Resolução da Assembleia da República n.º 72/2021 — Aprova para adesão a Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados entre Estados e Organizações Internacionais ou…

1 - A notificação prevista no n.º 1 do artigo 65.º deve ser feita por escrito.

2 - Qualquer ato que declare a nulidade de um tratado, cesse a sua vigência, proceda à retirada ou suspenda a sua aplicação, de acordo com as disposições do tratado ou com os n.os 2 e 3 do artigo 65.º, deve ser consignado num instrumento comunicado às outras Partes. Se o instrumento emanado de um Estado não for assinado pelo Chefe do Estado, pelo Chefe do Governo ou pelo Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros, o representante do Estado que realize a comunicação pode ser convidado a apresentar os seus plenos poderes. Se o instrumento for emanado de uma organização internacional, o representante da organização que realize a comunicação pode ser convidado a apresentar os seus plenos poderes.

Artigo 68.º — Revogação das notificações e dos instrumentos previstos nos artigos 65.º e 67.º

Uma notificação ou o instrumento previsto nos artigos 65.º ou 67.º podem ser revogados em qualquer momento, antes da produção dos seus efeitos.

SECÇÃO 5 — Consequências da nulidade, da cessação da vigência ou da suspensão da aplicação de um tratado

Artigo 69.º — Consequências da nulidade de um tratado

1 - É nulo um tratado cuja nulidade resulte das disposições da presente Convenção. As disposições de um tratado nulo não têm força jurídica.

2 - Se, porém, tiverem sido praticados atos com base num tal tratado:

3 - Nos casos previstos nos artigos 49.º, 50.º, 51.º ou 52.º, o n.º 2 não se aplica relativamente à Parte a que é imputável o dolo, o ato de corrupção ou a coação.

4 - Nos casos em que é viciado o consentimento de um Estado ou de uma organização internacional em ficar vinculados por um tratado multilateral, aplicam-se as normas precedentes nas relações entre esse Estado ou essa organização e as Partes no tratado.

Artigo 70.º — Consequências da cessação da vigência de um tratado

1 - Salvo disposição do tratado ou acordo das Partes em contrário, o facto de um tratado ter cessado a sua vigência, nos termos das suas disposições ou da presente Convenção:

2 - Se um Estado ou uma organização internacional denunciarem um tratado multilateral ou dele se retiram, o n.º 1 aplica-se nas relações entre esse Estado ou essa organização e cada uma das outras Partes do tratado, a partir da data em que essa denúncia ou essa retirada produzam efeitos.

Artigo 71.º — Consequências da nulidade de um tratado incompatível com uma norma imperativa de direito internacional geral

1 - No caso de um tratado ser nulo, nos termos do artigo 53.º, as Partes devem:

2 - No caso de um tratado se tornar nulo e cessar a sua vigência, nos termos do artigo 64.º, a cessação da vigência do tratado:

Artigo 72.º — Consequências da suspensão da aplicação de um tratado

1 - Salvo disposição do tratado ou acordo das Partes em contrário, a suspensão da aplicação de um tratado, nos termos das suas disposições ou da presente Convenção:

2 - Durante o período de suspensão, as Partes devem abster-se de todos os atos tendentes a impedir a reentrada em vigor do tratado.

PARTE VI — Disposições diversas

Artigo 73.º — Relação com a Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados

Tal como entre Estados Parte na Convenção de Viena sobre Direito dos Tratados de 1969, as relações desses Estados, ao abrigo de um tratado entre dois ou mais Estados e uma ou mais organizações internacionais, reger-se-ão por aquela Convenção.

Artigo 74.º — Questões não prejudicadas pela presente Convenção

1 - As disposições da presente Convenção não prejudicam qualquer questão que possa surgir a propósito de um tratado entre um ou mais Estados e uma ou mais organizações internacionais em virtude de uma sucessão de Estados, responsabilidade internacional de um Estado ou abertura de hostilidades entre Estados.

2 - As disposições da presente Convenção não prejudicam qualquer questão que possa surgir a propósito de um tratado em virtude da responsabilidade internacional da organização internacional, do término da sua existência ou da conclusão da participação de um Estado na qualidade de membro dessa organização.

3 - As disposições da presente Convenção não prejudicam qualquer questão que possa surgir a propósito da criação de obrigações e de direitos para os Estados membros de uma organização internacional ao abrigo de um tratado no qual aquela organização seja Parte.

Artigo 75.º — Relações diplomáticas ou consulares e conclusão de tratados

A rutura ou inexistência de relações diplomáticas ou consulares entre dois ou mais Estados não obsta à conclusão de tratados entre dois ou mais desses Estados e uma ou mais organizações internacionais. A conclusão de tal tratado não produz, por si mesma, efeitos no respeitante a relações diplomáticas ou consulares.

