This section applies if—

(a) an individual qualifies for partial relief for a tax year, and

(b) the individual's relevant income for the tax year consists of or includes miscellaneous income.

(2) The amount of miscellaneous income chargeable to income tax for the tax year is—

(a) the miscellaneous income for the tax year, less

(b) the deductible amount.

(3) Subject to section 783AK, the deductible amount is equal to the individual's trading allowance for the tax year.

783AK

(1) This section applies where the individual's relevant income for the tax year includes—

(a) receipts of a relevant trade, and

(b) receipts of any other relevant trade or miscellaneous income (or both).

(2) The references in section 783AI and (where it applies) section 783AJ to the deductible amount are to amounts which, in total, equal the individual's trading allowance for the tax year.

(3) The question of how to allocate the individual's trading allowance for the tax year for the purposes of subsection (2) is to be decided by the individual, subject to subsections (4) and (5).

(4) The deductible amount in respect of a relevant trade must not be such that the amount given by step 2 of section 783AI(2) is negative.

(5) The deductible amount in respect of miscellaneous income must not be such as to result in the individual making a loss in the transactions giving rise to the miscellaneous income.

Elections

783AL

(1) An individual may elect not to be given full relief for a tax year (see sections 783AF and 783AG).

(2) An election must be made on or before the first anniversary of the normal self-assessment filing date for the tax year for which the election is made.

783AM

(1) An individual may elect for partial relief to be given for a tax year if the individual's relevant income for the tax year exceeds the individual's trading allowance for the tax year (see sections 783AI and 783AJ).

(2) An election must be made on or before the first anniversary of the normal self-assessment filing date for the tax year for which the election is made.

Exclusions from relief

783AN

(1) No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year,

(b) the individual has rent-a-room receipts mentioned in subsection (2) for the tax year, and

(2) The rent-a-room receipts mentioned in subsection (1) are—

(a) rent-a-room receipts which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief), be brought into account in calculating the profits of a trade, or

(b) rent-a-room receipts which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7, be chargeable to income tax under Chapter 8 of Part 5 (income not otherwise charged).

(3) Condition A is that—

(a) the individual's total rent-a-room amount for the tax year does not exceed the individual's limit for the tax year (see section 783AR), and

(b) an election by the individual under section 799 has effect to disapply full rent-a-room relief for the tax year.

(4) Condition B is that—

(a) the individual's total rent-a-room amount for the tax year exceeds the individual's limit for the tax year, and

(b) no election by the individual under section 800 has effect to apply the alternative method of calculating profits for the tax year.

783AO

No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a person at a time when the individual is—

(i) an employee of the person, or

(ii) the spouse or civil partner of an employee of the person.

783AP

No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a firm at a time when the individual is—

(i) a partner in the firm, or

(ii) connected with a partner in the firm.

783AQ

(1) No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a close company at a time when the individual is—

(i) a participator in the close company, or

(ii) an associate of a participator in the close company.

(2) In this section “associate” and “participator” have the same meanings as in Part 10 of CTA 2010 (see sections 448 and 454).

Interpretation

783AR

In this Chapter—

(a) “rent-a-room relief”, “rent-a-room receipts” and “total rent-a-room amount” have the same meanings as in Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief: see sections 784, 786 and 788), and

(b) references to “the individual's limit” are to be construed in accordance with section 789 (the individual's limit for the purposes of rent-a-room relief).

CHAPTER 2 — Property allowance

Introduction

783B

(1) This Chapter gives relief to an individual on certain income of a relevant property business (see sections 783BA and 783BB).

(2) The form of relief depends on whether the individual's relevant property income exceeds the individual's property allowance (see sections 783BC and 783BD).

(3) If the individual's relevant property income does not exceed the individual's property allowance, the income is not charged to income tax (unless the individual elects otherwise) (see sections 783BE and 783BF).

(4) If the individual's relevant property income does exceed the individual's property allowance, the individual may elect for an alternative method of calculating the income (see sections 783BG to 783BI).

(5) Any provision of this Chapter which gives relief is subject to sections 783BL to 783BP, which specify circumstances in which relief under this Chapter is not given.