Artigo 76.º — Caso de um Estado agressor

As disposições da presente Convenção não afetam as obrigações que possam resultar, em virtude de um tratado concluído entre um ou mais Estados e uma ou mais organizações internacionais para um Estado agressor de medidas tomadas, de acordo com a Carta das Nações Unidas em relação à agressão cometida por esse Estado.

PARTE VII — Depositários, notificações, retificações e registo

Artigo 77.º — Depositários dos tratados

1 - A designação do depositário de um tratado pode ser efetuada pelos Estados negociadores e organizações negociadoras ou, consoante o caso, pelas organizações negociadoras, no próprio tratado ou por qualquer outro modo. O depositário pode ser um ou mais Estados, uma organização internacional ou o principal funcionário administrativo da organização.

2 - As funções do depositário de um tratado têm carácter internacional e o depositário está obrigado a agir imparcialmente no exercício dessas funções. Em especial, a circunstância de um tratado não ter entrado em vigor entre algumas das Partes ou ter surgido uma divergência entre um Estado ou uma organização internacional e um depositário relativamente ao exercício das funções deste último não deve influir nessa obrigação.

Artigo 78.º — Funções dos depositários

1 - Salvo disposição do tratado ou acordo em contrário dos Estados contratantes e das organizações contratantes ou, consoante o caso, das organizações contratantes, as funções do depositário são designadamente as seguintes:

2 - Quando surgir uma divergência entre um Estado ou uma organização internacional e o depositário sobre o exercício das funções deste último, o depositário deve suscitar a atenção para a questão:

Artigo 79.º — Notificações e comunicações

Salvo disposição do tratado ou da presente Convenção em contrário, qualquer notificação ou comunicação que devam ser realizadas por qualquer Estado ou qualquer organização internacional, nos termos da presente Convenção:

Artigo 80.º — Retificação de erros nos textos ou nas cópias autenticadas dos tratados

1 - Se, após a autenticação do texto de um tratado, os Estados e organizações internacionais signatários e os Estados contratantes e as organizações contratantes constatarem, por comum acordo, que esse texto contém um erro, deve proceder-se, salvo se os referidos Estados ou organizações decidirem de outro modo, à retificação do erro por um dos seguintes meios:

2 - No caso de um tratado para o qual existe um depositário, este notifica o erro e a proposta de retificação aos Estados e organizações internacionais signatários e aos Estados contratantes e organizações contratantes e fixa um prazo adequado dentro do qual se poderão formular objeções à retificação proposta. Se, expirado o prazo:

3 - O disposto nos n.os 1 e 2 é igualmente aplicável quando o texto tiver sido autenticado em duas ou mais línguas e se verifique uma falta de concordância que, de acordo com os Estados e organizações signatárias e os Estados contratantes e organizações contratantes, deve ser retificada.

4 - O texto retificado substitui ab initio o texto defeituoso, salvo decisão em contrário dos Estados e organizações signatárias e dos Estados contratantes e organizações contratantes.

5 - A retificação do texto de um tratado que tenha sido registado deve ser notificada ao Secretariado das Nações Unidas.

6 - Quando for detetado um erro numa cópia autenticada de um tratado, o depositário deve lavrar um auto especificando a retificação e transmitir cópia do mesmo aos Estados e organizações signatários e aos Estados contratantes e organizações contratantes.

Artigo 81.º — Registo e publicação dos tratados

1 - Após a sua entrada em vigor, os tratados são transmitidos ao Secretariado das Nações Unidas para efeitos de registo ou arquivo e inscrição, conforme o caso, bem como para publicação.

2 - A designação de um depositário constitui autorização para este praticar os atos previstos no número anterior.

PARTE VIII — Disposições finais

Artigo 82.º — Assinatura

A presente Convenção está aberta à assinatura, até de dezembro de 1986, no Ministério Federal dos Negócios Estrangeiro da República da Áustria, e seguidamente, até 30 de junho de 1987, na Sede das Nações Unidas, em Nova Iorque:

Artigo 83.º — Ratificação ou ato de confirmação formal

A presente Convenção será submetida a ratificação pelos Estados e pela Namíbia, representada pelo Conselho das Nações Unidas para a Namíbia, e a atos de confirmação formal pelas organizações internacionais. Os instrumentos de ratificação e os instrumentos relativos aos atos de confirmação formal serão depositados junto do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas.

Artigo 84.º — Adesão

1 - A presente Convenção está aberta à adesão de todos os Estados, da Namíbia, representada pelo Conselho das Nações Unidas para a Namíbia, e de qualquer organização internacional que tenha a capacidade para concluir tratados.

2 - Um instrumento de adesão de uma organização internacional incluirá uma declaração atestando que a organização tem capacidade para concluir tratados.

3 - Os instrumentos de adesão serão depositados junto do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas.

Artigo 85.º — Entrada em vigor

1 - A presente Convenção entrará em vigor no 30.º dia após a data do depósito do 35.º instrumento de ratificação ou adesão pelos Estados ou pela Namíbia, representada pelo Conselho das Nações Unidas para a Namíbia.

2 - Para cada Estado ou para a Namíbia, representada pelo Conselho das Nações Unidas para a Namíbia, que ratificar a presente Convenção ou a ela aderir, após a satisfação da condição estabelecida no n.º 1, a Convenção entrará em vigor no 30.º dia após o depósito, por esse Estado ou pela Namíbia do seu instrumento de ratificação ou adesão.

3 - Para cada organização internacional que deposite um instrumento relativo a um ato de confirmação formal ou instrumento de adesão, a Convenção entrará em vigor no 30.º dia após tal depósito ou na data em que a Convenção entrar em vigor em conformidade com o n.º 1, consoante o que ocorrer mais tarde.

Artigo 86.º — Textos autênticos

O original da presente Convenção, cujos textos em árabe, chinês, inglês, francês, russo e espanhol fazem igualmente fé, será depositado junto do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas.

Em fé do que os plenipotenciários abaixo assinados, devidamente autorizados pelos respetivos Governos, e os representantes devidamente autorizados do Conselho das Nações Unidas para a Namíbia e de organizações internacionais assinaram a presente Convenção.

Feito em Viena, a 21 de março de 1986.

ANEXO — Procedimentos de arbitragem e de conciliação estabelecidos em aplicação do artigo 66.º

I - Constituição do Tribunal Arbitral ou da Comissão de Conciliação

1 - O Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas elaborará e manterá uma lista de juristas qualificados, da qual as Partes num diferendo poderão escolher as pessoas que constituirão um tribunal arbitral ou, consoante o caso, uma comissão de conciliação. Para este fim, todos os Estados que sejam Membros das Nações Unidas e todas as Partes na presente Convenção serão convidadas a designar duas pessoas, e os nomes das pessoas assim designadas serão incluídos na lista, cuja cópia será transmitida ao Presidente do Tribunal Internacional de Justiça. O mandato de uma pessoa cujo nome conste da lista, incluindo aquele de uma pessoa designada para preencher uma eventual vaga, é de cinco anos e pode ser renovado. Uma pessoa cujo mandato expire continuará a exercer as funções para as quais foi escolhida, de acordo com os números seguintes.

2 - Quando uma notificação tiver sido feita em conformidade com a alínea f) do n.º 2 do artigo 66.º ou quando um acordo sobre o procedimento previsto no presente anexo tiver sido alcançado, de acordo com o n.º 3, o diferendo será submetido a um tribunal arbitral. Quando um pedido tiver sido dirigido ao Secretário-Geral, de acordo com o n.º 4 do artigo 66.º, este submeterá o diferendo a uma comissão de conciliação. Tanto o tribunal arbitral como a comissão de conciliação serão constituídos de acordo com os seguintes termos:

Os Estados, as organizações internacionais ou, consoante o caso, os Estados e as organizações que constituam uma das Partes no diferendo designarão por comum acordo:

Os Estados, as organizações internacionais ou, consoante o caso, os Estados e as organizações que constituam a outra Parte no diferendo designarão dois árbitros ou, consoante o caso, dois conciliadores, pelo mesmo método. As quatro pessoas escolhidas pelas Partes serão nomeadas no prazo de 60 dias, após a data em que a outra Parte no diferendo tiver recebido a notificação, de acordo com a alínea f) do n.º 2 do artigo 66.º, em que um acordo quanto ao procedimento previsto no presente anexo tiver sido alcançado ou em que o Secretário-Geral tenha recebido o pedido de conciliação.

As quatro pessoas assim escolhidas, no prazo de 60 dias após a data da última nomeação, nomearão da lista um quinto árbitro ou, consoante o caso, um quinto conciliador, que será o presidente.

Se a nomeação do presidente ou de qualquer um dos árbitros ou, consoante o caso, dos conciliadores não ocorrer no prazo acima estabelecido, a nomeação será feita pelo Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas, num prazo de 60 dias após o termo daquele prazo. O Secretário-Geral pode nomear, como presidente, uma das pessoas inscritas na lista ou um dos membros da Comissão de Direito Internacional. Qualquer um dos prazos, dentro dos quais as nomeações devam ser feitas, pode ser prorrogado por acordo entre as Partes no diferendo. Caso a Nações Unidas seja uma das Partes ou se encontre incluída numa das Partes no diferendo, o Secretário-Geral transmitirá o pedido acima mencionado ao Presidente do Tribunal Internacional de Justiça, que exercerá as funções atribuídas ao Secretário-Geral, de acordo com a presente alínea.