Basic definitions

783BA

(1) Subject to subsection (3), for the purposes of this Chapter an individual's property business is a “relevant property business” for a tax year if the business is not a rent-a-room property business in relation to the individual for the tax year.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) a property business is a “rent-a-room property business” in relation to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year, and

(b) all the receipts which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief), be brought into account in calculating the profits of the business, are rent-a-room receipts.

See section 783BQ for definitions relevant to this subsection.

(3) If an individual receives—

(a) property income distributions which are treated as profits of a UK property business by virtue of regulation 69Z18(1) or (2) of the AIF Regulations (property AIF distributions: liability to tax), or

(b) distributions which are treated as profits of a UK property business by virtue of section 548(6) of CTA 2010 (REIT distributions: liability to tax),

that separate property business (see regulation 69Z18(6) of the AIF Regulations and section 549(5) of CTA 2010) is not a relevant property business of the individual.

(4) In subsection (3) “the AIF Regulations” means the Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/964).

783BB

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, the “relievable receipts” of an individual's relevant property business for a tax year are all the amounts which would, apart from this Chapter, be brought into account as a receipt in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year.

This is subject to subsections (2) and (3).

(2) If—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year, and

(b) the individual has rent-a-room receipts for the tax year which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7, be brought into account in calculating the profits of the property business,

the rent-a-room receipts are not relievable receipts of the business.

(3) Non-relievable balancing charges in respect of the property business for the tax year are not relievable receipts of the business.

(4) In subsection (3) “non-relievable balancing charges”, in respect of a property business for a tax year, means balancing charges falling to be made for the tax year under Part 2 of CAA 2001 which do not relate to a business or transaction which is carried on, or entered into, for the purpose of generating receipts which are relievable receipts of the property business.

783BC

For the purposes of this Chapter, an individual's “relevant property income” for a tax year is the relievable receipts for the tax year of the individual's relevant property businesses for the tax year.

783BD

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, an individual's property allowance for a tax year is £1,000.

(2) The Treasury may by regulations amend subsection (1) so as to substitute a higher sum for the sum for the time being specified in that subsection.

Relief if relevant property income does not exceed property allowance

783BE

An individual qualifies for full relief for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant property income for the tax year,

(b) the relevant property income does not exceed the individual's property allowance for the tax year, and

(c) no election by the individual under section 783BJ has effect for the tax year (election for full relief not to be given).

783BF

(1) If an individual qualifies for full relief for a tax year, this section applies in relation to the calculation of the profits of the individual's relevant property business for the tax year or, where the individual's relevant property income for the tax year consists of the relievable receipts of two relevant property businesses, the profits of each property business for the tax year.

(2) The following are not brought into account—

(a) the relievable receipts of the property business for the tax year, and

(b) any expenses associated with those receipts.

Relief if relevant property income exceeds property allowance

783BG

An individual qualifies for partial relief for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant property income for the tax year,

(b) the relevant property income exceeds the individual's property allowance for the tax year, and

783BH

(1) If an individual qualifies for partial relief for a tax year, this section applies in relation to the calculation of the profits of the individual's relevant property business for the tax year or, where the individual's relevant property income for the tax year consists of the relievable receipts of two relevant property businesses, the profits of each property business for the tax year.

(2) The relievable receipts of the property business for the tax year are brought into account.

(3) No relevant expenses are brought into account.

(4) The deductible amount is brought into account.

(5) Subject to section 783BI, the deductible amount is equal to the individual's property allowance for the tax year.

(6) In subsection (3) “relevant expenses” means all the amounts—

(a) which would, apart from this section, be brought into account as a deduction in calculating the profits of the business for the tax year, and

(b) which are associated with the relievable receipts.

783BI

(1) This section applies where the individual's relevant property income for the tax year consists of the relievable receipts of two relevant property businesses.

(2) The references in section 783BH to the deductible amount are to amounts which, in total, equal the individual's property allowance for the tax year.

(3) The question of how to allocate the individual's property allowance for the tax year for the purposes of subsection (2) is to be decided by the individual, subject to subsection (4).

(4) The deductible amount in respect of a relevant property business must not be such as to result in a loss of the business.

Elections

783BJ

(1) An individual may elect not to be given full relief for a tax year (see section 783BF).

(2) An election must be made on or before the first anniversary of the normal self-assessment filing date for the tax year for which the election is made.

783BK

(1) An individual may elect for partial relief to be given for a tax year if the individual's relevant property income for the tax year exceeds the individual's property allowance for the tax year (see section 783BH).