Qualquer vaga será preenchida pelo método estabelecido para a nomeação inicial.

A nomeação de árbitros ou conciliadores por uma organização internacional, prevista nos n.os 1 e 2, rege-se pelas regras dessa organização.

II - Funcionamento do Tribunal Arbitral

3 - Salvo acordo em contrário das Partes no diferendo, o Tribunal Arbitral decide o seu próprio procedimento, garantindo a cada Parte no diferendo uma oportunidade plena para ser ouvida e apresentar o seu caso.

4 - O Tribunal Arbitral, com o consentimento das Partes no diferendo, pode convidar qualquer Estado ou organização internacional interessados a submeter os seus pontos de vista, oralmente ou por escrito.

5 - As decisões do Tribunal Arbitral são adotadas por uma maioria de votos dos seus membros. Em caso de empate, o voto do Presidente é decisivo.

6 - Quando uma das Partes no diferendo não compareça perante o Tribunal ou se abstenha de se defender, a outra Parte pode solicitar ao Tribunal que prossiga com o processo e profira a sua sentença. Antes de proferir a sua sentença, o Tribunal deve assegurar-se que, não só dispõe de jurisdição sobre o diferendo, como o pedido também se encontra devidamente fundamentado, de facto e de direito.

7 - A sentença do Tribunal Arbitral deve confinar-se à matéria do diferendo e fundamentar as razões em que se baseia. Qualquer membro do Tribunal pode apresentar uma opinião separada ou dissidente.

8 - A sentença é definitiva e não é suscetível de recurso, devendo ser respeitada por todas as Partes no diferendo.

9 - O Secretário-Geral faculta ao Tribunal a assistência e as facilidades que este possa vir a requerer. As despesas do Tribunal são suportadas pelas Nações Unidas.

III - Funcionamento da Comissão de Conciliação

10 - A Comissão de Conciliação estabelece o seu próprio procedimento. A Comissão, com o consentimento das Partes no diferendo, pode convidar qualquer Parte no tratado a submeter os seus pontos de vista, oralmente ou por escrito. As decisões e as recomendações da Comissão são tomadas por uma maioria de votos dos seus cinco membros.

11 - A Comissão pode suscitar a atenção as Partes no diferendo para qualquer medida que possa facilitar uma resolução amigável.

12 - A Comissão ouve as Partes, examina as pretensões e as objeções e apresenta propostas às Partes com o objetivo de alcançar uma resolução amigável.

13 - A Comissão apresenta o seu relatório no prazo de doze meses subsequentes à sua constituição. O seu relatório é depositado junto do Secretário-Geral e transmitido às Partes no diferendo. O relatório da Comissão, incluindo quaisquer conclusões nele referidas quanto aos factos ou ao direito, não é vinculativo para as Partes e não tem qualquer outra natureza que não a de recomendações submetidas à consideração das Partes com o objetivo de facilitar uma resolução amigável do diferendo.

14 - O Secretário-Geral faculta à Comissão a assistência e as facilidades que esta possa requerer. As despesas da Comissão são suportadas pelas Nações Unidas.

VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES BETWEEN STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OR BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

UNITED NATIONS

1986

The Parties to the present Convention;

Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations;

Recognizing the consensual nature of treaties and their ever-increasing importance as a source of international law;

Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized;

Affirming the importance of enhancing the process of codification and progressive development of international law at a universal level;

Believing that the codification and progressive development of the rules relating to treaties between States and international organizations or between international organizations are means of enhancing legal order in international relations and of serving the purposes of the United Nations;

Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all;

Bearing in mind the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969;

Recognizing the relationship between the law of treaties between States and the law of treaties between States and international organizations or between international organizations;

Considering the importance of treaties between States and international organizations or between international organizations as a useful means of developing international relations and ensuring conditions for peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems;

Having in mind the specific features of treaties to which international organizations are parties as subjects of international law distinct from States;

Noting that international organizations possess the capacity to conclude treaties, which is necessary for the exercise of their functions and the fulfilment of their purposes;

Recognizing that the practice of international organizations in concluding treaties with States or between themselves should be in accordance with their constituent instruments;

Affirming that nothing in the present Convention should be interpreted as affecting those relations between an international organization and its members which are regulated by the rules of the organization;

Affirming also that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law;

Affirming also that the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention;

have agreed as follows:

PART I

Introduction

Article 1

Scope of the present Convention

The present Convention applies to:

Article 2

Use of terms

1 - For the purposes of the present Convention:

ii) Between international organizations;

whether that agreement is embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation;

(b bis) "Act of formal confirmation" means an international act corresponding to that of ratification by a State, whereby an international organization establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty;

(b ter) "Acceptance", "approval" and "accession" mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State or an international organization establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty;

ii) An international organization;

which took part in the drawing up and adoption of the text of the treaty;

ii) An international organization;

which has consented to be bound by the treaty, whether or not the treaty has entered into force;

ii) An international organization;

not a party to the treaty;

2 - The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given to them in the internal law of any State or in the rules of any international organization.

Article 3

International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention

The fact that the present Convention does not apply:

ii) To international agreements to which one or more international organizations and one or more subjects of international law other than States or organizations are parties;

iii) To international agreements not in written form between one or more States and one or more international organizations, or between international organizations; or

iv) To international agreements between subjects of international law other than States or international organizations;

shall not affect:

Article 4

Non-retroactivity of the present Convention

Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention to which treaties between one or more States and one or more international organizations or between international organizations would be subject under international law independently of the Convention, the Convention applies only to such treaties concluded after the entry into force of the present Convention with regard to those States and those organizations.

Article 5

Treaties constituting international organizations and treaties adopted within an international organization

The present Convention applies to any treaty between one or more States and one or more international organizations which is the constituent instrument of an international organization and to any treaty adopted within an international organization, without prejudice to any relevant rules of the organization.

PART II

Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties

SECTION 1

Conclusion of treaties

Article 6

Capacity of international organizations to conclude treaties

The capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

Article 7

Full powers

1 - A person is considered as representing a State for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty if:

2 - In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the following are considered as representing their State:

3 - A person is considered as representing an international organization for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty, or expressing the consent of that organization to be bound by a treaty, if:

Article 8

Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization

An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot be considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State or an international organization for that purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that State or that organization.

Article 9

Adoption of the text

1 - The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the States and international organizations or, as the case may be, all the organizations participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2.

2 - The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference takes place in accordance with the procedure agreed upon by the participants in that conference. If, however, no agreement is reached on any such procedure, the adoption of the text shall take place by the vote of two thirds of the participants present and voting unless by the same majority they shall decide to apply a different rule.

Article 10

Authentication of the text

1 - The text of a treaty between one or more States and one or more international organizations is established as authentic and definitive:

2 - The text of a treaty between international organizations is established as authentic and definitive:

Article 11

Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty

1 - The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.

2 - The consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, act of formal confirmation, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.

Article 12

Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature

1 - The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of the representative of that State or of that organization when:

2 - For the purposes of paragraph 1:

Article 13

Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by an exchange of instruments constituting a treaty

The consent of States or of international organizations to be bound by a treaty constituted by instruments exchanged between them is expressed by that exchange when:

Article 14

Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by ratification, act of formal confirmation, acceptance or approval

1 - The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when:

2 - The consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is expressed by an act of formal confirmation when:

3 - The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is expressed by acceptance or approval under conditions similar to those which apply to ratification or, as the case may be, to an act of formal confirmation.

Article 15

Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by accession

The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is expressed by accession when:

Article 16

Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification, formal confirmation, acceptance, approval or accession

1 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification, instruments relating to an act of formal confirmation or instruments of acceptance, approval or accession establish the consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty between one or more States and one or more international organizations upon:

2 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments relating to an act of formal confirmation or instruments of acceptance, approval or accession establish the consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty between international organizations upon:

Article 17

Consent to be bound by part of a treaty and choice of differing provisions

1 - Without prejudice to articles 19 to 23, the consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by part of a treaty is effective only if the treaty so permits, or if the contracting States and contracting organizations or, as the case may be, the contracting organizations so agree.

2 - The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty which permits a choice between differing provisions is effective only if it is made clear to which of the provisions the consent relates.

Article 18

Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force

A State or an international organization is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when:

SECTION 2

Reservations

Article 19

Formulation of reservations

A State or an international organization may, when signing, ratifying, formally confirming, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, formulate a reservation unless:

Article 20

Acceptance of and objection to reservations

1 - A reservation expressly authorized by a treaty does not require any subsequent acceptance by the contracting States and contracting organizations or, as the case may be, by the contracting organizations unless the treaty so provides.

2 - When it appears from the limited number of the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, of the negotiating organizations and the object and purpose of a treaty that the application of the treaty in its entirety between all the parties is an essential condition of the consent of each one to be bound by the treaty, a reservation requires acceptance by all the parties.