(2) An election must be made on or before the first anniversary of the normal self-assessment filing date for the tax year for which the election is made.

Exclusions from relief

783BL

No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if, in calculating the individual's liability to income tax for the tax year, a tax reduction under section 274A (property business: relief for non-deductible costs of a dwelling-related loan) is applied at Step 6 of the calculation in section 23 of ITA 2007.

783BM

(1) No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual qualifies for rent-a-room relief for the tax year,

(b) the individual has rent-a-room receipts for the tax year which would, apart from Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief), be brought into account in calculating the profits of a property business, and

(2) Condition A is that—

(a) the individual's total rent-a-room amount for the tax year does not exceed the individual's limit for the tax year (see section 783BQ), and

(b) an election by the individual under section 799 has effect to disapply full rent-a-room relief for the tax year.

(3) Condition B is that—

(a) the individual's total rent-a-room amount for the tax year exceeds the individual's limit for the tax year, and

(b) no election by the individual under section 800 has effect to apply the alternative method of calculating profits for the tax year.

783BN

No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant property income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a person at a time when the individual is—

(i) an employee of the person, or

(ii) the spouse or civil partner of an employee of the person.

783BO

No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant property income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a firm at a time when the individual is—

(i) a partner in the firm, or

(ii) connected with a partner in the firm.

783BP

(1) No relief under this Chapter is given to an individual for a tax year if—

(a) the individual has relevant property income for the tax year, and

(b) the income includes a payment made by, or on behalf of, a close company at a time when the individual is—

(i) a participator in the close company, or

(ii) an associate of a participator in the close company.

(2) In this section “associate” and “participator” have the same meanings as in Part 10 of CTA 2010 (see sections 448 and 454).

Interpretation

783BQ

In this Chapter—

(a) “rent-a-room relief”, “rent-a-room receipts” and “total rent-a-room amount” have the same meanings as in Chapter 1 of Part 7 (rent-a-room relief: see sections 784, 786 and 788), and

(b) references to “the individual's limit” are to be construed in accordance with section 789 (the individual's limit for the purposes of rent-a-room relief).

Foreign maintenance payments

Partial relief: alternative calculation of chargeable miscellaneous income

Deductible amount: splitting of trading allowance

Plant or machinery used for other qualifying activities

Transitional provision about protected foreign-source income and transitional trust income

643A

(1) If—

(a) an individual to whom this section applies has an untaxed benefits total for a settlement for a tax year (see section 643B),

(b) there is available protected income in relation to the individual, the settlement and the tax year (see section 643C), and

an amount equal to so much of the untaxed benefits total as does not exceed the available protected income is treated for income tax purposes as income of the individual for the tax year.

(2) This section applies to—

(a) the settlor, and

(b) anyone who has at any time been a close member of the settlor’s family.

(3) If there is a choice about the individuals in whose case income is to be treated as arising under subsection (1), income is to be treated as arising—

(a) to such one or more of them as appears to an officer of Revenue and Customs to be just and reasonable, and

(b) if more than one, in such respective proportions as appear to the officer to be just and reasonable.

643B

(1) For the purposes of section 643A, whether an individual has an untaxed benefits total for a settlement for a tax year (“the current year”), and (if so) its amount, are determined as follows—

Step 1Identify each benefit provided by the trustees to the individual—in the current tax year, or an earlier tax year for which the individual was UK resident, andif the individual is not the settlor, at a time when the individual was a close member of the settlor’s family.

Step 2 Identify the amount or value of each benefit identified in the individual's case at Step 1, and calculate the total of those amounts and values.

Step 3 Take the total calculated at Step 2 and deduct from it the following—any part of it on which the individual is liable to income tax otherwise than under section 643A,any income treated by section 643A, 643J or 643L as arising, to a person for a tax year earlier than the current year, by reference to any of the benefits identified in the individual's case at Step 1,where the whole or part of a benefit identified in the individual's case at Step 1 is taken into account in charging income tax under Chapter 2 of Part 13 of ITA 2007, the amount or value of so much of the benefit as is taken into account in doing that, andany amount required to be deducted by section 643D(2) (gains treated as accruing in a year before the current year).

Step 4 If the result of the calculation at Step 3 is an amount greater than nil, that amount is the individual's untaxed benefits total for the settlement for the current year.