3 - When a treaty is a constituent instrument of an international organization and unless it otherwise provides, a reservation requires the acceptance of the competent organ of that organization.

4 - In cases not falling under the preceding paragraphs and unless the treaty otherwise provides:

5 - For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 4, and unless the treaty otherwise provides, a reservation is considered to have been accepted by a State or an international organization if it shall have raised no objection to the reservation by the end of a period of twelve months after it was notified of the reservation or by the date on which it expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, whichever is later.

Article 21

Legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations

1 - A reservation established with regard to another party in accordance with articles 19, 20 and 23:

2 - The reservation does not modify the provisions of the treaty for the other parties to the treaty inter se.

3 - When a State or an international organization objecting to a reservation has not opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the reserving State or organization, the provisions to which the reservation relates do not apply as between the reserving State or organization and the objecting State or organization to the extent of the reservation.

Article 22

Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations

1 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a reservation may be withdrawn at any time and the consent of a State or of an international organization which has accepted the reservation is not required for its withdrawal.

2 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, an objection to a reservation may be withdrawn at any time.

3 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, or it is otherwise agreed:

Article 23

Procedure regarding reservations

1 - A reservation, an express acceptance of a reservation and an objection to a reservation must be formulated in writing and communicated to the contracting States and contracting organizations and other States and international organizations entitled to become parties to the treaty.

2 - If formulated when signing the treaty subject to ratification, act of formal confirmation, acceptance or approval, a reservation must be formally confirmed by the reserving State or international organization when expressing its consent to be bound by the treaty. In such a case the reservation shall be considered as having been made on the date of its confirmation.

3 - An express acceptance of, or an objection to, a reservation made previously to confirmation of the reservation does not itself require confirmation.

4 - The withdrawal of a reservation or of an objection to a reservation must be formulated in writing.

SECTION 3

Entry into Force and Provisional Application of Treaties

Article 24

Entry into force

1 - A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may provide or as the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations may agree.

2 - Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, all the negotiating organizations.

3 - When the consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is established on a date after the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into force for that State or that organization on that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides.

4 - The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text, the establishment of consent to be bound by the treaty, the manner or date of its entry into force, reservations, the functions of the depositary and other matters arising necessarily before the entry into force of the treaty apply from the time of the adoption of its text.

Article 25

Provisional application

1 - A treaty or a part of a treaty is applied provisionally pending its entry into force if:

2 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations have otherwise agreed, the provisional application of a treaty or a part of a treaty with respect to a State or an international organization shall be terminated if that State or that organization notifies the States and organizations with regard to which the treaty is being applied provisionally of its intention not to become a party to the treaty.

PART III

Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties

SECTION 1

Observance of Treaties

Article 26

Pacta sunt servanda

Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.

Article 27

Internal law of States, rules of international organizations and observance of treaties

1 - A State party to a treaty may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform the treaty.

2 - An international organization party to a treaty may not invoke the rules of the organization as justification for its failure to perform the treaty.

3 - The rules contained in the preceding paragraphs are without prejudice to article 46.

SECTION 2

Application of Treaties

Article 28

Non-retroactivity of treaties

Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established, its provisions do not bind a party in relation to any act or fact which took place or any situation which ceased to exist before the date of the entry into force of the treaty with respect to that party.

Article 29

Territorial scope of treaties

Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established, a treaty between one or more States and one or more international organizations is binding upon each State party in respect of its entire territory.

Article 30

Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject matter

1 - The rights and obligations of States and international organizations parties to successive treaties relating to the same subject matter shall be determined in accordance with the following paragraphs.

2 - When a treaty specifies that it is subject to, or that it is not to be considered as incompatible with, an earlier or later treaty, the provisions of that other treaty prevail.

3 - When all the parties to the earlier treaty are parties also to the later treaty but the earlier treaty is not terminated or suspended in operation under article 59, the earlier treaty applies to the extent that its provisions are compatible with those of the later treaty.

4 - When the parties to the later treaty do not include all the parties to the earlier one:

5 - Paragraph 4 is without prejudice to article 41, or to any question of the termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty under article 60 or to any question of responsibility which may arise for a State or for an international organization from the conclusion or application of a treaty the provisions of which are incompatible with its obligations towards a State or an organization under another treaty.

6 - The preceding paragraphs are without prejudice to the fact that, in the event of a conflict between obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and obligations under a treaty, the obligations under the Charter shall prevail.

SECTION 3

Interpretation of treaties

Article 31

General rule of interpretation

1 - A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.

2 - The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes:

3 - There shall be taken into account, together with the context:

4 - A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended.

Article 32

Supplementary means of interpretation

Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31:

Article 33

Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages

1 - When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail.