(2) For the purposes of Step 1 in subsection (1), if—

(a) the trustees provide a benefit to an individual in a given tax year,

(b) the individual is a close member of the settlor’s family when the benefit is provided,

(d) the settlor is UK resident for the tax year,

the benefit is instead treated as provided to the settlor.

(3) Sections 742C to 742E of ITA 2007 (value of certain benefits) apply for the purpose of calculating the value of a benefit for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purpose of calculating an income tax charge under Chapter 2 of Part 13 of ITA 2007.

(4) In this section and sections 643C to 643EA, a reference to a benefit provided by trustees of a settlement is to—

(a) a benefit treated by subsection (6) as provided by the trustees, or

(b) any other benefit if it is provided by the trustees directly, or indirectly, out of—

(i) property comprised in the settlement, or

(ii) income arising under the settlement.

(5) In this section and sections 643C to 643EA, a reference to a benefit provided by trustees of a settlement to an individual is to—

(a) a benefit treated by subsection (6) as provided by the trustees to the individual, or

(b) any other benefit if it is provided by the trustees to the individual directly, or indirectly, out of—

(i) property comprised in the settlement, or

(ii) income arising under the settlement.

(6) Where—

(a) income arises under a settlement, and

(b) the income, before being distributed, is the income of a person other than the trustees,

a benefit is for the purposes of subsection (4)(a) treated as provided by the trustees and is for the purposes of subsection (5)(a) treated as provided by the trustees to the person.

(7) A benefit treated as provided by subsection (6) is treated—

(a) as consisting of the income mentioned in that subsection, but after any reduction in accordance with Chapter 8 of Part 9 of ITA 2007 for trustees' expenses, and

(b) as provided at the time that income arises.

643C

(1) For the purposes of section 643A, take the following steps to determine the amount of available protected income in relation to an individual (“P”), a settlement and a tax year (“the current tax year”)—

Step 1Identify the total amount of protected foreign-source income and transitional trust income that arose (at any time) under the settlement (“the total protected income”).

Step 2Deduct any amount of the total protected income that is matched under the transfer of assets abroad code in the current tax year or an earlier tax year.

Step 3Deduct any amount of the total protected income on which P or any other individual is liable to income tax in the current tax year or an earlier tax year.

Step 4Deduct any amount that, in relation to the settlement, is treated under section 643A as P’s income in an earlier tax year or as another individual’s income in any tax year.

Step 5Add back the amount of any income falling within Step 4 that is identified as qualifying foreign income on a foreign income claim made by P or any other individual for any tax year.

(2) For the purposes of Step 1 in subsection (1), ignore section 648(3) to (5) (foreign income treated as “arising” under settlement only if and when remitted).

(3) For the purposes of Step 2 in subsection (1), an amount of the total protected income is “matched under the transfer of assets abroad code” if it is matched under section 735A of ITA 2007 with—

(a) benefits provided by the trustees to P or any other individual in the current tax year or in an earlier tax year, and

(b) an amount of income treated as arising to P or any other individual under section 732 of ITA 2007

(or if it would be so matched if section 735A applied for those purposes).

(4) For the purposes of Step 3 in subsection (1), ignore any liability to income tax arising under section 643A above or under section 731 of ITA 2007 (transfer of assets abroad: benefits charge).

(5) In Step 4 in subsection (1) and in subsection (4), a reference to section 643A includes, in relation to any of the tax years 2018-19 to 2024-25, section 643J and 643L (old onward gifting rules).

643D

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) in the case of a settlement, benefits provided to an individual as mentioned at Step 1 in section 643B(1) are received in a tax year, and

(b) chargeable gains are treated by section 87, 87K, 87L or 89(2) of, or paragraph 8 of Schedule 4C to, TCGA 1992 as accruing to a person in that or a subsequent tax year by reference (direct or indirect) to the whole or part of any benefits so provided.

(2) In the calculation under section 643B of the individual's untaxed benefits total for the settlement for any tax year after the one in which such chargeable gains are so treated, the amounts to be deducted at Step 3(d) of that calculation include the amount of those gains.

(3) References in this section to chargeable gains treated as accruing to an individual include offshore gains treated as arising to the individual (see regulations 20 and 22 to 24 of the Offshore Funds (Tax) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/3001)).