2 - A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty so provides or the parties so agree.

3 - The terms of a treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text.

4 - Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty, shall be adopted.

SECTION 4

Treaties and third states or third organizations

Article 34

General rule regarding third States and third organizations

A treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State or a third organization without the consent of that State or that organization.

Article 35

Treaties providing for obligations for third States or third organizations

An obligation arises for a third State or a third organization from a provision of a treaty if the parties to the treaty intend the provision to be the means of establishing the obligation and the third State or the third organization expressly accepts that obligation in writing. Acceptance by the third organization of such an obligation shall be governed by the rules of that organization.

Article 36

Treaties providing for rights for third States or third organizations

1 - A right arises for a third State from a provision of a treaty if the parties to the treaty intend the provision to accord that right either to the third State, or to a group of States to which it belongs, or to all States, and the third State assents thereto. Its assent shall be presumed so long as the contrary is not indicated, unless the treaty otherwise provides.

2 - A right arises for a third organization from a provision of a treaty if the parties to the treaty intend the provision to accord that right either to the third organization, or to a group of international organizations to which it belongs, or to all organizations, and the third organization assents thereto. Its assent shall be governed by the rules of the organization.

3 - A State or an international organization exercising a right in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 shall comply with the conditions for its exercise provided for in the treaty or established in conformity with the treaty.

Article 37

Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third States or third organizations

1 - When an obligation has arisen for a third State or a third organization in conformity with article 35, the obligation may be revoked or modified only with the consent of the parties to the treaty and of the third State or the third organization, unless it is established that they had otherwise agreed.

2 - When a right has arisen for a third State or a third organization in conformity with article 36, the right may not be revoked or modified by the parties if it is established that the right was intended not to be revocable or subject to modification without the consent of the third State or the third organization.

3 - The consent of an international organization party to the treaty or of a third organization, as provided for in the foregoing paragraphs, shall be governed by the rules of that organization.

Article 38

Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third States or third organizations through international custom

Nothing in articles 34 to 37 precludes a rule set forth in a treaty from becoming binding upon a third State or a third organization as a customary rule of international law, recognized as such.

PART IV

Amendment and modification of treaties

Article 39

General rule regarding the amendment of treaties

1 - A treaty may be amended by agreement between the parties. The rules laid down in Part II apply to such an agreement except insofar as the treaty may otherwise provide.

2 - The consent of an international organization to an agreement provided for in paragraph 1 shall be governed by the rules of that organization.

Article 40

Amendment of multilateral treaties

1 - Unless the treaty otherwise provides, the amendment of multilateral treaties shall be governed by the following paragraphs.

2 - Any proposal to amend a multilateral treaty as between all the parties must be notified to all the contracting States and all the contracting organizations, each one of which shall have the right to take part in:

3 - Every State or international organization entitled to become a party to the treaty shall also be entitled to become a party to the treaty as amended.

4 - The amending agreement does not bind any State or international organization already a party to the treaty which does not become a party to the amending agreement; article 30, paragraph 4 (b), applies in relation to such State or Organizations.

5 - Any State or international organization which becomes a party to the treaty after the entry into force of the amending agreement shall, failing an expression of a different intention by that State or that organization:

Article 41

Agreements to modify multilateral treaties between certain of the parties only

1 - Two or more of the parties to a multilateral treaty may conclude an agreement to modify the treaty as between themselves alone if:

ii) Does not relate to a provision, derogation from which is incompatible with the effective execution of the object and purpose of the treaty as a whole.

2 - Unless in a case falling under paragraph 1 (a) the treaty otherwise provides, the parties in question shall notify the other parties of their intention to conclude the agreement and of the modification to the treaty for which it provides.

PART V

Invalidity, termination and suspension of the operation of treaties

SECTION 1

General provisions

Article 42

Validity and continuance in force of treaties

1 - The validity of a treaty or of the consent of a State or an international organization to be bound by a treaty may be impeached only through the application of the present Convention.

2 - The termination of a treaty, its denunciation or the withdrawal of a party, may take place only as a result of the application of the provisions of the treaty or of the present Convention. The same rule applies to suspension of the operation of a treaty.

Article 43

Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty

The invalidity, termination or denunciation of a treaty, the withdrawal of a party from it, or the suspension of its operation, as a result of the application of the present Convention or of the provisions of the treaty, shall not in any way impair the duty of any State or of any international organization to fulfil any obligation embodied in the treaty to which that State or that organization would be subject under international law independently of the treaty.

Article 44

Separability of treaty provisions

1 - A right of a party, provided for in a treaty or arising under article 56, to denounce, withdraw from or suspend the operation of the treaty may be exercised only with respect to the whole treaty unless the treaty otherwise provides or the parties otherwise agree.