643E

(1) Where any tax for which the settlor of a settlement is liable as a result of section 643B(2) (benefit received by close family member attributed to settlor) is paid, the settlor is entitled to recover the amount of the tax from the individual concerned.

(2) For the purpose of recovering that amount, the settlor is entitled to require an officer of Revenue and Customs to give the settlor a certificate specifying—

(a) the tax year in which income is treated under section 643A as arising to the settlor,

(b) the amount of income treated as arising, and

and any such certificate is conclusive evidence of the facts stated in it.

643F

(1) This section applies where—

(a) in the case of a settlement, income (“the deemed income”) was treated by section 643A as arising to an individual for any of the tax years 2018-19 to 2024-25, and

(b) section 809B, 809D or 809E of ITA 2007 (remittance basis) applied to the individual for that year.

(2) The deemed income is treated as relevant foreign income of the individual.

(3) In the application of section 832 to the deemed income, subsection (2) of that section has effect with the omission of paragraph (b).

(4) For the purposes of Chapter A1 of Part 14 of ITA 2007 (remittance basis) treat a benefit, or any protected income, that relates to any part of the deemed income as deriving from that part of the deemed income.

(5) In subsection (4) “relates” has the meaning given by section 643G.

(6) In this section and section 643G—

“protected income” means the income that under section 643C formed PFSI in the calculation of the settlement's available protected income in the case of the relevant individual for the year, and

“the relevant individual”—where the deemed income was treated as income of an individual by section 643A(1)(a) both before and after the application of section 643A(3) and (4), means that individual, andwhere the deemed income was treated as income of the settlor by section 643A(3) or (4) after having been treated as income of another individual by section 643A(1), means that other individual.

(7) A reference in this section to section 643A or 643C (or to any provision of that section) is to that section (or provision) as it had effect for the tax year in which the deemed income was treated as arising to the individual.

643G

(1) In this section—

(a) references to a step are to a step under section 643B(1) as it applied in the case of the settlement, the year and the relevant individual,

(aa) references to section 643A, 643J or 643L (or to a provision of any of those sections) are to that section (or provision) as it had effect for the year,

(b) “protected income” and “the relevant individual” have the meaning given by section 643F(6), and

(2) For the purposes of section 643F(4)—

(a) place the benefits identified at Step 1 in the order in which they were received by the relevant individual (starting with the earliest benefit received),

(b) where a deduction was allowed by any of paragraphs (a), (c) and (d) of Step 3 by reference to the whole or part of any of those benefits, reduce the benefit by the amount of the deduction,

(d) where the whole or part of an item of the protected income was, in respect of benefits provided by the trustees in the year or in any earlier tax year, taken into account in charging income tax under Chapter 2 of Part 13 of ITA 2007 (transfer of assets abroad) for the year or any earlier tax year, reduce the item by so much of itself as was so taken into account,

(e) where the whole or part of an item of the protected income was, by reference to benefits provided by the trustees to individuals other than the relevant individual, treated by section 643A or 643J or 643L as income for the year or any earlier tax year, reduce the item by so much of itself as was so treated,”

(f) place the income treated by section 643A(1) (before the application of section 643A(3) and (4)) as arising to the relevant individual in respect of the benefits referred to in paragraph (a) in the order in which it was treated as arising (starting with the earliest income treated as having arisen), and

(g) treat the income mentioned in paragraph (f) as related to—

(i) the benefits referred to in paragraph (a), and

(ii) the protected income,

by matching the income mentioned in paragraph (f) with those benefits and the protected income (in the orders mentioned in paragraphs (a), (c) and (f)).

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(d), the whole or part of an item of the protected income is to be treated as taken into account in respect of a benefit so far as the item or part—

(a) is matched under section 735A of ITA 2007 with notional income with which the benefit is matched under that section, or

(b) would be matched under that section (if it applied also for this purpose) with notional income with which the benefit would be matched under that section (if it applied also for this purpose),

and here “notional income” means income which is treated as arising under section 732 of ITA 2007.

643H

(1) For the purposes of sections 643A to 643EA, a person is a close member of the family of the settlor of a settlement at any time if the settlor is living at that time and—

(a) the person is the settlor's spouse or civil partner at that time, or

(b) the person—

(i) is a child of the settlor, or of a person who at that time is the settlor's spouse or civil partner, and

(ii) at that time has not reached the age of 18.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), two people living together as if they were a married couple or civil partners are treated as if they were spouses or civil partners of each other.

643I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

643J

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

643K

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

643L

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

643M

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

643N

(1) This section applies in relation to income if—

(a) the income was treated as arising to an individual for the tax year 2024-25 or an earlier tax year—

(i) by section 643J(3) and (4) where section 643J(3) applied because of section 643J(2), or

(ii) by section 643L, and

(b) section 809B, 809D or 809E of ITA 2007 (remittance basis) applied to the individual for that year.

(2) The income is treated as relevant foreign income of the individual.

(3) For the purposes of Chapter A1 of Part 14 of ITA 2007 (remittance basis) treat the onward payment referred to in section 643I(1)(d), or (as the case may be) the part of it whose amount or value is equal to the amount of the income, as deriving from the income.

(4) In the application of section 832 in relation to the income, subsection (2) of that section has effect with the omission of its paragraph (b).

(5) A reference in this section to section 643I, 643J or 643L (or to a provision of any of those sections) is to that section (or provision) as it had effect for the tax year in which income was treated as arising to the individual.

Deductible amount: splitting of trading allowance

Abbreviations and general index in Schedule 4

Plant or machinery used for care business

848A

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a partner in a firm is partner as trustee for a beneficiary who is absolutely entitled to the partner's share of the profits of the firm, and

(b) the beneficiary is chargeable to tax on those profits.

(2) References in this Part to a partner or member of the firm include references to the beneficiary.

852A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

855A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Claims for relevant foreign income to be charged on the remittance basis

Meaning of “caravan”

Interpretation: Northern Ireland

M's contribution to the limited liability partnership: the basic calculation

Overview of Part 10

Penalties, interest and VAT surcharges and interest : non-trades etc.

Interpretation: Northern Ireland

16A

(1) This section applies if a payment is made by a relevant authority to a person where—

(a) the person holds a voluntary office with the authority,

(b) the person carries out the duties of the office in a period in which he or she also carries on a trade, profession or vocation,

(c) the payment is made solely to compensate the person for lost profits for the period (and accordingly does not exceed the amount of those profits), and

(d) the payment would otherwise be dealt with under Part 2 of ITEPA 2003 by virtue of section 4(2)(b).

(2) The payment is dealt with under this Part.

(3) In subsection (1)(c) “lost profits” means the difference between—

(a) the amount of profits that the person would have received from the trade, profession or vocation for the period if he or she had not carried out the duties of the office, and

(b) the amount of profits that the person did receive from the trade, profession or vocation for the period.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1)—

“relevant authority” has the meaning given by section 299A of ITEPA 2003;references to a person holding a voluntary office are to be construed in accordance with section 299A(2) and (3) of that Act.

16B

(1) This section applies where—

(a) a company (“the paying company”) makes a payment to, or for the benefit of, a director of the paying company in respect of the director’s employment as a director of the paying company,

(b) the payment would otherwise be employment income of the director chargeable to tax under Part 2 of ITEPA 2003,

(c) the director was or is a member of a firm, or was appointed by a company (“the appointing company”) other than the paying company, and

(d) condition A or B is met.

(2) The payment is to be treated for income tax purposes as a receipt of—

(a) a trade carried on by the firm, or

(b) a trade carried on by the appointing company.

(3) Condition A applies where the director is a member of a firm, and is that—

(a) the director carries on a profession,

(b) being a director of a company is a normal incident of that profession and of membership of the firm,

(d) the amount of the payment is insubstantial, compared with the total amount brought into account as receipts when calculating the firm’s profits.

(4) Condition B applies where the director is appointed by a company, and is that—

(a) the profits of the appointing company are within the charge to income tax,

(b) by virtue of an agreement with the appointing company, the director is required to account for the payment to that company, and

(5) This subsection applies if the appointing company had the right to appoint the director by virtue of its shareholding in, or an agreement with, the paying company.

(6) This subsection applies if the appointing company is not one over which—

(a) the director has control, or

(b) any person connected with the director has control, or

(7) For the purposes of subsection (6), the following persons are connected with the director: the spouse, civil partner, parent, child, son-in-law or daughter-in-law of the director.

16C

(1) This section applies where—

(a) a payment is received by an individual who carries on a profession (alone or in partnership),

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