2 - A ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty recognized in the present Convention may be invoked only with respect to the whole treaty except as provided in the following paragraphs or in article 60.

3 - If the ground relates solely to particular clauses, it may be invoked only with respect to those clauses where:

4 - In cases falling under articles 49 and 50, the State or international organization entitled to invoke the fraud or corruption may do so with respect either to the whole treaty or, subject to paragraph 3, to the particular clauses alone.

5 - In cases falling under articles 51, 52 and 53, no separation of the provisions of the treaty is permitted.

Article 45

Loss of a right to invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty

1 - A State may no longer invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty under articles 46 to 50 or articles 60 and 62 if, after becoming aware of the facts:

2 - An international organization may no longer invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty under articles 46 to 50 or articles 60 and 62 if, after becoming aware of the facts:

SECTION 2

Invalidity of treaties

Article 46

Provisions of internal law of a State and rules of an international organization regarding competence to conclude treaties

1 - A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of a provision of its internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that violation was manifest and concerned a rule of its internal law of fundamental importance.

2 - An international organization may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of the rules of the organization regarding competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that violation was manifest and concerned a rule of fundamental importance.

3 - A violation is manifest if it would be objectively evident to any State or any international organization conducting itself in the matter in accordance with the normal practice of States and, where appropriate, of international organizations and in good faith.

Article 47

Specific restrictions on authority to express the consent of a State or an international organization

If the authority of a representative to express the consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a particular treaty has been made subject to a specific restriction, his omission to observe that restriction may not be invoked as invalidating the consent expressed by him unless the restriction was notified to the negotiating States and negotiating organizations prior to his expressing such consent.

Article 48

Error

1 - A State or an international organization may invoke an error in a treaty as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty if the error relates to a fact or situation which was assumed by that State or that organization to exist at the time when the treaty was concluded and formed an essential basis of the consent of that State or that organization to be bound by the treaty.

2 - Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the State or international organization in question contributed by its own conduct to the error or if the circumstances were such as to put that State or that organization on notice of a possible error.

3 - An error relating only to the wording of the text of a treaty does not affect its validity; article 80 then applies.

Article 49

A State or an international organization induced to conclude a treaty by the fraudulent conduct of a negotiating State or a negotiating organization may invoke the fraud as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty.

Article 50

Corruption of a representative of a State or of an international organization

A State or an international organization the expression of whose consent to be bound by a treaty has been procured through the corruption of its representative directly or indirectly by a negotiating State or a negotiating organization may invoke such corruption as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty.

Article 51

Coercion of a representative of a State or of an international organization

The expression by a State or an international organization of consent to be bound by a treaty which has been procured by the coercion of the representative of that State or that organization through acts or threats directed against him shall be without any legal effect.

Article 52

Coercion of a State or of an international organization by the threat or use of force

A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Chatter of the United Nations.

Article 53

Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens)

A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.

SECTION 3

Termination and suspension of the operation of treaties

Article 54

Termination of or withdrawal from a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties

The termination of a treaty or the withdrawal of a party may take place:

Article 55

Reduction of the parties to a multilateral treaty below the number necessary for its entry into force

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a multilateral treaty does not terminate by reason only of the fact that the number of the parties falls below the number necessary for its entry into force.

Article 56

Denunciation of or withdrawal from a treaty containing no provision regarding termination, denunciation or withdrawal

1 - A treaty which contains no provision regarding its termination and which does not provide for denunciation or withdrawal is not subject to denunciation or withdrawal unless:

2 - A party shall give not less than twelve months' notice of its intention to denounce or withdraw from a treaty under paragraph 1.

Article 57

Suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties

The operation of a treaty in regard to all the parties or to a particular party may be suspended:

Article 58

Suspension of the operation of a multilateral treaty by agreement between certain of the parties only

1 - Two or more parties to a multilateral treaty may conclude an agreement to suspend the operation of provisions of the treaty, temporarily and as between themselves alone, if:

ii) Is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.

2 - Unless in a case falling under paragraph 1 (a) the treaty otherwise provides, the parties in question shall notify the other parties of their intention to conclude the agreement and of those provisions of the treaty the operation of which they intend to suspend.

Article 59

Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty implied by conclusion of a later treaty

1 - A treaty shall be considered as terminated if all the parties to it conclude a later treaty relating to the same subject matter and:

2 - The earlier treaty shall be considered as only suspended in operation if it appears from the later treaty or is otherwise established that such was the intention of the parties.

Article 60

Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach

1 - A material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles the other to invoke the breach as a ground for terminating the treaty or suspending its operation in whole or in part.